Typhoon Zola

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Map key

Saffir–Simpson scale

  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown

Storm type

Tropical cyclone

Subtropical cyclone

Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Following the formation of Typhoon Yancy, there was a pronounced surge of southwesterly flow in the Western Pacific monsoon trough west of Guam. Thunderstorm activity began to persist east of Yancy, but further development was slow to occur because of strong vertical wind shear. Early on August 15, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started watching a persistent area of disturbed weather west of Guam.[1] Initially, the disturbance tracked west-northwest[2] and then eastward, but further development was inhibited by strong vertical wind shear.[1] At 00:00 UTC on August 16, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the disturbance into a tropical depression. Banding quickly wrapped around the center around a low-level circulation[3][nb 3] as the disturbance passed through the Mariana Islands.[2] By the evening of August 16, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, and the following morning, upgraded the system into a tropical depression.[1][nb 4] The depression turned west-northwest in response to a shortwave trough that tracked north of the system.[1] At noon on August 17, the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm,[3] although the JTWC did not follow suit until early on August 18,[6] when ship reports indicated a tighter pressure gradient and winds of 105 km/h (65 mph).[1]

Tropical Storm Zola continued northwest and tracked through region of divergence aloft, which aided intensification.[1] At 06:00 UTC on August 18, the JMA upgraded Zola into a severe tropical storm.[7] Further intensification was initially halted because the storm remained embedded in the monsoon trough, but on August 19, Zola began to detach from the monsoonal trough, coinciding with an expansion of the storm's equatorial outflow channel. The cyclone subsequently resumed intensification while turning northwest in response to a subtropical ridge between China and Japan. Following the appearance of a ragged 45 km (30 mi) eye on weather satellite imagery and a Dvorak classification of T4.0/120 km/h (75 mph),[1] Zola was classified as a typhoon at 00:00 UTC on August 20 by the JTWC.[6] The JMA followed suit later that same morning.[3]

Further intensification was aided by a tropical upper tropospheric trough that provided an excellent poleward outflow channel. Based an increase in the storm's organization, the JTWC raised the intensity of the storm to 185 km/h (115 mph) at 06:00 UTC on August 21, its peak intensity.[1] Around this time, the JMA estimated that Zola peaked in intensity, with winds of 135 km/h (85 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 975 mbar (28.8 inHg).[7] Increased southwesterly wind shear took toll on the typhoon,[1] and the storm weakened slightly prior as it passed between Kyushu and Shikoku,[2] with the JTWC and JMA reporting winds of 175 and 130 km/h (110 and 80 mph) respectively at the time of landfall[7] on western Honshu.[2] After recurving to the northeast over the Sea of Japan,[1] Zola weakened to a tropical storm on August 22[7] and transitioned into a mid-latitude cyclone while interacting with the westerlies early on August 23.[1] Both agencies ceased tracking the system at this time.[7]

The typhoon dropped heavy rainfall across much of the Japanese archipelago.[8] A peak rainfall total occurred of 597 mm (23.5 in) at Yanase Station.[9] A peak hourly rainfall total of 74 mm (2.9 in) was observed in Miyagawa.[10] Meanwhile, a peak daily precipitation total of 543 mm (21.4 in) fell in Motoyama.[11] A wind gust of 44 km/h (27 mph) was recorded on Muroto.[12]

Near where the storm moved over Shikoku island, in Kōchi Prefecture, three people suffered injuries. Three homes were destroyed, with an additional thirty-five harmed. Roads were damaged in 368 locations. Throughout the prefecture, damage totaled ¥5.29 billion (US$36.7 million).[13] Roads were harmed in one hundred twenty-seven locations while bridges sustained damage in four locations in Tokushima Prefecture.[14] Across Kagawa Prefecture, ferry service to surrounding islands were suspended, and 19 trains were cancelled, but impact in the prefecture was slight.[15] Thirteen people were wounded and 155 homes were damaged in Ehime Prefecture. Damage was placed at ¥5.44 billion (US$37.5 million).[16] Elsewhere, two ships were harmed and one causality occurred in Miyazaki Prefecture.[17] In Ōita Prefecture, several people were injured in traffic accidents and damage totaled ¥330 million (US$2.28 million).[18] High waves and tides caused damaging storm surge in Hyōgo Prefecture, where 16 dwellings sustained damaged and total damage amounted to ¥665.15 million (US$4.59 million).[19] One person perished in Okayama Prefecture. At the Okayama Airport, three flights were cancelled and two others were delayed for over half an hour.[20] Storm surge and torrential rains resulted in heavy damage to Hiroshima prefecture. Seven people were injured, including two seriously. Two homes were destroyed and 177 others were damaged. A total of 98 roads in the prefecture were washed away and power lines were cut in 84,000 locations. Additionally, 2,100 ha (5,190 acres) of farmland was damaged, totaling ¥1.44 billion (US$9.93 million). Damage across Hiroshima prefecture was assessed at ¥2.70 billion (US$18.6 million).[21] In Kyoto Prefecture, 79 structures were damaged.[22] Agriculture damage in Tottori Prefecture totaled ¥406 million (US$2.81 million).[23] One person was killed in Shimane Prefecture and damage amounted to ¥69 million (US$476,000). The main roads in the cities of Sada and Izumo were deemed impassable during the height of the storm. A total of 15 flights were cancelled from the Oki Airport and Izumo Airport. Furthermore, 15 ferries were cancelled to and from the Oki Islands.[24] In Shizuoka Prefecture, one home was destroyed and three roofs were damaged.[25] Four train lines were suspended in the Mie Prefecture, leaving 2,200 individuals stranded.[26] In Fukui Prefecture, one person was hurt and agricultural damage amounted to ¥18 million (US$124,000).[27] Across Hokkaido prefecture, the northernmost prefecture in the country, one house and ten roads were flooded. Damage there totaled ¥76.5 million (US$528,000).[28]

Overall, six fatalities were reported and twenty-four others sustained injuries.[8] The typhoon, in conjunction with Tropical Storm Winona, assisted an ongoing drought.[29] A total 67 houses were destroyed while 420 others were flooded.[8] Sixteen ships and 4,560 acres (1,845 ha) of farmland were damaged.[8] More than 250 flights were cancelled due to adverse weather.[2] Monetary damage totaled ¥15.1 billion (US$104 million).[8] Zola was the second of six tropical cyclone to directly affect Japan in 1990, which set a record for the most systems to hit the country in a year; it was also the latest typhoon to hit the country, with the previous mark set by Typhoon Agnes of the 1948 Pacific typhoon season.[30]

• Typhoon Caitlin (1991)

• Digital Typhoon: Typhoon199014 (ZOLA) - National Institute of Informatics