Ulmus minor 'Stricta'

The field elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Stricta', known as Cornish elm, was commonly found in South West England (Cornwall and West Devon), Brittany, and south-west Ireland,[1] until the arrival of Dutch elm disease in the late 1960s. The origin of Cornish elm in England remains a matter of contention. It is commonly assumed to have been introduced from Brittany.[2] It is also considered possible that the tree may have survived the ice ages on lands to the south of Cornwall long since lost to the sea.[3] Henry thought it "probably native in the south of Ireland".[4] Dr Max Coleman of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, arguing in his 2002 paper on British elms that there was no clear distinction between species and subspecies, suggested that known or suspected clones of Ulmus minor, once cultivated and named, should be treated as cultivars, preferred the designation U. minor 'Stricta' to Ulmus minor var. stricta. The DNA of 'Stricta' has been investigated and the cultivar is now known to be a clone.[5]

Ulmus minor 'Stricta'
U. minor 'Stricta', Coldrenick, Cornwall, before 1913
SpeciesUlmus minor
Cultivar'Stricta'
OriginEngland

Mature trees labelled 'Cornish elm' are now largely restricted to Australia, where they were introduced in the 19th century (but see 'Stricta'-like cultivars below).[6][7]

Description

Growing to a height of up to 27 metres (89 ft) in sheltered situations (in exposed situations it is usually half the size),[8] the Cornish elm is a slender, slow-growing deciduous tree, distinguished by its long, straight trunk, which culminates in a narrow fan-shaped crown comprising short, straight, ascending branches.[9] The leaves are small, obovate to oval, typically acuminate at the apex, 6 cm long by 3.5 cm broad, with a dark-green upper surface, glossy and smooth.[10] The perfect apetalous wind-pollinated flowers occur in clusters of 15–20 on very short pedicels. The samarae rarely ripen in England, but when mature are very similar to those of others in the field elm group, being mostly obovate, 16 mm long by 10 mm broad. A survey of Cornish elms in County Cork, Ireland (2007), found some variation in smoothness or roughness of leaf-surface and in basal asymmetry.[1]

  • Cornish elm, Hampstead Cemetery, 1912
    Cornish elm, Hampstead Cemetery, 1912
  • Cornish elm in Preston Park, Brighton, 2005
    Cornish elm in Preston Park, Brighton, 2005
  • 'Stricta', Finistère, France, 1996
    'Stricta', Finistère, France, 1996
  • Long-shoot leaves of Cornish elm, Penhalvean, Cornwall
    Long-shoot leaves of Cornish elm, Penhalvean, Cornwall

Dr Oliver Rackham (1986) noted that Cornish elms with "more spreading" crowns grow around Truro and on the Lizard Peninsula, illustrating the variety, which he called 'Lizard Elm', with a 1980 photograph.[11][12] The large old specimen of Cornish elm in Castletownbere Cemetery in County Cork, Ireland (see 'Notable trees' below) matches Rackham's description and photograph of his 'Lizard Elm'.[13]

  • More spreading form of Cornish elm, Calton Hill Park, Edinburgh
    More spreading form of Cornish elm, Calton Hill Park, Edinburgh
  • Bark of Cornish elm, Calton Hill Park, Edinburgh
    Bark of Cornish elm, Calton Hill Park, Edinburgh
  • Short-shoot leaves of Cornish elm, Calton Hill Park, Edinburgh
    Short-shoot leaves of Cornish elm, Calton Hill Park, Edinburgh
  • Short-shoot leaves of Cornish elm, Edinburgh
    Short-shoot leaves of Cornish elm, Edinburgh

Pests and diseases

Cornish elm is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, but suckers remain a common component of hedgerows in parts of Cornwall, and thus the genetic resources of this cultivar are not considered endangered.[14] Like other field elms, propagation is almost entirely by suckers, which the tree produces copiously.[2][15]

Cultivation and uses
Pilot gigs made from Cornish elm returning from a race at Mevagissey, 2001

Cornish elm was traditionally considered the best shelter-belt tree along the Cornish coast. Its timber was much prized for its strength, and was commonly used in wheel and wagon construction.[16] Working Cornish pilot gigs were traditionally built from Cornish elm: the Rules of the Cornish Pilot Gig Association specified that to take part in gig races the boat should be made from "Cornish narrow-leaved elm".[17][18] Ley (1910) described Cornish elm as "abundant in Brittany, very abundant in West Cornwall, becoming less abundant in East Cornwall and West Devon".[8] Cornish elm was later cultivated as an ornamental tree in parts of southern England and southern Ireland, and, more rarely, in UK urban plantings. Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire, was among the nurseries that supplied it, carefully distinguishing it from Wheatley elm.[19] The locations of notable plantings of Cornish elm, both in Cornwall and beyond, are listed in Henry (1913),[4] Richens (1983),[2] and Mitchell (1996).[20]

Few mature specimens are known to survive in the wild in England. Only one is known in Cornwall (see under 'Notable trees'), while about 18 reputedly grow in the Brighton & Hove enclave.[21] Another two have been reported (2009) from East Sussex at Selmeston, near the footpath across the grounds of Sherrington Manor.[22] Two specimens survive in Edinburgh (2019), an old tree in Dean Gardens,[23] and a younger by Greenside Church, Calton Hill.

The Wheatley or Guernsey elm (Ulmus minor 'Sarniensis') was often misnamed "Cornish elm" in the UK by the local authorities who planted it extensively.[24][25] Introduced to the US, Ulmus campestris cornubiensis, 'Cornish elm', appeared from the 1860s in catalogues of the Mount Hope Nursery (also known as Ellwanger and Barry) of Rochester, New York,[26][27] later catalogues distinguishing it from Wheatley Elm.[28] Cornish Elm also appeared separately from Wheatley Elm in the catalogues of the Brown Brothers' Nursery[29] and the Perry Nursery Co. of Rochester, N.Y.[30]

For so-called Cornish elm in Australia, see 'Stricta'-like cultivars below.

Notable trees

The Great Elm of Rosuic, an ancient pollard elm which attained a d.b.h. of over 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) before succumbing to disease, continues to produce suckers.[31][32]

As of 2011, the Woodland Trust lists only one verified mature Cornish elm surviving in Cornwall, a specimen 1.89 metres (6.2 ft) in girth at Tregoose near Helston.[33] A large specimen with a forked trunk stands in Castletownbere Cemetery in County Cork, Ireland,[13] with a bole-girth (2007) of 450 cm (making it about 150 years old), a height of 25 m and a crown diameter of 20 m, along with a small number of younger Cornish elms with an average d.b.h. of 143 cm.[1][34]

Synonymy
  • U. cornubiensis Weston (1770)
  • U. nitens var. stricta Aiton (1789)
  • U. stricta Lindley (1829)
  • U. campestris var. cornubiensis Loudon (1838)
  • ?U. reticulata Dumort. stricta Dumort.[35]
  • U. carpinifolia var. cornubiensis

Varieties

An Ulmus stricta parvifolia, a "less common" form of Cornish elm, was described by Lindley in A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order (1829), from trees in Cornwall and North Devon, with "leaves much smaller" than Cornish elm, "less oblique at the base, finely and regularly crenate" and "acuminate" rather than, as in Cornish elm, "cuspidate".[36][37] Melville considered Goodyer's elm a variety of Cornish elm. Some nurseries listed 'Dickson's Golden Elm' as form of Cornish elm.

Hybrids

It has been suggested that the cultivar 'Daveyi' is a natural hybrid of Wych elm and Cornish elm;[38][39] likewise 'Exoniensis'. The botanist F. J. Fontaine conjectured that the cultivar Ulmus 'Purpurea' is related to the Cornish elm.[40]

'Stricta'-like elms

An U. campestris cornubiensis (syn. U. glabra cornubiensis) was distributed by the Späth nursery, Berlin, in the late 19th century and early 20th. Henry stated that the "beautiful narrow pyramidal tree" he had seen by that name in Späth's nursery differed from true Cornish elm, bearing instead "leaves similar in size and appearance to a common form of U. nitens" [:U. minor].[41] One specimen of Späth's U. campestris cornubiensis was supplied to the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada in 1897,[42] and three to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902,[43] one being planted in the Garden proper and cultivated as U. stricta,[44] the other two being planted in the city. In 1958 Melville likewise queried Späth's Cornish elm (see External links below, herbarium specimen E00824799); Edward Kemp, however, RBGE curator (1950–71), accepted it.[45] A specimen of what appears from herbarium specimens to be the same clone survives (2016) in Edinburgh (height about 25 m, girth about 2 m), in Douglas Crescent Gardens.[46][47] The latter also matches an 1825 herbarium specimen labelled "U. suberosa var., Hort. Millburn".[48]

Moss in The Cambridge British Flora (1914) noted that 'Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta' was sometimes propagated in error for Cornish elm, Ulmus minor 'Stricta'.[49]

Elms supplied as 'Cornubiensis', St. Stephen's Church, Mittagong, NSW[7]

A cultivar supplied as 'Cornubiensis' remains in cultivation in Australia, but Spencer, describing it in Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia (1995), noted that it was not type-'Stricta'. He gave as an example the elms beside St. Stephen's Church, Mittagong, NSW.[7] The tree labelled (2022) 'Cornish Elm' in Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria (Melbourne),[50] is the hybrid 'Purpurea', cultivated in south-eastern Australia and thought by Dutch elm-authority F. J. Fontaine to be a Cornish elm "cross".[51]

In art

Landscape-paintings depicting Cornish elm include Holman Hunt's watercolour Helston, Cornwall (1860), showing hedgerow elms,[52][53] and the watercolour Egloshayle, Cornwall by Thomas Campbell-Bennett (1858-1948), showing Cornish elms beside the River Camel, opposite the church of St Mary, Egloshayle.[54] The latter illustrates Gerald Wilkinson's observation that "In its normal habitat the Cornish elm often has a flat, wind-cut top".[55]

Accessions
North America
Europe
Australasia

Nurseries
Australasia

References
  1. Mackenthun, G. L. (2007) The elms of Co. Cork - a survey of species, varieties and forms. Irish Forestry Vol 64, (1 & 2) 2007; p.48, p.53
  2. Richens, R. H. (1983). Elm. Cambridge University Press
  3. White, J. & More, D. (2002). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Cassell's, London.
  4. Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. pp. 1891–1892.
  5. Coleman M. (2002) 'British elms.' British Wildlife 13 (6): 390–395.
  6. Spencer, R., Hawker, J. and Lumley, P. (1991). Elms in Australia. Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. ISBN 0724199624.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. Spencer, Roger, ed., Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia, Vol. 2 (Sydney, 1995), Ulmus, p. 113
  8. Ley, Augustin (1910). "Notes on British elms". Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. 48: 65–72. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  9. Diagnostic photographs of Cornish elm in St Austell (Francis Frith Collection); at Coldrenick, Menheniot (Elwes and Henry, The Trees of Britain and Ireland vol.VII, Plate 397 [after p.1933]); in Zelah (oldcornwall.netfirms.com) Archived 2006-08-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. Brian Eversham, 'Identifying British Elms, Ulmus '; Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire Wildlife Trusts, v. 2.3.1 July 2021; p.76
  11. Rackham, Oliver, The History of the Countryside (London, 1986),  p.236
  12. 'Stricta' from St Anthony-in-Meneage, Lizard Peninsula, bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen L.1582352
  13. Cornish elm in Castletownbere Cemetery, County Cork, Ireland; ulmen-handbuch.de
  14. Ipgri.cgiar.org
  15. Stace, C. A. (1997). New Flora of the British Isles, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press
  16. Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108069380
  17. Cornish Pilot Gig Association, cpga.co.uk/
  18. Edwards, Ian, 'Uses of Elm Past and Present', in Coleman, Max, ed. Wych Elm (Edinburgh (2009), p.45
  19. Trees and Shrubs Catalogue, Hillier & Sons, 1958–1959, p.99
  20. Mitchell, Alan (1996). Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. London: HarperCollins. pp. 345–356. ISBN 0-00-219972-6.
  21. "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  22. South Downs Online
  23. "'Stricta' in Dean Gardens, Edinburgh". Google Maps. October 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  24. Mitchell, A. (1996) The Trees of Britain (London)
  25. Howes, C. A. (2007). Seaward, M. R. D. (ed.). "The Wheatley elm: A fading part of Yorkshire's arbocultural heritage?". The Naturalist. 132 (1060): 63–66.
  26. Ellwanger & Barry, Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries (Rochester, N.Y., 1868), p.8
  27. Ellwanger & Barry, Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries (Rochester, N.Y., 1875)
  28. Ellwanger & Barry, Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries (Rochester, N.Y., 1899), p.63
  29. 'General catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees', Brown Brothers Co., Rochester, N.Y., 1899, p.68 & 70
  30. Illustrated and descriptive catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees, Perry Nursery Co., Rochester, N.Y., 1912, p.90
  31. "Ancient Trees in Cornwall (third paragraph)". Cornwall Council. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2011. Based on a chapter written by Sue Pring in 'Glorious Gardens of Cornwall' published by the Cornwall Gardens Trust.
  32. Rackham, Oliver, A History of the Countryside (London, 1986)
  33. Details and photographs of Tregoose elm. Ancient-tree-hunt.org.
  34. Cornish elm; ulmen-handbuch.de
  35. botanicalcollections.be specimen BR0000005422838
  36. Lindley, John (1829). A synopsis of the British Flora; arranged according to the Natural Orders. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. pp. 226–227. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  37. Loudon, J. C., Hortus lignosus londinensis (London 1838), p.92-4
  38. "Home Page - Cornwall Council".
  39. Archie Miles, Hidden Trees of Britain, Ebury Press, 2007,  p.17
  40. F. J., Fontaine (1968). "Ulmus". Dendroflora. 5: 37–55. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  41. Elwes & Henry (1913), p.1891
  42. Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2nd ed.). Ottawa. 1899. p. 75.
  43. Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
  44. RBGE Cultivated herbarium accessions book: Elms cultivated at Edinburgh Botanic Garden (1958), tree C2699
  45. A photograph of the RBGE 'Stricta' appears in Clouston, B., & Stansfield, K., eds. After the Elm (London 1979)
  46. Edinburgh 'Stricta' may be seen on Google Streetview, from 1 Douglas Gardens.
  47. Edinburgh 'Stricta' above Dean Village
  48. 1825 herbarium-specimen
  49. Moss, C. E.; Hunnybun, E. W. (1914). The Cambridge British Flora. Vol. 2 Text. p. 90. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  50. RBGV (Melbourne) Elm list
  51. Photographs of 'Cornish Elm' sent from RBGV (Melbourne), 2022
  52. cornwallartists.org/cornwall-artists/william-holman-hunt
  53. Richens, R. H., Elm (Cambridge 1983), ch.8
  54. Egloshayle, Cornwall by Thomas Campbell-Bennett, antique-fine-art.com . The same trees in a 1920 photograph, 'Wadebridge, 1920', francisfrith.com: and in 1895, 'Wadebridge from Egloshayle, 1895', francisfrith.com:
  55. Wilkinson, Gerald, Epitaph for the Elm (London, 1978), p.70
  56. Cambridge Botanic Garden
  57. Spencer, R.; Hawker, J. & Lumley, P. (1991). Elms in Australia. Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. ISBN 0-7241-9962-4.
  58. EstablishedTrees.com.au
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