Vale Tudo Japan

Vale Tudo Japan (VTJ) (Japanese: ヴァーリ・トゥード・ジャパン, Hepburn: Vuāri toūdo Japan) is an annual mixed martial arts competition held in Japan. Originally arranged by promoter and former professional wrestler Satoru Sayama, he had previously created a hybrid martial art organization named Shooto in 1985. He arranged VTJ in 1994 with the objective of creating a more rules-free event similar to the early Ultimate Fighting Championship events in the United States and Vale Tudo competitions in Brazil, previously to this tournament, Shooto did not feature striking in ground position. The fighters were composed by the best Japanese MMA fighters drawn from Shooto, the Shoot Wrestling circuit as well as foreign invitees, one of them and most famously begin the older brother of UFC champion Royce Gracie, Brazilian jiu-jitsu legend Rickson Gracie.[1][2] Some other notable fighters to fight at Vale Tudo Japan include Sanae Kikuta, Takanori Gomi, Enson Inoue, João Roque, Carlos Newton, Rumina Sato, Royler Gracie, Dan Severn, Vladimir Matyushenko, Frank Shamrock, Jean Jacques Machado, Randy Couture, Frank Trigg, André Pederneiras, Rafael Cordeiro, Alexandre Franca Nogueira, Hayato Sakurai, and Yuki Nakai. Vale Tudo Japan events ran from 1994 to 1999, a pair of editions held in 1994 and '95 were single-elimination tournaments, both of which were won by Rickson Gracie. Afterwards, from 1996 to 1999 the events were invitationals.[2][3]

Vale Tudo Japan
Native name
ヴァーリ・トゥード・ジャパン
IndustryMixed martial arts promotion
FoundedJapan (1994 (1994))
FounderSatoru Sayama
ParentShooto (1994-1999)
Vale Tudo Japan Executive Committee (2009-Present)
Websitehttp://www.valetudojapan.com/

Vale Tudo Japan returned in 2009, now organizing by the "Vale Tudo Japan Executive Committee", with semi-annual events and three reunion events in 2009, 2012 and 2016.[2][4]

Early Vale Tudo Japan events were a huge success, it led to a boom of the popularity and development of MMA and Shooto in Japan, and the tournament is considered a predecessor to PRIDE Fighting Championships. VTJ's format and rules would serve as a basis for PRIDE,[2] while Rickson Gracie's impressive victories in VTJ would make him a celebrity in Japan, leading to him being paired with popular Shoot-style professional wrestler Nobuhiko Takada to headline Pride 1 in 1997.[5]

Yuki Nakai fights Gerard Gordeau at Vale Tudo Japan 1995

Events and results

Vale Tudo Japan 1994
Vale Tudo Japan 1994
Information
PromotionVale Tudo Japan
DateJuly 29, 1994
VenueTokyo Bay NK Hall
CityJapan Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
Event chronology
Vale Tudo Japan 1994 Vale Tudo Japan 1995

Vale Tudo Japan 1994 was held on July 29, 1994, at the Tokyo Bay NK Hall in Urayasu, Japan.

Main Card
Weight class Method Round Time Notes
Brazil Rickson Gracie def. United States Bud Smith Submission (punches) 1 0:39
Japan Naoki Sakurada vs. Japan Yasushi Warita Draw 3 5:00
Brazil Rickson Gracie def. United States David Levicki Submission (punches) 1 2:40
Brazil Rickson Gracie def. Japan Yoshinori Nishi Submission (rear naked choke) 1 2:52
United States David Levicki def. Japan Kazuhiro Kusayanagi KO (punches) 1 1:20
Netherlands Jan Lomulder def. Japan Kenji Kawaguchi KO (punch) 1 3:59
United States Bud Smith def. Netherlands Chris Bass TKO (straight punch) 1 0:54

    Vale Tudo Japan 1995
    Vale Tudo Japan 1995
    Information
    PromotionVale Tudo Japan
    DateApril 20, 1995
    VenueNippon Budokan Hall
    CityJapan Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
    Event chronology
    Vale Tudo Japan 1994 Vale Tudo Japan 1995 Vale Tudo Japan 1996

    Vale Tudo Japan 1995 was held on April 20, 1995, at the Nippon Budokan Hall in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.

    Main Card
    Weight class Method Round Time Notes
    Brazil Rickson Gracie def. Japan Yuki Nakai Submission (rear naked choke) 1 6:22
    United States Enson Inoue vs. Netherlands Rene Rooze Submission (rear naked choke) 1 6:41
    Japan Kenji Kawaguchi def. United States Tommy Walkingstick Submission (armbar) 1 6:29
    Brazil Rickson Gracie def. Japan Koichiro Kimura Submission (rear naked choke) 1 2:07
    Japan Koichiro Kimura def. United States Wayne Emons Submission (guillotine choke) 1 6:05
    Japan Yuki Nakai def. United States Craig Pittman Submission (armbar) 2 7:32
    Brazil Rickson Gracie def. Japan Yoshihisa Yamamoto Technical Submission (rear naked choke) 3 3:49
    United States Todd Hays def. Japan Koichiro Kimura Submission (guillotine choke) 1 2:55
    Japan Yuki Nakai def. Netherlands Gerard Gordeau Submission (heel hook) 4 2:41
    United States Craig Pittman def. United States Wayne Emons Submission (arm triangle choke) 1 2:12

      Vale Tudo Japan 1996
      Vale Tudo Japan 1996
      Information
      PromotionVale Tudo Japan
      DateJuly 7, 1996
      VenueTokyo Bay NK Hall
      CityJapan Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
      Event chronology
      Vale Tudo Japan 1995 Vale Tudo Japan 1996 Vale Tudo Japan 1997

      Vale Tudo Japan 1996 was held on July 7, 1996, at the Tokyo Bay NK Hall in Urayasu, Japan.

      Main Card
      Weight class Method Round Time Notes
      Brazil Royler Gracie def. Japan Noboru Asahi Submission (rear naked choke) 1 5:07
      Russia Igor Zinoviev vs. United States Enson Inoue TKO (punches) 1 0:44
      United States John Lewis vs. Japan Rumina Sato Draw 3 8:00
      United States Dan Severn def. United States Doug Murphy Submission (keylock) 1 3:23
      United States Todd Bjornethun def. France Eric Lavigne KO (punches) 1 6:53
      Netherlands Ed de Kruijf def. United States Joe Estes Submission (rear naked choke) 1 0:53
      Japan Yumiko Hotta def. Netherlands Margot Neyhoft Submission (keylock) 2 4:14
      Iraq Mushtaq Abdullah def. Japan Sanae Kikuta Submission (forearm choke) 1 6:27
      Australia Alex Cook def. Japan Tomoaki Hayama Technical Submission (arm triangle choke) 2 6:23

        Vale Tudo Japan 1997
        Vale Tudo Japan 1997
        Information
        PromotionVale Tudo Japan
        DateNovember 29, 1997
        VenueTokyo Bay NK Hall
        CityJapan Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
        Event chronology
        Vale Tudo Japan 1996 Vale Tudo Japan 1997 Vale Tudo Japan 1998

        Vale Tudo Japan 1997 was held on November 29, 1997, at the Tokyo Bay NK Hall in Urayasu, Japan.

        Main Card
        Weight class Method Round Time Notes
        United States Frank Shamrock def. Japan Enson Inoue DQ (Egan Inoue ran into the ring) 2 7:17
        Japan Rumina Sato def. United States John Lewis Submission (armbar) 2 1:23
        United States Tom Erikson def. Netherlands Ed de Kruijf TKO (punches) 1 0:37
        Canada Carlos Newton def. United States Erik Paulson Submission (armbar) 1 0:41
        Angola João Roque vs. Japan Uchu Tatsumi Draw 3 8:00
        Japan Kenji Kawaguchi def. Netherlands Jan Lomulder Submission (rear naked choke) 3 3:49
        Japan Hayato Sakurai vs. Brazil Marcelo Aguiar Draw 3 8:00
        Japan Jutaro Nakao def. United States Steve Nelson Submission (triangle choke) 2 5:31

          Vale Tudo Japan 1998
          Vale Tudo Japan 1998
          Information
          PromotionVale Tudo Japan
          DateOctober 25, 1998
          VenueTokyo Bay NK Hall
          CityJapan Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
          Event chronology
          Vale Tudo Japan 1997 Vale Tudo Japan 1998 Vale Tudo Japan 1999

          Vale Tudo Japan 1998 was held on October 25, 1998, at the Tokyo Bay NK Hall in Urayasu, Japan.

          Main Card
          Weight class Method Round Time Notes
          United States Enson Inoue def. United States Randy Couture Submission (armbar) 1 1:39
          Brazil Andre Pederneiras def. Japan Rumina Sato KO (soccer kick and punches) 1 4:20
          Japan Hayato Sakurai def. Russia Sergei Bytchkov Submission (armbar) 1 4:59
          Japan Noboru Asahi vs. Angola João Roque Draw 3 8:00
          United States Frank Trigg vs. Brazil Jean Jacques Machado TKO (corner stoppage) 3 0:20
          United States Branden Lee Hinkle def. Japan Masanori Suda TKO (upkicks) 1 5:26
          Belarus Vladimir Matyushenko vs. Japan Kenji Kawaguchi KO (punches) 1 3:10
          Japan Caol Uno def. Brazil Ricardo Botelho Submission (punches) 3 2:03

            Vale Tudo Japan 1999
            Vale Tudo Japan 1999
            Information
            PromotionVale Tudo Japan
            DateDecember 11, 1999
            VenueTokyo Bay NK Hall
            CityJapan Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
            Event chronology
            Vale Tudo Japan 1998 Vale Tudo Japan 1999 Vale Tudo Japan 2009

            Vale Tudo Japan 1999 was held on December 11, 1999, at the Tokyo Bay NK Hall in Urayasu, Japan.

            Main Card
            Weight class Method Round Time Notes
            Japan Hayato Sakurai def. Brazil Haroldo Bunn TKO (punches) 3 1:31
            Japan Caol Uno vs. Brazil Andre Pederneiras Draw 3 8:00
            Japan Uchu Tatsumi vs. Brazil Alexandre Franca Nogueira Draw 3 8:00
            Japan Hisao Ikeda vs. Angola João Roque Draw 3 8:00
            Japan Takanori Gomi vs. Brazil Johnny Eduardo Submission (rear naked choke) 3 1:43
            Japan Tetsuji Kato def. Brazil Angelo Sergio Submission (punches) 1 7:45
            Japan Rumina Sato vs. Brazil Rafael Cordeiro Submission (kneebar) 1 0:58

              Vale Tudo Japan 2009
              Vale Tudo Japan 2009
              Information
              PromotionVale Tudo Japan
              DateOctober 30, 2009
              VenueJCB Hall
              CityJapan Tokyo, Japan
              Event chronology
              Vale Tudo Japan 1999 Vale Tudo Japan 2009 Vale Tudo Japan 2012

              Vale Tudo Japan 2009 was held on October 30, 2009, at the JCB Hall in Tokyo, Japan.

              Main Card
              Weight class Method Round Time Notes
              Japan Takanori Gomi def. United States Tony Hervey Decision (unanimous) 5 5:00
              Japan Takeshi Inoue def. Brazil Alexandre Franca Nogueira TKO (punches) 4 2:58
              Japan Rumina Sato def. United States Corey Grant TKO (punches) 1 3:20
              United States Tito Jones def. Japan Tenkei Oda Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
              Brazil Williamy Freire vs. Japan Kenichiro Togashi TKO (doctor stoppage) 1 2:05
              Japan Mamoru Yamaguchi def. Guam Jesse Taitano TKO (punches) 1 4:41
              South Korea Jung Min Kang vs. Japan Yoichiro Sato KO (punches) 1 2:48
              Japan Masato Sannai vs. Japan Kosuke Eda Draw (majority) 2 5:00

                Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 1st
                VTJ 1ST
                Information
                PromotionVale Tudo Japan
                DateDecember 24, 2012
                VenueYoyogi National Gymnasium
                CityJapan Tokyo, Japan
                Event chronology
                Vale Tudo Japan 2009 VTJ 1ST VTJ 2ND

                Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 1st (also known as VTJ 1ST) was held on December 24, 2012, at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan.

                Main Card
                Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                Bantamweight Japan Hideo Tokoro def. Japan Rumina Sato TKO (punches and elbows) 1 0:39
                Lightweight Japan Kuniyoshi Hironaka def. Brazil Carlo Prater Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                Flyweight United States Darrell Montague def. Japan Mamoru Yamaguchi Decision (split) 3 5:00
                Bantamweight Japan Kyoji Horiguchi def. United States Ian Loveland Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                Women's Strawweight Japan Megumi Fujii def. Japan Mei Yamaguchi TKO (doctor stoppage) 1 2:05
                Bantamweight Japan Kenji Osawa def. Japan Takeshi Inoue Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                Middleweight Japan Keita Nakamura vs. Japan Nobutatsu Suzuki Submission (rear naked choke) 1 2:09
                Welterweight Japan Daisuke Hoshino vs. Thailand Kuntap Weerasakreck Submission (armbar) 1 2:19

                  Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 2nd
                  VTJ 2ND
                  Information
                  PromotionVale Tudo Japan
                  DateJune 22, 2013
                  VenueTokyo Dome City Hall
                  CityJapan Tokyo, Japan
                  Event chronology
                  VTJ 1ST VTJ 2ND VTJ 3RD

                  Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 2nd (also known as VTJ 2ND) was held on June 22, 2013, at the Tokyo Dome City Hall in Tokyo, Japan.

                  Main Card
                  Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                  Bantamweight Japan Kyoji Horiguchi def. Japan Shintaro Ishiwatari KO/TKO 5 0:41
                  Featherweight United States Daniel Romero def. Japan Hiroyuki Takaya KO/TKO 1 3:21
                  Catchweight 59 kg Japan Hideo Tokoro def. United States Taylor McCorriston Submission (heel hook) 2 2:34
                  Featherweight Japan Caol Uno def. United States Anthony Avila Submission (rear naked choke) 3 1:53
                  Flyweight Japan Mikihito Yamagami def. Japan Mamoru Yamaguchi Decision (majority) 3 5:00
                  Bantamweight Japan Yuta Nezu def. Japan Akiyo Nishiura Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                  Featherweight Japan Teruto Ishihara def. Japan Koji Mori KO/TKO 1 2:12
                  Catchweight 97 kg France Gabriel Zobo Lebay def. Brazil Lucas Tani Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                  Preliminary card
                  Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                  Bantamweight Japan Shooto Watanabe def. Japan Shintaro Kubo Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                  Lightweight Japan Yuki Kawana def. Japan Kazumasa Sugawara Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                  Strawweight Japan Ryuto Sawada def. Japan Hiroaki Shishino Submission (armbar) 3 2:36

                    Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 3rd
                    VTJ 3RD
                    Information
                    PromotionVale Tudo Japan
                    DateOctober 5, 2013
                    VenueOta City General Gymnasium
                    CityJapan Ōta, Tokyo, Japan
                    Event chronology
                    VTJ 2ND VTJ 3RD VTJ 4TH

                    Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 3rd (also known as VTJ 3RD) was held on October 5, 2013, at Ota City General Gymnasium in Ota, Tokyo, Japan. The main event featured longtime # 1 ranked Megumi Fujii in her retirement bout.

                    Main Card
                    Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                    Women's Strawweight Japan Megumi Fujii def. United States Jessica Aguilar TKO (doctor stoppage) 2 5:00
                    Featherweight Japan Caol Uno def. United States Daniel Romero Submission (inverted triangle choke) 2 2:23
                    Flyweight United States Will Campuzano def. Japan Hideo Tokoro Decision (split) 3 5:00
                    Featherweight Japan Yusuke Yachi def. Japan Takeshi Inoue Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                    Featherweight Japan Ulka Sasaki def. South Korea Geun Do Park Submission (rear naked choke) 1 1:36
                    Lightweight Japan Naoyuki Kotani def. Japan Daisuke Hoshino Submission (armbar) 3 3:57
                    Bantamweight Japan Yuta Nezu def. Japan Motonobu Tezuka Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                    Featherweight Japan Akiyo Nishiura def. Japan Shigeki Osawa Decision (split) 3 5:00
                    Welterweight Japan Koshi Matsumoto def. Japan Kengo Ura Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                    Preliminary card
                    Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                    Strawweight Japan Ryuto Sawada def. Japan Hiroyuki Takahashi Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                    Flyweight Japan Seiichiro Ito def. Japan Taku Kajikawa Submission (armbar) 1 1:35
                    Featherweight Japan Taiyo Hayashi def. Japan Yuji Kurogane TKO (punches) 2 2:18

                      Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 4th
                      VTJ 4TH
                      Information
                      PromotionVale Tudo Japan
                      DateFebruary 23, 2014
                      VenueOta City General Gymnasium
                      CityJapan Ōta, Tokyo, Japan
                      Event chronology
                      VTJ 3RD VTJ 4TH VTJ 5TH IN OSAKA

                      Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 4th (also known as VTJ 4TH) was held on February 23, 2014, at Ota City General Gymnasium in Ota, Tokyo, Japan.

                      Main Card
                      Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                      Featherweight Japan Hiroyuki Takaya def. Japan Yojiro Uchimura TKO (punches) 1 1:23
                      Featherweight Japan Caol Uno def. United States Jesse Brock Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                      Lightweight Japan Naoyuki Kotani def. Japan Yoshihiro Koyama Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                      Flyweight Japan Ryuichi Miki def. Japan Yoshiro Maeda Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00 [lower-alpha 1]
                      Flyweight United States Czar Sklavos def. Japan Mamoru Yamaguchi Submission (rear naked choke) 1 1:28 [lower-alpha 2]
                      Flyweight Japan Hiromasa Ougikubo def. Japan Takeshi Kasugai Decision (majority) 3 5:00 [lower-alpha 3]
                      Flyweight United States Kana Hyatt def. United States Freddy Arteaga Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00 [lower-alpha 4]
                      Featherweight South Korea Jae Woong Kim def. Japan Wataru Miki Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                      Welterweight Japan Kengo Ura def. Japan Daisuke Hoshino Decision (split) 3 5:00
                      Bantamweight Japan Ulka Sasaki def. Japan Teruto Ishihara Submission (rear naked choke) 2 1:46
                      Preliminary card
                      Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                      Flyweight Japan Katsuya Murofushi def. Japan Hidenobu Izena Decision (unanimous) 3 3:00
                      Lightweight Japan Joji Mikami def. Japan Kazushi Okutsu Decision (unanimous) 3 3:00
                      Featherweight Japan Makoto Maeda vs. Japan Yuki Suzuki Draw (majority) 3 3:00
                      1. VTJ Flyweight Tournament Quarter Finals
                      2. VTJ Flyweight Tournament Quarter Finals
                      3. VTJ Flyweight Tournament Quarter Finals
                      4. VTJ Flyweight Tournament Quarter Finals

                      Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 5th in Osaka
                      VTJ 5TH IN OSAKA
                      Information
                      PromotionVale Tudo Japan
                      DateJune 28, 2014
                      VenueBodymaker Colosseum
                      CityJapan Osaka, Japan
                      Event chronology
                      VTJ 4TH VTJ 5TH IN OSAKA VTJ 6TH

                      Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 5th in Osaka (also known as VTJ 5TH IN OSAKA) was held on June 28, 2014, at Bodymaker Colosseum in Osaka, Japan.

                      Main Card
                      Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                      Bantamweight Japan Teruto Ishihara def. South Korea Jung Hwan Jo TKO (punches) 2 2:24
                      Flyweight United States Czar Sklavos def. Japan Ryuichi Miki Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00 [lower-alpha 1]
                      Flyweight Japan Hiromasa Ougikubo def. United States Kana Hyatt Submission (rear naked choke) 1 1:27 [lower-alpha 2]
                      Featherweight Japan Takumi Nakayama def. Japan Wataru Miki Submission (rear naked choke) 2 2:28
                      Bantamweight Japan Yusaku Nakamura def. Japan Kenji Yamamoto Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                      Preliminary card
                      Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                      Flyweight Japan Junya Kodo def. Japan Hidenobu Izena Submission (guillotine choke) 3 1:25
                      Featherweight Japan Tsuneo Kimura def. Japan Kazumasa Majima Decision (split) 3 3:00
                      Featherweight Japan Akira Takano vs. Japan Takaaki Murata TKO (doctor stoppage) 1 3:00
                      1. VTJ Flyweight Tournament Semi Finals
                      2. VTJ Flyweight Tournament Semi Finals

                      Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 6th
                      VTJ 6TH
                      Information
                      PromotionVale Tudo Japan
                      DateOctober 4, 2014
                      VenueOta City General Gymnasium
                      CityJapan Ōta, Tokyo, Japan
                      Event chronology
                      VTJ 5TH IN OSAKA VTJ 6TH VTJ IN OSAKA

                      Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 6th (also known as VTJ 6TH) was held on October 4, 2014, at Ota City General Gymnasium in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan.

                      Main Card
                      Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                      Bantamweight Japan Hiromasa Ougikubo def. United States Czar Sklavos Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00 [lower-alpha 1]
                      Featherweight Japan Isao Kobayashi def. Japan Takeshi Inoue Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                      Featherweight Japan Hiroyuki Takaya def. Japan Ryogo Takahashi KO (punch) 2 0:38
                      Featherweight Japan Caol Uno def. United States Raja Shippen Submission (rear naked choke) 2 4:33
                      Lightweight Japan Kuniyoshi Hironaka def. South Korea Dong Hyun Ma Submission (arm triangle choke) 2 2:33
                      Flyweight Japan Mamoru Yamaguchi def. Japan Yosuke Saruta TKO (referee stoppage) 2 0:25
                      Bantamweight Japan Shoko Sato def. Japan Kota Onojima TKO (knees and punches) 1 0:35
                      Bantamweight Japan Hayato Suzuki def. Japan Ryuya Fukuda Decision (unanimous) 3 5:00
                      Featherweight Japan Joji Mikami def. Japan Shigeki Osawa KO (punch) 1 2:01
                      Featherweight Japan Juri Ohara def. Japan Kazuyuki Numajiri TKO (doctor stoppage) 2 2:07
                      Preliminary card
                      Weight class Method Round Time Notes
                      Featherweight Japan Taison Naito def. Japan Taiyo Hayashi Decision (unanimous) 3 3:00
                      Featherweight Japan Tomoya Hirakawa def. Japan Daiki Kaneko Decision (unanimous) 3 3:00
                      Women's Atomweight Japan Kanna Asakura vs. Japan Naomi Okaki Decision (unanimous) 3 3:00
                      1. VTJ Flyweight Tournament Final

                      References
                      1. "Fight Finder - Mixed Martial Arts Statistics". Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
                      2. Sherdog.com. "The Resurrection of Vale Tudo Japan". Sherdog. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
                      3. "Vale Tudo Japan - VTJ (Vale Tudo Japan Executive Committee) | MMA Promoter". Tapology. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
                      4. "Vale Tudo Japan - VTJ (Vale Tudo Japan Executive Committee) | MMA Promoter". Tapology. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
                      5. "Archived Magazine Article". www.japaninc.com. 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
                      This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.