Variraptor

Variraptor (/ˈværɪræptər/ VARR-i-rap-tor; "Var thief") is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of France.

Variraptor
Temporal range: Campanian-Maastrichtian,
Fossils in Brussels
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Family: †Dromaeosauridae
Genus: †Variraptor
Le Loeuff & Buffetaut, 1998
Species:
†V. mechinorum
Binomial name
†Variraptor mechinorum
Le Loeuff & Buffetaut, 1998

Discovery
Possible Variraptor bones

Between 1992 and 1995 amateur paleontologists Patrick Méchin and Annie Méchin-Salessy uncovered the remains of a small theropod in the Grès à Reptiles Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) at La Bastide Neuve, near Fox-Amphoux. The first finds were in 1992 assigned to the dubious theropod genus Elopteryx.[1] A second article, in 1997, concluded they represented a new species.[2] In 1998 this was named by Jean Le Loeuff and Eric Buffetaut as the type species Variraptor mechinorum. The generic name is derived from Latin Varus, referring to the Var River in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence region of southern France, and raptor meaning "thief". The specific name honours the Méchin couple.[3]

The genus is based on three type specimens: a posterior dorsal vertebra (MDE-D168), a sacrum (MDE-D169) with five fused vertebrae, and an ilium (CM-645). The specimens are part of the collection of the Musée des Dinosaures d'Espéraza and the private Collection Méchin. Additional referred material includes a right humerus (MDE-D158) with a well-developed deltopectoral crest, suggesting a raptorial function for the forearm. Other attributed bones include a femur and various vertebrae.[4]

Description
Scale comparison to a human
Variraptor mechinorum in vivo reconstruction

The incomplete remains have dromaeosaurid features in the shape of the vertebrae and the humerus, with some resemblances to Deinonychus.

Classification

In 2000 Ronan Allain and Philippe Taquet named a second small theropod from the same layers: Pyroraptor. They also claimed that Variraptor was a nomen dubium because the type lacked any single diagnostic trait.[5] Alan Turner and Peter Makovicky supported this conclusion in their 2012 review of dromaeosaurid systematics.[4]

In 2009 Buffetaut and Phomphen Chanthasit defended the validity of Variraptor, arguing the type had a unique combination of traits. The lack of overlapping parts would make it impossible to establish whether Pyroraptor was a junior subjective synonym but the presence of two different types of ulna in the southern French dromaeosaurid material would indicate two separate species.[6]

Le Loeuff and Buffetaut described Variraptor as a maniraptoran theropod, a member of the Dromaeosauridae, and this has been commonly accepted. However, in 2000 Oliver Rauhut was doubtful, assigning it to the more inclusive Coelurosauria.[7]

The only time Variraptor has been included in a phylogenetic analysis was in a study describing the troodontid Hesperornithoides, where it was recovered as the sister taxon of Bambiraptor, within an expanded Microraptoria. However, the authors of this study stated that a position within the Unenlagiidae was also possible, only requiring three extra steps in their matrix.[8]

See also

References
  1. Le Loeuff, J.; Buffetaut, E.; Mechin, P.; Mechin-Salessy, A. (1992). "The first record of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Maastrichtian of southern Europe: palaeobiogeographical implications". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 163: 337–343.
  2. Buffetaut, E.; Le Loeuff, J.; Cavin, L.; Duffaud, S.; Gheerbrant, E.; Laurent, Y.; Martin, M.; Rage, J.-C.; Tong, H.; Vasse, D. (1997). "Les vertébrés continentaux du Crétacé supérieur du Sud de la France: un aperçu sur des découvertes récentes" (PDF). Geobios. 30 (supp. 1): 101–108. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80015-0.
  3. Le Loeuff, J.; Buffetaut, E. (1998). "A new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France" (PDF). Oryctos. 1: 105–112.
  4. Turner, A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; Norell, M.A. (2012). "A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 371: 1–206. doi:10.1206/748.1. hdl:2246/6352. S2CID 83572446.
  5. Allain, R.; Taquet, P. (2000). "A new genus of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of France". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (2): 404–407. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0404:ANGODD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85651716.
  6. Chanthasit, P.; Buffetaut, E. (2009). "New data on the Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of southern France". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 180 (2): 145–154. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.2.145.
  7. Rauhut, O.W.M. (2000). The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia) (PhD dissertation). University of Bristol.
  8. Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (2019-07-10). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906.
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