List of missions to Venus

There have been 46 (including gravity-assist flybys) space missions to the planet Venus. Missions to Venus constitute part of the exploration of Venus.

Launches to Venus
Decade
    1960s
    18
    1970s
    11
    1980s
    8
    1990s
    1
    2000s
    2
    2010s
    5
    2020s
    1
    Global topographic map of Venus, with all probe landings marked (red: returned images; with additional black dot: analyzed samples).

    List

    As of 2020, the Soviet Union, United States, European Space Agency and Japan have conducted missions to Venus.

    Mission Type Legend
      Mission to Venus
      Gravity assist, destination elsewhere
    Spacecraft Launch date[1] Operator Mission Outcome Remarks Carrier rocket[2]
    Tyazhely Sputnik
    (1VA No.1)    		 4 February 1961 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Impactor[3] Launch failure Power transformer failure, upper stage failed to ignite, never left LEO[3] Molniya
    Venera 1
    (1VA No.2)    		 12 February 1961 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Impactor[3] Spacecraft failure Communications failure. First flyby past another planet, on 19 May 1961 at less than 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi); no data returned Molniya
    Mariner 1
    (P-37)    		 22 July 1962 NASA
     United States    		 Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit Earth; destroyed by range safety following guidance failure[4] Atlas-LV3 Agena-B
    2MV-1 No.1 25 August 1962 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Lander Launch failure Premature upper stage cutoff due to ullage motor malfunction; never left LEO[4] Molniya
    Mariner 2
    (P-38)    		 27 August 1962 NASA
     United States    		 Flyby Successful First successful flyby past another planet on 14 December 1962 Atlas-LV3 Agena-B
    2MV-1 No.2 1 September 1962 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Lander Launch failure Upper stage fuel valve failed to open, resulting in failure to ignite; never left LEO[4] Molniya
    2MV-2 No.1 12 September 1962 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby Launch failure Anomalous third stage cutoff resulted in air bubbles forming in fourth stage fuel; fourth stage shut down less than a second after ignition; failed to leave LEO[4] Molniya
    3MV-1 No.2 19 February 1964 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby Launch failure Third stage oxidizer leak caused propellant to freeze in feed lines, which subsequently cracked; failed to orbit[5] Molniya-M
    Kosmos 27
    (3MV-1 No.3)    		 27 March 1964 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby/Lander Launch failure Upper stage attitude control failure, never left LEO[5] Molniya-M
    Zond 1
    (3MV-1 No.4)    		 2 April 1964 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby/Lander Spacecraft failure Electronics shorted out, communications lost before flyby.[5] Flew past Venus on 14 July 1964. Molniya-M
    Venera 2
    (3MV-4 No.4)    		 12 November 1965 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby Spacecraft failure Flew past Venus on 27 February 1966, closest approach at 02:52 UTC. Communications lost after flyby, before any data could be returned.[6] Molniya-M
    Venera 3
    (3MV-3 No.1)    		 16 November 1965 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Lander Spacecraft failure Communications lost as soon as spacecraft entered atmosphere on 1 March 1966, no data returned. First atmospheric entry and impact on another planet. Molniya-M
    Kosmos 96
    (3MV-4 No.6)    		 23 November 1965 OKB-1
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby Launch failure Third stage combustion chamber exploded, resulting in loss of control, upper stage failed to ignite; Never left LEO[6] Molniya-M
    Venera 4
    (4V-1 No.310)    		 12 June 1967 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Atmospheric Successful Returned atmospheric data during entry on 18 October 1967. First successful atmospheric entry. Never intended to work on surface[7] Molniya-M
    Mariner 5 14 June 1967 NASA
     United States    		 Flyby Successful Flyby on 19 October 1967, closest approach at 17:34:56 UTC[8] Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D
    Kosmos 167
    (4V-1 No.311)    		 17 June 1967 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Lander Launch failure Upper stage failed to ignite; turbopump cooling malfunction. Never left LEO[8] Molniya-M
    Venera 5
    (4V-1 No.330)    		 5 January 1969 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Atmospheric Successful Entered atmosphere on 16 May 1969, operated for 53 minutes Molniya-M
    Venera 6
    (4V-1 No.331)    		 10 January 1969 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Atmospheric Successful Entered atmosphere on 17 May 1969, operated for 51 minutes Molniya-M
    Venera 7
    (4V-1 No.630)    		 17 August 1970 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Lander Partial success Landed at 05:37:10 UTC on 15 December 1970, rolled upon landing and returned severely limited data. First soft landing on another planet. Molniya-M
    Kosmos 359
    (4V-1 No.631)    		 22 August 1970 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Lander Launch failure Never left LEO Molniya-M
    Venera 8
    (4V-1 No.670)    		 27 March 1972 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Lander Successful Landed at 09:32 UTC on 22 July 1972. First fully successful landing on another planet. Molniya-M
    Kosmos 482
    (4V-1 No.671)    		 31 March 1972 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Lander Launch failure Never left LEO Molniya-M
    Mariner 10 3 November 1973 NASA
     United States    		 Flyby Successful Flyby on 5 February 1974; closest approach at 17:01 UTC; observed Venus and performed gravity assist to reach Mercury Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A
    Venera 9
    (4V-1 No.660)    		 8 June 1975 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Orbiter/Lander Successful Entered orbit on 20 October 1975; lander landed at 05:13 UTC on 22 October. First orbiter of Venus and first images from the surface of another planet. Proton-K/D
    Venera 10
    (4V-1 No.661)    		 14 June 1975 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Orbiter/Lander Successful Entered orbit on 23 October 1975; lander landed at 05:17 UTC on 25 October Proton-K/D
    Venera 11
    (4V-1 No.360)    		 9 September 1978 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby/Lander Mostly successful Flyby on 25 December; Lander landed at 03:24 UTC the same day. Multiple instrument failures on lander Proton-K/D-1
    Venera 12
    (4V-1 No.361)    		 14 September 1978 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby/Lander Mostly successful Lander landed at 03:20 UTC on 21 December 1978. Both cameras on lander failed Proton-K/D-1
    Pioneer Venus 1
    (PV Orbiter)    		 20 May 1978 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Successful Entered orbit on 4 December 1978, decayed on 22 October 1992 Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
    Pioneer Venus 2
    (PV Multiprobe)    		 8 August 1978 NASA
     United States    		 Atmospheric Successful Entered the atmosphere on 9 December 1978; consisted of five spacecraft, two of which continued transmitting after reaching the surface[9] Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
    Venera 13
    (4V-1M No.760)    		 30 October 1981 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby/Lander Successful Lander landed at 03:20 UTC on 1 March 1982. First recording of sounds from another planet. Proton-K/D-1
    Venera 14
    (4V-1M No.761)    		 4 November 1981 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby/Lander Successful Lander landed on 5 March 1982. Proton-K/D-1
    Venera 15
    (4V-2 No.860)    		 2 June 1983 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Orbiter Successful Entered orbit 10 October 1983, operated until July 1984 Proton-K/D-1
    Venera 16
    (4V-2 No.861)    		 7 June 1983 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Orbiter Successful Entered orbit 11 October 1983, operated until July 1984 Proton-K/D-1
    Vega 1
    (5VK No.901)    		 15 December 1984 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby/Atmospheric/Lander Mostly successful Landed 11 June 1985. Atmospheric probe deployed during entry operated for two days. Main bus continued to explore comet 1P/Halley Proton-K/D-1
    Vega 2
    (5VK No.902)    		 21 December 1984 Lavochkin
     Soviet Union    		 Flyby/Atmospheric/Lander Successful Landed 15 June 1985. Atmospheric probe deployed during entry operated for two days. Main bus continued to explore comet 1P/Halley Proton-K/D-1
    Magellan 4 May 1989 NASA
     United States    		 Orbiter Successful Entered orbit 10 October 1990, deorbited 13 October 1994 Space Shuttle Atlantis
    STS-30 / IUS
    Galileo 18 October 1989 NASA
     United States    		 Gravity assist at Venus Successful Flyby on 10 February 1990 en route to Jupiter; observed Venus during closest pass. Space Shuttle Atlantis
    STS-34 / IUS
    Cassini 15 October 1997 NASA
     United States    		 Gravity assist Successful Flybys on 26 April 1998 and 24 June 1999 en route to Saturn; observed Venus during closest pass. Titan IV(401)B
    MESSENGER 3 August 2004 NASA
     United States    		 Gravity assist Successful Flybys on 24 October 2006 and 5 June 2007 en route to Mercury; observed Venus during closest pass. Delta II 7925H
    Venus Express 9 November 2005 ESA
    		 Orbiter Successful Entered orbit 11 April 2006. Full communications lost on 28 November 2014 [10] Soyuz-FG/Fregat
    Akatsuki 20 May 2010 JAXA
     Japan    		 Orbiter Operational Flew past Venus on 6 December 2010 after failing to enter orbit. Insertion was successfully reattempted on 7 December 2015. H-IIA 202
    IKAROS 20 May 2010 JAXA
     Japan    		 Flyby Successful Experimental solar sail released from the Akatsuki spacecraft. Flew past Venus on 8 December 2010 but did not make observations. H-IIA 202
    Shin'en 20 May 2010 UNISEC
     Japan    		 Flyby Spacecraft failure Communications never established after launch. Flew past Venus in December 2010 H-IIA 202
    Parker Solar Probe 12 August 2018 NASA
     United States    		 Gravity assist Operational Flybys on 10 October 2018, 26 December 2019, 11 July 2020, 20 February 2021, 16 October 2021, 21 August 2023, and 6 November 2024 to lower perihelion for solar observation. Delta IV Heavy/Star 48BV
    BepiColombo 20 October 2018 ESA
    		 Gravity assist Successful Flybys on 15 October 2020 and 11 August 2021 en route to Mercury; observed Venus during closest pass. Ariane 5 ECA
    Solar Orbiter 10 February 2020 ESA
    		 Gravity assist Operational Flybys on 27 Dec 2020, 8 Aug 2021, 3 Sep 2022, 18 Feb 2025, 24 Dec 2026, 17 Mar 2028, 10 Jun 2029, and 2 Sep 2030 to adjust orbital inclination. Atlas V 411

    Statistics

    Mission milestone by country
    Legend

      Achieved
      Failed attempt[11]

    Country Flyby Orbit Entered atmosphere Impact Lander Flight
    Soviet Union Soviet Union
    United States United States — —
    ESA — — — —
    Japan Japan — — — —

    By organization
    Country Agency
    or company    		 Successful Partial failure Failure Operational Gravity assist Total
    Soviet Union USSR Energia - - 11 - - 11
    Lavochkin 14 1 3 - - 18
     USA NASA 6 - 1 - 4 11
     EU ESA 1 - - - 2 3
     Japan JAXA 1 - - 1 - 2
    UNISEC - - 1 - - 1

    Future missions

    Under development
    Name Operator Proposed
    launch year    		 Type Status Reference
    Venus Orbiter Mission ISRO  India December 2024 Orbiter/Atmospheric Balloon under development [12]
    Rocket Lab Venus Probe MIT/Rocket Lab  United States 2025 (January) Atmospheric Probe under development [13][14]
    VOICE Planetary Exploration of China CNSA  China 2026 Orbiter under development [15]
    DAVINCI NASA  United States 2028 Atmospheric Probe under development [16]
    Venera-D Roscosmos  Russia 2029 Orbiter/Lander under development [17]
    EnVision ESA 2032 Orbiter under development [18]
    VERITAS NASA  United States 2028 Orbiter under development [19]

    Proposed missions
    Name Operator Proposed
    launch year    		 Type Status Reference
    CUVE NASA  United States orbiter proposed [20][21]
    EVE ESA orbiter proposed [22]
    HAVOC NASA  United States crewed aircraft conceptual [23]
    VAMP NASA  United States 2029 atmospheric balloon proposed as a secondary payload
    on Venera D lander    		 [24][25]
    VICI NASA  United States 2027 lander proposed [26][27]
    VISAGE NASA  United States 2027 lander proposed [28][29][30]
    VISE NASA  United States 2024 lander and balloon proposed [31]
    VOX NASA  United States 2027 orbiter proposed [32][33]
    UAESA  United Arab Emirates 2028 Flyby proposed
    Zephyr NASA  United States 2039 rover Feasibility study [34]

    See also

    References
    1. McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
    2. Krebs, Gunter. "Interplanetary Probes". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
    3. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1961" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 29–32.
    4. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1962" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 34–37.
    5. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1964" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 41–45.
    6. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1965" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52.
    7. "Venera-4: Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus".
    8. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1967" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 61–68.
    9. "NASA's Unintentional Venus Lander". 13 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
    10. ESA Science & Technology: Venus Express goes gently into the night
    11. "Venus: Exploration - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
    12. "Indian Mars and Venus missions: Science and exploration" (PDF). cospar-assembly.org. 22 July 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
    13. "Rocket Lab Probe". Venus Cloud Life. MIT. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
    14. Daniel Oberhaus (18 September 2020). "Rocket Lab Could Beat NASA Back to Venus in the Search for ET". Retrieved 20 January 2021.
    15. "Andrew Jones published (July 14, 2022). "China's proposed Venus mission would investigate the planet's atmosphere and geology". Space.com. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
    16. Neal Jones, Nancy (2 June 2022). "NASA's DAVINCI Mission To Take the Plunge Through Massive Atmosphere of Venus". NASA. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    17. Zak, Anatoly (5 March 2021). "New promise for the Venera-D project". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
    18. "ESA selects revolutionary Venus mission EnVision". ESA. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
    19. Howell, Elizabeth (4 November 2022). "Problems with NASA asteroid mission Psyche delay Venus probe's launch to 2031". Space.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
    20. Planetary Missions and Concepts - Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. September 21, 2018.
    21. NASA studies CubeSat mission to solve Venusian mystery. Lori Keesey. Published by PhysOrg. August 15, 2017.
    22. Chassefière, E.; Korablev, O.; Imamura, T.; Baines, K. H.; Wilson, C. F.; Titov, D. V.; Aplin, K. L.; Balint, T.; Blamont, J. E. (1 March 2009). "European Venus Explorer (EVE): an in-situ mission to Venus". Experimental Astronomy. 23 (3): 741–760. Bibcode:2009ExA....23..741C. doi:10.1007/s10686-008-9093-x. ISSN 0922-6435.
    23. Arney, Dale; Jones, Chris (2015). HAVOC: High Altitude Venus Operational Concept - An Exploration Strategy for Venus. SPACE 2015: AIAA Space and Astronautics Forum and Exposition. 31 August-2 September 2015. Pasadena, California. NF1676L-20719.
    24. Wall, Mike (17 January 2017). "Russia, US Mulling Joint Mission to Venus". Space. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
    25. "NASA Studying Shared Venus Science Objectives with Russian Space Research Institute". NASA. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
    26. VICI: Venus In situ Composition Investigations. (PDF) L. Glaze, J. Garvin, N. Johnson, G. Arney, D. Atkinson, S. Atreya, A. Beck, B. Bezard, J. Blacksberg, B. Campbell, S. Clegg, D. Crisp, D. Dyar, F. Forget, M. Gilmore, D. Grinspoon, Juliane Gross, S. Guzewich, N. Izenberg, J. Johnson, W. Kiefer, D. Lawrence, S. Lebonnois, R. Lorenz, P. Mahaffy, S. Maurice, M. McCanta, A. Parsons, A. Pavlov, S. Sharma, M. Trainer, C. Webster, R. Wiens, K. Zahnle, M. Zolotov. EPSC Abstracts, Vol. 11, EPSC2017-346, 2017. European Planetary Science Congress 2017.
    27. "NASA delays Dragonfly launch by a year". SpaceNews. 25 September 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
    28. Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE): A Proposed New Frontiers Mission. (PDF) Esposito, L. W. Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017)
    29. The New Frontiers Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE) Mission Proposal. (PDF) L.W. Esposito, D.H. Atkinson, K.H. Baines, A. Allwood, F. Altieri, S. Atreya, M. Bullock, A. Colaprete, M. Darrach, J. Day, M. Dyar, B. Ehlmann, K. Farley, J. Filiberto, D. Grinspoon, J. Head, J. Helbert, S. Madzunkov, G. Piccioni, W. Possel, M. Ravine, A. Treiman, Y. Yung, K. Zahnle. EPSC Abstracts. Vol. 11, EPSC2017-275-1, 2017. European Planetary Science Congress 2017.
    30. "NASA delays Dragonfly launch by a year". SpaceNews. 25 September 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
    31. LARRY W ESPOSITO. Mission Concept: Venus in situ Explorer (VISE).
    32. Smrekar, Suzanne; Dyar, M. D.; et al. (eds.). Venus Origins Explorer (VOX), a Proposed New Frontier Mission (PDF). The Venus Exploration Analysis Group.
    33. "NASA delays Dragonfly launch by a year". SpaceNews. 25 September 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
    34. Zephyr: A Landsailing Rover For Venus. (PDF) Geoffrey A. Landis, Steven R. Oleson, David Grantier, and the COMPASS team. NASA John Glenn Research Center. 65th International Astronautical Congress, Toronto, Canada. February 24, 2015. Report: IAC-14,A3,P,31x26111
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