Vertical launching system

An advantage of a hot-launch system is that the missile propels itself out of the launching cell using its own engine, which eliminates the need for a separate system to eject the missile from the launching tube. This potentially makes a hot-launch system relatively light, small, and economical to develop and produce, particularly when designed around smaller missiles. A potential disadvantage is that a malfunctioning missile could destroy the launch tube. American surface-ship VLSs have missile cells arranged in a grid with one lid per cell and are "hot launch" systems. The engine ignites within the cell during the launch and so requires a way of venting rocket exhaust. France, Italy and Britain use a similar hot-launching Sylver system in PAAMS.

The advantage of the cold-launch system is in its safety: should a missile engine malfunction during launch, the cold-launch system can eject the missile, reducing or eliminating the threat. For this reason, Russian VLSs are often designed with a slant so that a malfunctioning missile will land in the water instead of on the ship's deck. As missile size grows, the benefits of ejection launching increase. Above a certain size, a missile booster cannot be safely ignited within the confines of a ship's hull. Most modern ICBMs and SLBMs are cold-launched. Russia produces both grid systems and a revolver arrangement with more than one missile per lid for its cold launch system. Russia also uses a cold launch system for some of its vertical launch missile systems, e.g., the Tor missile system.

Some warships of China's People's Liberation Army Navy use a concentric canister launch (CCL) system that can launch using both hot and cold methods in the cell module, onboard the Type 052D destroyer and the Type 055 destroyer.[2] The universal launch system is offered for export.[3]

Older Chinese ships use single launch system: Type 052C destroyers, for example, use a cold launch system; Type 054A frigates, a hot launch system.[4]

In 2021, the Centre for Military Studies published the total number of VLS cells in use with fourteen NATO navies. The results are displayed below.

Vertical Launch System Cells of 14 NATO Navies in 2020 (Centre for Military Studies)[6]

Country	Ship classes and approx. number of VLS cells	Total	Strike Length VLS cells for Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles (SLCM)
United States	67 × 90/96 Arleigh Burke-class destroyer 22 × 122 Ticonderoga-class cruiser 2 × 80 Zumwalt-class destroyer	8,900	8,700+ arsenal of SLCM / Not included are VLS and BFM on submarines.
Europe total	-	2,328	688
United Kingdom	6 × 48 Type 45 destroyer 12 × 32 Type 23 frigate	704	-
France	2 × 48 Horizon-class destroyer 8 × 32 Aquitaine-class frigate 1 x 32 Charles de Gaulle Class	288	6 × 16 = 96 SLCM deployed on Aquitaine-class
Denmark	2 × 36 Absalon-class support ship 3 × 56 Iver Huitfeldt-class frigate	240	3 x 32 = 96 / No SLCM
Spain	5 × 48 Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate	240	5 × 48 = 240 / No SLCM
Italy	2 × 48 Orizzonte-class frigate 8 × 16 Carlo Bergamini-class frigate	224	No SLCM
Canada	12 × 16 Halifax-class frigate	192	-
Netherlands	4 × 40 De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate 2 × 16 Karel Doorman-class frigate	192	4 × 40 = 160 / No SLCM
Germany	4 × 16 Brandenburg-class frigate 3 × 32 Sachsen-class frigate	160	3 × 32 = 96 / No SLCM
Greece	4 × 16 Hydra-class frigate 3 × 32 FDI HN	160	-
Turkey	4 x 16 Istanbul-class 2 × 8 Barbaros-class frigate 2 × 32 Salih Reis-class 4 × 8 G-class frigate	174	-
Norway	3 × 8, 1 × 16 Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate	40	-
Belgium	2 × 16 Karel Doorman-class frigate	32	-
Portugal	2 × 16 Karel Doorman-class frigate	32	-
Bulgaria	2 × 8 MMPV 80 corvette	16	-

Note: The above table does not include NATO navies which do not possess vertical launching systems, namely Albania, Croatia, Estonia, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania and Slovenia.

 Algeria

• El Radii class frigates – Umkhonto (32 cells)

 Australia

• Anzac-class frigate – Mark 41 Mod 16 (8 cells)
• Hobart-class destroyer – Mark 41 (48 cells)
• Hunter-class frigate – Mark 41 (32 cells)

 Brazil

• Tamandaré-class frigate – GWS.35 (12 cells)

 Chile

• Karel Doorman-class frigate – Mark 48 Mod 1 (16 cells)
• Type 23 frigate – GWS.26 (32 cells)
• Adelaide-class frigate – Mark 41 Mod 16 (8 cells)

 China

Surface

• Type 055 destroyer – GJB 5860-2006 Concentric Canister Launch System (112 cells)
• Type 052D destroyer – GJB 5860-2006 Concentric Canister Launch System (64 cells)
• Type 052C destroyer – H/AJK03 HHQ-9 (48 cells)
• Type 051C destroyer – 48N6E (48 cells)
• Type 051B destroyer – H/AJK16 HQ-16 or Yu-8 (32 cells)
• Sovremenny-class destroyer – H/AJK16 HQ-16 or Yu-8 (32 cells)
• Type 054A frigate – H/AJK16 HQ-16 or Yu-8 (32 cells)

 Egypt

• Tahya Misr (FFG1001) – SYLVER A43 (16 cells)

 Finland

• Hamina-class missile boat – Umkhonto (8 cells)
• Hämeenmaa-class minelayer – Umkhonto (8 cells)

 India

Surface

• INS Vikrant – Barak 8 (16 cells)
• INS Vikramaditya – Barak 1 (24 cells) and Barak 8
• Kolkata-class destroyer – Barak 8/Barak 1 and BrahMos (48 cells)
• Delhi-class destroyer – Barak 1 (32 cells)
• Rajput-class destroyer – BrahMos (8 cells) and Barak 1
• Shivalik-class frigate – Club or BrahMos (8 cells) and Barak 1 (32 cells)
• Talwar-class frigate – Club or BrahMos (8 cells)
• Brahmaputra-class frigate – Barak 1 (24 cells)
• Godavari-class frigate – Barak 1 (24 cells)
• Kamorta-class corvette – Barak 1 (16 cells)

Submarine

• Arihant-class submarine – K-4 or K-15 (8 cells)

 Iran

• Shahid Soleimani-class corvette – Mehrab (22 cells)
• Zolfaghar-class fast-attack boats – Navvab (4 cells)

 Indonesia

• Bung Tomo-class corvette – VL MICA (16 cells)
• Martadinata-class frigate – VL MICA (12 cells)
• Ahmad Yani-class frigate – Yakhont VLS (4 cells) Ex-Van Speijk-class frigate

SYLVER cells of the Italian destroyer Caio Duilio

 Israel

• Sa'ar 5/6-class corvette – Barak 1/Barak 8 (2 x 32 cells)

 Japan

• Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer – Mark 41 (16 cells)
• Kongō-class destroyer – Mark 41 (90 cells)
• Atago-class destroyer – Mark 41 (96 cells)
• Maya-class destroyer – Mark 41 (96 cells)
• Murasame-class destroyer – Mark 41 (16 cells) + Mark 48 (16 cells)
• Takanami-class destroyer – Mark 41 (32 cells)
• Akizuki-class destroyer – Mark 41 (32 cells)
• Asahi-class destroyer – Mark 41 (32 cells)
• Mogami-class frigate - Mark 41 (16 cells)
• Asuka - Mark 41 (8 cells)

 Malaysia

• Lekiu-class frigate - GWS.26 (16 cells)

 Morocco

• Mohammed VI – SYLVER A50 (16 cells)

 New Zealand

• Anzac-class frigate – GWS.35 (20 cells)

 Oman

• Khareef-class corvette – VL MICA (12 cells)

Soviet missile cruiser Frunze firing a missile from the Tor VLS

Top view of the Ticonderoga-class USS Lake Champlain with VLS visible fore and aft as the gray boxes near the bow and stern of the ship

 Pakistan

• Tughril class – HQ16 (32 cells)
• Babur-class corvette – GWS.35 (12 cells)

 South Africa

• Valour-class frigate – Umkhonto 16 cells)

 Russia

Surface

• Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier – Granit (12 cells) + Kinzhal (192 cells)
• Kirov-class battlecruiser – Granit (20 cells) + Fort/Fort-M (96 cells) + Kinzhal (128 cells)
• Slava-class cruiser – Fort (64 cells)
• Udaloy-class destroyer – Kinzhal (64 cells)
• Neustrashimy-class frigate – Kinzhal (32 cells)
• Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate – 3S14 for Kalibr or BrahMos (8 cells) + 3S90M for 9M317M (24 cells)
• Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (16 cells) + Redut system for different type of missiles (32 cells)
• Gepard-class frigate – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
• Steregushchy-class corvette – Redut (12 cells)
• Gremyashchy-class corvette – Redut (2 x 8 cells) + 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks ( 8 cells)
• Buyan-M-class corvette – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
• Karakurt-class corvette – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
• Project 22160E patrol ship – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)[7]
• Korsar escort ship – 3S14 for Kalibr (8 cells)[8]

Submarine

• Amur 950 – 3S14 for Kalibr or BrahMos (10 cells)[9]
• Oscar-class submarine – Granit (24 cells) + RPK-2 Vyuga (28 cells)
• Yasen-M – 3S14 for Kalibr (40 cells) or Oniks (32 cells)[10]
• Typhoon-class submarine – R-39 Rif (20 cells)[11]
• Delta III-class submarine – R-29 Vysota (16 cells)[12]
• Delta IV-class submarine – R-29RMU Sineva or R-29RM Shtil (16 cells)[13]
• Borei-class submarine – RSM-56 Bulava (16 cells)[14]

 Singapore

• Formidable-class frigate – SYLVER (32 cells)
• Victory-class corvette – Barak 1 (2 x 8 cells)

 South Korea

Surface

• Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer (KDX-I) – Mark 48 (16 cells)
• Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin-class destroyer (KDX-II) – Mark 41 (32 cells) + Korean Vertical Launching System (K-VLS) (24 cells / 32 cells)
• Sejong the Great-class destroyer (KDX-III) – Mark 41 (80 cells) + K-VLS (48 cells)
• Nampo-class minelayer – K-VLS (4 cells)
• Cheon Wang Bong-class LST – K-VLS (4 cells)
• Daegu-class frigate – K-VLS (16 cells)

Submarine

• Dosan Ahn Changho-class submarine – K-VLS (10 cells)

 Thailand

• Naresuan-class frigate – Mark 41 (8 cells)
• Bhumibol Adulyadej-class frigate – Mark 41 (8 cells)