Walter Alston

In 1948, Alston managed the St. Paul Saints, a Dodgers Class AAA affiliate, to an 86–68 win–loss record. The team finished in third place, 14 games behind an Indianapolis Indians team managed by Al López.[15] That year, Alston managed Campanella again, where Campanella integrated the American Association. The media was critical of Alston for playing Campanella; they said that the catcher was simply there to integrate the league. Campanella hit 13 home runs in 35 games and fans were dismayed when he was called up to the Dodgers.[16] The 1949 Saints finished with a 93-60 record and four of its players collected more than 90 runs batted in (RBI).[17] The team finished in first place, half a game in front of Indianapolis.[18] During the baseball off-season, Alston worked as a teacher in Darrtown.[19]

From 1950 to 1953, Alston managed another Dodgers AAA affiliate, the Montreal Royals of the International League. The team won between 86 and 95 games during each season of Alston's tenure.[20] The 1951 and 1952 Montreal Royals won International League pennants.[21][22] In 1951 and 1953, Montreal won the Governors' Cup playoff tournament. Alston was inducted into the International League Hall of Fame many years later in 2010.[23]

Alston was named manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers for the 1954 season.[4] His predecessor, Chuck Dressen, had moved on from the Dodgers after the team's leadership refused to sign him to a two-year or three-year contract.[24] Dressen had won two pennants in three years and nearly won a third.[25]

Alston in 1955

Dodgers executive Buzzie Bavasi fought for Alston to be hired in Brooklyn. Bringing Alston to Brooklyn has been described as Bavasi's biggest contribution to the team's history. Alston was an unknown at the major league level and the New York Daily News reported his hiring with the headline "Walter Who?"[26]

Becoming immediately known for his quiet nature, Alston was sometimes referred to as "The Quiet Man".[27] Alston's personality contrasted with that of Dressen, who was much more outspoken. Sportswriters had difficulty writing about Alston at first because he did not say much. He also seemed more conservative in his decisions on the field, which drew criticism from his players even though he had managed many of them in the minor leagues. Don Zimmer said that he had learned more from Dressen and that Dressen knew more about baseball than Alston. Jackie Robinson did not like Alston at first either, according to Robinson's wife.[28]

Alston commented on his approach, saying, "I never criticized a player for a mistake on the spot. Whenever I got steamed up about something, I always wanted to sleep on it and face the situation with a clear head."[19] Sportswriter Jim Murray said that Alston was "the only guy in the game who could look Billy Graham right in the face without blushing and who would order corn on the cob in a Paris restaurant."[29] The 1954 Dodgers finished second in the NL as both Gil Hodges and Duke Snider hit at least 40 home runs and registered 130 runs batted in.[30]

Brooklyn got off to a strong start in 1955, but an Associated Press article noted that Alston was reticent in response to questions and that he did not seem like a manager who had won ten consecutive games.[31] The Brooklyn Dodgers won the NL pennant and their only World Series championship. They clinched the pennant on September 8,[32] earlier than any team had in NL history; at 92–46 (.667), the Dodgers were 17 games ahead of second place Milwaukee with 16 remaining.[33][34] In the World Series, Johnny Podres, started two games (third and seventh); he had a mediocre 9–10 regular season record, but won both postseason starts.[35] The pitcher had struggled with arm problems for much of the season.[36]

Sandy Koufax emerged as a pitcher for the Dodgers during that championship season.[37] Alston was criticized by Jackie Robinson and others over his sparse use of Koufax in his early career. During Koufax's second MLB start, he pitched a shutout, giving up two hits and striking out 14 batters. However, that success did not prompt a lot of opportunities for Koufax. The pitcher appeared in only 12 games that season, mostly in relief.[38]

The 1956 team repeated as NL champions;[39] the team was bolstered by the play of Duke Snider, who hit a league-leading 43 home runs and also led the league in walks.[40] Despite winning the first two games of the World Series, the Dodgers lost in 7 games to the Yankees. The Dodgers fell to third place (84–70) in 1957,[39] the final season in Brooklyn.

Alston (left) with Phillies manager Mayo Smith in 1957

The team finished 21 games back in seventh place (71–83 (.461)) in 1958, the club's first season in Los Angeles.[39] Criticism of Alston had begun to mount during that season, but he led the Dodgers to a world championship in 1959.[41] Six players on the 1959 team finished with double-digit totals in home runs, while 22-year-old Don Drysdale led the team's pitchers with 17 wins.[42] Several Los Angeles players, including Wally Moon, characterized Alston as indecisive in the late 1950s and 1960s. However, Moon later came to describe Alston as a good manager who had gotten "good mileage" out of his players.[43]

Managing the NL All-Star Team in 1960, Alston attracted some controversy when he left Milwaukee Braves pitchers Warren Spahn and Lew Burdette off the roster. An Associated Press report said the omission may have been a snub directed at Dressen, who was the manager in Milwaukee.[44] The 1960 Dodgers finished in fourth place. The following year, the team finished in second place after veteran Duke Snider missed two months with a broken arm.[45] The Dodgers lost the lead in the 1962 NL pennant race and rumors surfaced that Alston and coach Leo Durocher might be fired, but the team retained both for 1963.[46]

The Dodgers swept the World Series in 1963, the first time that the New York Yankees had lost a World Series in four games. Alston's pitchers excelled, as Koufax struck out 23 batters over two games and Drysdale threw a shutout in Game 3. Over the four games, Alston employed only four pitchers: three starters and one reliever.[47] The 1964 team was 80–82, its first losing season in several years.[5] Alston used the team's 1964 performance to motivate them moving forward. In spring training before the 1965 season, he said that he would not let his team forget the difficulties they had in the previous season.[48]

The Dodgers returned to the World Series in 1965 against Minnesota. Alston could not start his number one pitcher, Koufax, in the opening game on October 6 because Koufax was observing Yom Kippur. Instead, Alston turned to Drysdale, who struggled and surrendered seven runs in just 2⅔ innings. When Alston came to the mound to remove him in the bottom of the third, Drysdale quipped, "I bet right now you wish I was Jewish, too."[49] The team recovered from losing that first game and they won the World Series in seven games.[5] Koufax appeared in three games during the series, registering two shutouts.[49]

Alston's Dodgers teams of the 1960s benefited from the strong pitching by Drysdale and Koufax. In 1966, both players held out of spring training and demanded three-year contracts each worth $500,000, which was more money than anyone was making in baseball at the time. The players were eventually signed for lesser amounts. Drysdale struggled that year, but Koufax won 27 games. The Dodgers returned to the World Series, but were swept by the Baltimore Orioles. Koufax retired after the season on the advice of doctors who examined his sore arm.[50] Drysdale retired three years later.[51] Both men had pitched their entire major league careers for Alston.[52]

Alston waves to appreciative fans at Dodgers Stadium a week after his retirement

Alston guided his teams to at least 85 wins per season in his last eight years at the helm,[5] with six runner-up finishes in the NL West division during that span.[39] The team came very close to a pennant in 1971; after falling 11 games out of first place, the team performed well late in the season and finished one game behind the San Francisco Giants. Beginning in 1973, Alston's team featured an infield of Steve Garvey, Davey Lopes, Bill Russell, and Ron Cey. The group played together for eight years, remaining together long after the end of Alston's tenure.[53]

In 1974, the Dodgers won the NL pennant and faced the two-time defending champion Oakland Athletics in the World Series. Alston used closer Mike Marshall in a record-setting 106 games that season and Marshall won the Cy Young Award.[54] Alston received some media attention when he considered using Marshall as a starter.[55] Marshall ended up appearing in all five games of the series and gave up one run in nine innings, but he did not start a game; the Dodgers lost four games to one as the A's completed their three-peat.[56] The 1975 and 1976 teams won 88 and 92 games respectively, but finished well behind Cincinnati in both seasons.[39]

A rift was developing among the Dodger players in the mid-1970s. Garvey was being heavily promoted by the Dodgers' P.R. staff, and some of his teammates resented the attention, thinking Garvey was trying too hard to get endorsement opportunities. Cey, Lopes, and another unnamed player criticized Garvey in a mid-June 1976 San Bernardino Sun-Telegram article, which prompted Alston to call a team meeting. At this meeting, Garvey said, "If anyone has anything to say about me, I want it said to my face, here and now." No one said anything. Pitcher Tommy John thought it was at this point that Alston began to lose control of the team.[57]

On July 17, 1976, he became the fifth manager to win 2,000 games.[58] In September 1976, Alston announced that he would retire at the end of the season.[59] At a press conference, he said, "I've been in baseball for 41 years and it's been awfully good to me. This has been a pretty big day. I had three birdies playing golf for the first time in my life and now I'm announcing that I'm stepping down as manager. I told Peter this afternoon to give somebody else a chance to manage the club."[60] When Tommy Lasorda was selected to succeed him, Alston asked Lasorda to take over as manager for the final four games of the season.[61] Alston retired with 2,063 wins (2,040 in the regular season and 23 in the postseason).[5] Alston was named NL Manager of the Year six times.[62] He also managed NL All-Star squads a record nine times and won seven of those games.[63] At a time when multi-year contracts were on the rise, Alston's managerial career consisted of 23 one-year contracts.[59] He earned seven NL pennants in that span.[5]

Sportswriter Leonard Koppett described Alston's role with the Dodgers, pointing out that O'Malley was always seen as "the boss" while Alston stuck to the on-field management of the team. Koppett said that Alston's loyalty and subdued nature contributed to the stability that the team enjoyed.[64] O'Malley once commented that Alston was "non-irritating. Do you realize how important it is to have a manager who doesn't irritate you?"[7]