Westport, New Zealand

Westport (Māori: Kawatiri) is a town in the West Coast region of the South Island of New Zealand. Established in 1861, it is the oldest European settlement on the West Coast.[3] Originally named Buller,[4] it is on the right bank and at the mouth of the Buller River, close by the prominent headland of Cape Foulwind. It is connected via State Highway 6 with Greymouth, 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south, and with Nelson 222 kilometres (138 mi) in the northeast, via the Buller Gorge. The population of the Westport urban area was 4,250 as of June 2023. The Buller District had a population of 9,670.

Westport
Kawatiri (Māori)
Coordinates: 41°45′29″S 171°36′8″E
CountryNew Zealand
RegionWest Coast
DistrictBuller District
WardWestport
Electorates
Government
 • Territorial AuthorityBuller District Council
 • Regional councilWest Coast Regional Council
 • Mayor of BullerJamie Cleine
 • West Coast-Tasman MPMaureen Pugh
 • Te Tai Tonga MPTākuta Ferris
Area
[1]
 • Total11.53 km2 (4.45 sq mi)
Population
 (June 2023)[2]
 • Total4,250
 • Density370/km2 (950/sq mi)

Name

The Māori language name for the river and the region is Kawatiri, meaning deep and swift.[5] The town is thought to have been named after Westport, County Mayo in Ireland, although the choice of name was no doubt also guided by its location.[4]

History

From an archaeological excavation site, near the mouth of the Buller River (Kawatiri), it is clear that Māori were living close to Westport by the early 14th century.[6] Māori mostly lived in coastal areas, though they explored the mountains for pounamu (jade or greenstone), which they then traded with other iwi.[7]

The first wave of European settlers came to Westport in 1861 as gold miners,[8] and the first European vessel said to have entered the river was the sealing schooner Three Brothers in 1844,[9] though other sealing vessels were recorded in the Cape Foulwind area in the 1820s.[10] The 1880s saw many exploratory parties of geologists and surveyors combing the area for the presence of valuable resources and taking the measure of the land. Amongst them were Charles Heaphy, William Fox and Thomas Brunner. While gold brought initial interest to the area, and for example, led to large areas of the coastal areas (covered by sediment from the river) being dredged for the valuable mineral,[11] the area soon became much more famous for coal mining, still a dominant concern in the region today.[7]

Loaded rail coal trucks, rail tracks and the river on the left
Loaded coal trucks in the Westport Railway yard

A coal mining company was formed in 1878 called the Westport Colliery Company Ltd, and then became The Westport Coal Company in 1881 when a group of Dunedin businessmen purchased the mines.[12] The coal fields were at Coalbrookdale (Denniston) and Granity Creek (Millerton) and coal was transported to the Westport harbour to be shipped out. By 1905 The Westport Coal Company was New Zealand's largest coal producer.[13]

Westport was administrated as part of the Nelson Province from 1853 to 1876.

Westport has been damaged by several earthquakes, the worst the 1929 Murchison earthquake, in which several buildings collapsed, including the post office tower. The town now has a number of Art Deco buildings that were constructed after the earthquake,[4] for example the Clock Tower Chambers.[14]

Flooding

Westport and the Buller District have had several floods since 1846. In January 1868, heavy rain led to flooding, which destroyed two wharves. The town was flooded again in October and November 1926, and yet again in 1970, 2012, and 2015. In 2018, Westport was damaged by Cyclone Fehi during the 2017–18 South Pacific cyclone season. According to Land River Sea Consulting founder and river engineer Matthew Gardner, Westport is sited on a flood-prone catchment and climate change is causing water levels to rise. A West Coast Regional Council spokesperson expressed concern about the under-investment in flood protection including dredging and river management work in Westport.[15]

In July 2021, wet weather throughout New Zealand caused more flooding, leading to the evacuation of about 2,000 people, roughly half of the town's 4,600 residents.[16][17] The flood caused millions of dollars in damages and damaged hundreds of homes in Westport.[18] 563 homes were damaged with 70 homes being red stickered and 393 homes being yellow stickered.[15] 23% of the town's 983 dwellings required repairs.[17] By mid-October 2021, 450 homes remained uninhabitable or damaged. 140 remained in temporary accommodation including cabins, motels, or relatives' homes.[19]

In February 2022, Westport and the Buller District had heavy rain and significant flooding, which damaged homes, infrastructure, farms, and roads. Residents were also evacuated. On 10 February, a state of emergency was declared in the Buller District.[15][20] Minister of Rural Affairs Damien O'Connor described the February flooding in Westport as "one of the worst he had seen" and attributed it to climate change.[20] On 23 February, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced a NZ$500,000 scheme to assist farmers in Westport and the wider West Coast region with flood damage called "Task Force Green."[21]

In July 2022, Stuff reported that over 400 homes in Westport had not been fully repaired since the floods that struck the city in July 2021. Of the 563 flood damaged homes, just over 100 had fully completed their repairs. The Buller District Council and the West Coast Regional Council submitted a NZ$54 million business case for the region which includes investing in flood walls, subsidising people to move from flood-prone areas, and investing in Westport's stormwater system.[17]

Geography

Climate

The Westport climate is strongly influenced by the high amount of precipitation from the Tasman Sea, with all months being rather wet on average. Despite very high annual rainfall, Westport is often prone to drought and conservation measures are sometimes triggered. While colder than the more northern parts of New Zealand, average temperature changes over the year are not extreme.

Climate data for Westport Airport (Nov 1991-Mar 2022)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.5
(83.3)		 28.3
(82.9)		 28.0
(82.4)		 28.4
(83.1)		 25.0
(77.0)		 19.0
(66.2)		 17.8
(64.0)		 19.3
(66.7)		 21.3
(70.3)		 21.4
(70.5)		 25.7
(78.3)		 27.3
(81.1)		 28.5
(83.3)
Average high °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2)		 20.8
(69.4)		 19.5
(67.1)		 17.4
(63.3)		 15.4
(59.7)		 13.5
(56.3)		 12.9
(55.2)		 13.2
(55.8)		 14.3
(57.7)		 15.3
(59.5)		 16.8
(62.2)		 18.6
(65.5)		 16.5
(61.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7)		 16.9
(62.4)		 15.6
(60.1)		 13.6
(56.5)		 11.6
(52.9)		 9.7
(49.5)		 8.9
(48.0)		 9.5
(49.1)		 10.7
(51.3)		 11.9
(53.4)		 13.2
(55.8)		 15.2
(59.4)		 12.8
(55.0)
Average low °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0)		 13
(55)		 11.7
(53.1)		 9.8
(49.6)		 7.9
(46.2)		 5.9
(42.6)		 5.0
(41.0)		 5.7
(42.3)		 7.2
(45.0)		 8.4
(47.1)		 9.6
(49.3)		 11.7
(53.1)		 9.0
(48.2)
Record low °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2)		 5.0
(41.0)		 2.3
(36.1)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 1.1
(34.0)		 2.8
(37.0)		 5.1
(41.2)		 −2.5
(27.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 150.9
(5.94)		 134.9
(5.31)		 149.0
(5.87)		 158.7
(6.25)		 186.7
(7.35)		 201.3
(7.93)		 166.0
(6.54)		 187.2
(7.37)		 186.6
(7.35)		 208.5
(8.21)		 156.6
(6.17)		 199.3
(7.85)		 2,085.6
(82.11)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.9 10.4 11.7 12.5 15.4 16.3 14.1 15.8 17.2 18.1 14.4 14.9 172.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 213 174.9 164.2 151.5 114.7 93.4 120.7 118.6 138.9 158.4 171.7 179.4 1,799.4
Source: CliFlo[22]

Demographics

Westport covers 11.53 km2 (4.45 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 4,250 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 369 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20064,509—    
20134,755+0.76%
20184,389−1.59%
Source: [23]

Westport had a population of 4,389 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 366 people (−7.7%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 120 people (−2.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,998 households, comprising 2,214 males and 2,172 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female, with 729 people (16.6%) aged under 15 years, 651 (14.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,911 (43.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,092 (24.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.9% European/Pākehā, 12.1% Māori, 1.8% Pasifika, 2.7% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 9.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.3% had no religion, 33.6% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 303 (8.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,179 (32.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 351 people (9.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,398 (38.2%) people were employed full-time, 561 (15.3%) were part-time, and 159 (4.3%) were unemployed.[23]

Individual statistical areas
NameArea
(km2)		PopulationDensity
(per km2)		HouseholdsMedian ageMedian
income
Westport North8.661,89321985848.1 years$21,500[24]
Westport South2.872,4968401,14047.5 years$23,100[25]
New Zealand37.4 years$31,800

Rural surrounds

Westport Rural surrounds Westport on the west, south and east, and includes Carters Beach. It covers 88.76 km2 (34.27 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 1,260 as of June 2023,[26] with a population density of 14 people per km2.

Historical population for Westport Rural
YearPop.±% p.a.
2006975—    
20131,230+3.37%
20181,260+0.48%
Source: [27]

Westport Rural had a population of 1,260 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 30 people (2.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 285 people (29.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 498 households, comprising 624 males and 639 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 50.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 249 people (19.8%) aged under 15 years, 96 (7.6%) aged 15 to 29, 606 (48.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 306 (24.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 94.0% European/Pākehā, 8.8% Māori, 0.7% Pasifika, 1.7% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 9.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.7% had no religion, 32.9% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 129 (12.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 285 (28.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $24,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 144 people (14.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 441 (43.6%) people were employed full-time, 192 (19.0%) were part-time, and 21 (2.1%) were unemployed.[27]

Economy
EPIC Westport, a technology hub and coworking space in Westport.

Economic activity is based around fishing, coal mining and dairy farming. Historically, gold mining was a major industry, and coal mining was much more extensive than today (especially in terms of employment numbers). However, the region still is home to New Zealand's largest opencast mining operation in Stockton.[28] Some native forest logging occurred in the area until cessation around 1999.

The Holcim company had a large cement plant in the southwest side of town until its closure on 30 June 2016.[29]

Westport is also home to EPIC Westport an innovation hub, which houses software developers and business startups.[30]

Media

A daily local newspaper is published in Westport, the Westport News. The Westport News building also houses coast-wide local radio station Coast FM.

Tourism

Tourist attracts in the area include Cape Foulwind, Tauranga Bay with its large fur seal colony, and fine surfing beaches. The opening of the Old Ghost Road which runs between Lyell and Seddonville to the north of Westport has seen an explosion in the number of mountain bikers visiting the area. The Kawatiri Coastal Trail is under development between Westport, Carters Beach, Cape Foulwind, and Charleston.The Pūwaha Section of the trail from Westport to Carters Beach was the first of nine sections to be built. It was officially opened on 6 December 2020. The remaining sections are expected to be completed by June 2022.[31][32]

Rafting and jetboating in the Buller Gorge are popular.[33] Westport is a base for trips to Karamea and the Oparara Basin Arches with the only road access to the area running north from Westport. Paparoa National Park is also located nearby.

Transport
Old cattle wharf, Westport harbour

Westport is served by State Highway 67, and the 8.9 km spur State Highway 67A to Carters Beach and Cape Foulwind which terminates at the former Holcim cement plant location.

The Holcim company managed the day-to-day operations of Westport's port until ceasing operations in the district, using it to ship their cement product to market,[34][35] for example to the Port of Onehunga in Auckland.

The first railway of the area in 1864 ran from Westport 18 kilometres (11 mi) to the coal fields, most of them north of town.[36] The first section of railway from Westport to Fairdown via Sergeants Hill opened on 31 December 1875; this line ultimately reached Seddonville in 1895 and was known as the Seddonville Branch. From this beginning, an isolated network of branch lines was developed: a Westport-Inangahua branch line of about 12 miles (19 km) was authorised by the Railways Authorisation Act, 1904.[37] But the lines were not linked to the national network until the completion of the Stillwater–Westport Line through the Buller Gorge in 1942.

Westport Airport is a small airport. It was formerly served twice daily on weekdays and daily in the weekend by Air New Zealand from Wellington, and prior to that, flights to Christchurch and Hokitika were also operated. The Air New Zealand service from Wellington service ceased in April 2015 and its place was taken by Sounds Air.

Facilities
The Holcim cement plant was a large factor in the local economy.

The town used to have one cinema/theatre, the St James Theatre, able to seat 424 patrons for film screenings, theatre productions or other activities. After being found structurally unsound, the theatre had to be demolished. A new theatre has since opened. The NBS theatre has two movie theatres, one which seats 55 people and a boutique theatre that seats approximately 20 people. This theatre also has a large facility with seating for approximately 370 people and a stage for performing.[38]

The township also has a links-style, 18-hole, par-72 golf course. The course measures around 5,600 metres (18,400 ft) with medium to narrow fairways and small "target" greens.[39]

The Pulse Energy Recreation Centre (originally named the Solid Energy Centre), a sports complex, was opened on 18 April 2009.

Te Taha o Te Awa Marae is based at Westport. It is a marae (tribal meeting ground) of Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō and its Pūaha Te Rangi hapū, and includes a wharenui (meeting house), also called Te Taha o te Awa.[40][41]

The Coaltown Museum, opened in 2013, illustrates the area's local history.[42][43]

Sue Thomson Casey Memorial Library, Buller District's library, is located on Palmerston Street.[44]

Education
Home science class at Westport Technical High School

Buller High School is a secondary (years 9–13) school with a roll of 362.[45] The school celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1997[46] but also claims to have been operating for over 100 years, due to its connection to earlier secondary schooling in the district.[47]

Westport North School and Westport South School are full primary (years 1–8) schools with rolls of 211[48] and 224,[49] respectively. The schools were founded in 1942[50] and 1941[51]

St Canice's School is a full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of 139.[52] It is a state integrated Catholic school[53] and has operated since at least 1882.[54]

All these schools are coeducational. The town's primary schools all have a decile rating of 4, and Buller High School has a decile rating of 3. School rolls are as of April 2023.[55]

Notable people
Carved bust of a man on a plinth in a lawn
Memorial statue of James Colvin in Westport

Notable buildings

References
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  2. "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
  3. "Municipal Chambers (Former)". Heritage New Zealand.
  4. Nathan, Simon. "West Coast places – Westport". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  5. Grzelewski, Derek (October–December 1997). "Buller—the mighty river". New Zealand Geographic. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  6. Nathan, Simon (1 September 2016). "West Coast region – Māori exploration and settlement".
  7. History Archived 25 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine (from the Buller District Council website)
  8. Welcome to the Buller District Archived 13 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine (from the 'Buller Community Development Company Ltd' website)
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  10. Ian Smith (2002). "The New Zealand Sealing Industry" (PDF). DoC. p. 32.
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  12. "Circa Theatre – Wellington Heritage". Wellington City Council Me Heke Ki Poneke. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  13. "Our History". Westport Harbour. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  14. "Municipal Chambers (Former)". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
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  16. Taunton, Esther (18 July 2021). "Insurers brace for rush of claims after South Island floods". Stuff. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  17. "More than 400 homes still not repaired one year on from Westport floods". Stuff. 15 July 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  18. "Westport and Buller prepare for heavy rain, locals warned to avoid non-essential travel". Radio New Zealand. 2 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  19. Gee, Samantha (14 October 2021). "Westport flood: 450 homes still unlivable or damaged". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  20. Speedy, Juliet (11 February 2022). "Westport residents 'very depressed' as yet another flood brings more devastation". Newshub. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
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  24. 2018 Census place summary: Westport North
  25. 2018 Census place summary: Westport South
  26. "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  27. "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Westport Rural (309300). 2018 Census place summary: Westport Rural
  28. Stockton (Opencast) (from the Solid Energy website)
  29. Carroll, Joanne (26 May 2016). "Job losses for Westport Harbour when Holcim closes". Stuff.
  30. Baker, Glenn (27 February 2019). "Coastal confidence". NZBusiness. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
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  35. Harbour (from the Buller District Council website)
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  38. Theatres Archived 20 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine (from the Buller District Council website)
  39. New Zealand, NZ, Golf Course Regions
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  44. "Buller District Council, New Zealand » Library locations & opening hours". Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  45. Education Counts: Buller High School
  46. Centennial Committee (1997). 75 years of memories 1922–1997 Westport Technical High School, Westport Technical College, Buller High School.
  47. "Welcome to Buller High School". Buller High School. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
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  49. Education Counts: Westport South School
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  51. Jubilee Committee (1991). Westport South School 50th Jubilee 1941–1991.
  52. Education Counts: St Canice's School
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  55. "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
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