Wichita Falls, Texas

Wichita Falls (/ˈwɪtʃɪtɑː/ WITCH-i-tah) is a city in and the seat of government of Wichita County, Texas, United States.[7] It is the principal city of the Wichita Falls metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Archer, Clay, and Wichita Counties. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 104,553, making it the 38th-most populous city in Texas. In addition, its central business district is 5 miles (8 km) from Sheppard Air Force Base, which is home to the Air Force's largest technical training wing and the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program, the world's only multinationally staffed and managed flight-training program chartered to produce combat pilots for both the USAF and NATO.

Wichita Falls, Texas
City
The "restored Falls" of the Wichita River just off Interstate 44
The "restored Falls" of the Wichita River just off Interstate 44
Flag of Wichita Falls, Texas
Flag
Location in the state of Texas
Location in the state of Texas
Wichita Falls is located in Texas
Wichita Falls
Wichita Falls
Wichita Falls is located in the United States
Wichita Falls
Wichita Falls
Coordinates: 33°54′11″N 98°28′17″W
Country United States
State Texas
CountyWichita
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • MayorStephen Santellana (R)[1]
 • City Council
Members
  • Bobby Whiteley
  • Eric West
  • Deandra Chenault
  • Jeff Browning
  • Tim Brewer
  • Steve Jackson
 • City ManagerDarron Leiker
 • Assistant City ManagersPaul Menzies, Blake Jurecek
Area
[2]
 • City72.03 sq mi (186.57 km2)
 • Land72.01 sq mi (186.51 km2)
 • Water0.02 sq mi (0.06 km2)
Elevation
[3]
951 ft (290 m)
Population
 (2010)[4]
 • City104,553
 • Estimate 
(2019)[5]
104,683
 • RankUS: 288th
 • Density1,453.73/sq mi (561.28/km2)
 • Urban
99,437 (US: 301st)
 • Metro
151,201 (US: 268th)
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
76301-11
Area code940
FIPS code48-79000[6]
GNIS feature ID2412261[3]
WebsiteCity of Wichita Falls

The city is home to the Newby-McMahon Building (otherwise known as the "world's littlest skyscraper"), constructed downtown in 1919 and featured in Robert Ripley's Ripley's Believe It or Not!.

History
See also: Timeline of Wichita Falls, Texas
Map of Wichita Falls in 1890
Kemp-Kell Building, circa 1910, now known as the Holt Hotel, was one of the first five-story office buildings in the city.

The Choctaw Native Americans settled the area in the early 1800s from their native Mississippi area once Americans displaced them after the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.[8] The treaty was signed and proclaimed in 1830-1831. As late as 1841, a large Indian settlement was present in the area that is now the city of Wichita Falls.[9]

American settlers arrived in the 1860s, mainly as cattle ranchers. The city was named Wichita Falls on September 27, 1876, as the Wichita River runs through the area and a waterfall was in the river’s course in 1876. Just 10 years later in 1886, a flood destroyed the original waterfall on the Wichita River for which the city was named.[9][10] After nearly 100 years of visitors wanting to visit the no longer existing falls, the city built an artificial waterfall beside the river in Lucy Park. The recreated falls are 54 ft (16 m) high and recirculate at 3,500 gallons per minute. They are visible to south-bound traffic on Interstate 44.

On the day the city was named in 1876, a sale of town lots was held at what is now the corner of Seventh and Ohio Streets – the birthplace of the city.[11] The Fort Worth & Denver City Railway arrived in September 1882, the same year the city became the county seat of Wichita County.[8] The city grew westwards from the original FW&DC train depot which was located at the northwest corner of Seventh Street and the FW&DC.[11] This area is now referred to as the Depot Square Historic District,[12][13] which has been declared a Texas Historic Landmark.[14]

The early history of Wichita Falls well into the 20th century also rests on the work of two entrepreneurs, Joseph A. Kemp[15] and his brother-in-law, Frank Kell. Kemp and Kell were pioneers in food processing and retailing, flour milling, railroads, cattle, banking, and oil.[16]

Downtown Wichita Falls was the city's main shopping area for many years. Those shops lost ground to the creation of new shopping centers throughout the city beginning with Parker Square in 1953 and other similar developments during the 1960s and 1970s, culminating with the opening of Sikes Senter Mall in 1974. The city has been seeking funding to rebuild and restore the downtown area since 2010.[8]

Wichita Falls was once home to offices of several oil companies and related industries, along with oil refineries operated by the Continental Oil Company (now ConocoPhillips) until 1952 and Panhandle Oil Company American Petrofina until 1965.[17] Both firms continued to use a portion of their former refineries as gasoline/oil terminal facilities for many years.

1964 tornado

A devastating tornado hit the northern and northwestern portions of Wichita Falls, along with Sheppard Air Force Base during the afternoon of April 3, 1964 (later referred to as "Black Friday"). As the first violent tornado on record to hit the Wichita Falls area,[18] it left seven dead and more than 100 injured. Additionally, the tornado caused roughly $15 million in property damage with about 225 homes destroyed and another 250 damaged.[19] It was rated F5, the highest rating on the Fujita scale, but it is overshadowed by the 1979 tornado.[20]

1979 tornado
Main article: 1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak § Wichita Falls, Texas

An F4 tornado struck the heavily populated southern sections of Wichita Falls in the late afternoon on Tuesday, April 10, 1979 (known as "Terrible Tuesday"). It was part of an outbreak that produced 30 tornadoes around the region. Despite having nearly an hour's advance warning that severe weather was imminent, 42 people were killed (including 25 in vehicles) and 1,800 were injured because it arrived just as many people were driving home from work.[21] It left 20,000 people homeless and caused $400 million in damage, a U.S. record not topped by an individual tornado until the F5 Moore–Oklahoma City tornado of May 3, 1999.[22]

Geography and climate

Wichita Falls is about 15 miles (24 km) south of the border with Oklahoma, 115 mi (185 km) northwest of Fort Worth, and 140 mi (230 km) southwest of Oklahoma City. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 70.71 square miles (183.1 km2), of which 0.02 square miles (0.052 km2) (0.03%) is covered by water.[23]

Wichita Falls experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), featuring long, very hot and humid summers, and cool winters. The city has some of the highest summer daily maximum temperatures in the entire U.S. outside of the Desert Southwest. Temperatures have hit 100 °F (38 °C) as early as March 27 and as late as October 17, but more typically reach that level on 28 days annually, with 102 days of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher annually; the average window for the latter mark is April 9–October 10. However, 59 to 60 nights of freezing lows occur, and an average of 4.8 days where the high does not rise above freezing. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 42.0 °F (5.6 °C) in January to 84.4 °F (29.1 °C) in July. The record low temperature is −12 °F (−24 °C) on January 4, 1947. The highest recorded temperature is 117 °F (47 °C) on June 28, 1980. Snowfall is sporadic and averages 4.1 in (10 cm) per season, while rainfall is typically greatest in early summer.

From 2010 through 2013, Wichita Falls, along with a large portion of the south-central US, experienced a persistent drought. In September 2011, Wichita Falls became the first Texas city[24] to have 100 days of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher within one year.[lower-alpha 1] On every day from June 22 to August 12, the temperature reached 100 °F or higher, and from May 27 to September 3, the temperature reached 90 °F or higher. In addition, the all-time warm daily minimum of 88 °F (31 °C) was set on July 26, and June, July, and August of that year were all the hottest on record.[25]

During the 2015 Texas–Oklahoma floods, Wichita Falls broke its all-time record for the wettest month, with 17.00 inches of rain recorded in May 2015.[26]

Climate data for Wichita Falls, Texas (Wichita Falls Regional Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1923–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 87
(31)		 94
(34)		 100
(38)		 103
(39)		 110
(43)		 117
(47)		 115
(46)		 113
(45)		 111
(44)		 102
(39)		 90
(32)		 91
(33)		 117
(47)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 76.9
(24.9)		 81.9
(27.7)		 88.2
(31.2)		 91.9
(33.3)		 97.4
(36.3)		 101.1
(38.4)		 105.5
(40.8)		 105.2
(40.7)		 100.4
(38.0)		 93.4
(34.1)		 82.8
(28.2)		 77.2
(25.1)		 107.3
(41.8)
Average high °F (°C) 54.7
(12.6)		 59.0
(15.0)		 67.9
(19.9)		 76.0
(24.4)		 83.9
(28.8)		 92.0
(33.3)		 97.2
(36.2)		 96.6
(35.9)		 88.3
(31.3)		 77.3
(25.2)		 65.2
(18.4)		 55.7
(13.2)		 76.2
(24.5)
Daily mean °F (°C) 42.4
(5.8)		 46.3
(7.9)		 54.7
(12.6)		 62.8
(17.1)		 71.8
(22.1)		 80.1
(26.7)		 84.7
(29.3)		 84.1
(28.9)		 76.0
(24.4)		 64.6
(18.1)		 52.7
(11.5)		 43.7
(6.5)		 63.7
(17.6)
Average low °F (°C) 30.0
(−1.1)		 33.6
(0.9)		 41.6
(5.3)		 49.6
(9.8)		 59.7
(15.4)		 68.3
(20.2)		 72.2
(22.3)		 71.5
(21.9)		 63.8
(17.7)		 51.9
(11.1)		 40.2
(4.6)		 31.8
(−0.1)		 51.2
(10.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 15.7
(−9.1)		 19.0
(−7.2)		 24.3
(−4.3)		 34.4
(1.3)		 44.9
(7.2)		 59.9
(15.5)		 65.3
(18.5)		 63.5
(17.5)		 50.7
(10.4)		 35.9
(2.2)		 24.8
(−4.0)		 17.3
(−8.2)		 11.8
(−11.2)
Record low °F (°C) −12
(−24)		 −8
(−22)		 6
(−14)		 24
(−4)		 35
(2)		 50
(10)		 54
(12)		 53
(12)		 38
(3)		 21
(−6)		 14
(−10)		 −7
(−22)		 −12
(−24)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.20
(30)		 1.40
(36)		 2.02
(51)		 2.50
(64)		 3.81
(97)		 3.35
(85)		 2.02
(51)		 2.53
(64)		 2.99
(76)		 2.88
(73)		 1.63
(41)		 1.56
(40)		 27.89
(708)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.7
(1.8)		 1.1
(2.8)		 0.2
(0.51)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.3
(0.76)		 0.8
(2.0)		 3.1
(7.87)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.6 4.9 6.5 6.6 9.1 7.3 5.2 6.0 6.3 6.9 5.2 4.5 73.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.6
Source 1: NOAA[27]
Source 2: National Weather Service[25]

Notes:

  1. The previous record was 79 in 1980.

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18901,978—
19002,48025.4%
19108,200230.6%
192040,079388.8%
193043,6909.0%
194045,1123.3%
195068,04250.8%
1960101,72449.5%
197096,265−5.4%
198094,201−2.1%
199096,2592.2%
2000104,1978.2%
2010104,5530.3%
2020102,316−2.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[28]
Texas Almanac: 1850–2000[29]
2018 Estimate[30]
Wichita Falls racial composition as of 2020[31]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[lower-alpha 1]
Race Number Percentage
White (NH) 57,750 56.44%
Black or African American (NH) 12,838 12.55%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 737 0.72%
Asian (NH) 2,464 2.41%
Pacific Islander (NH) 124 0.12%
Some other race (NH) 409 0.4%
Mixed/multiracial (NH) 4,813 4.7%
Hispanic or Latino 23,181 22.66%
Total 102,316

As of the 2020 United States census, 102,316 people, 37,297 households, and 23,087 families resided in the city.

Economy
Memorial Day parade at Sheppard Air Force Base

Top employers

According to Wichita Falls Chamber of Commerce, the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Sheppard Air Force Base 7,222
2 Wichita Falls Independent School District 2,378
3 United Regional Health Care System 2,100
4 Midwestern State University 1,276
5 City of Wichita Falls 1,217
6 Arconic 1,072
7 Walmart (three locations) 1,009
8 North Texas State Hospital -Wichita Falls campus 1,000
9 Vitro[34] 934
10 Texas Department of Criminal Justice James V. Allred Unit[35] 921

Media
See also: List of newspapers in Texas, List of radio stations in Texas, and List of television stations in Texas

Wichita Falls' media market also includes the nearby, smaller city of Lawton, Oklahoma. According to Nielsen Media Research estimates for the 2016–17 season, the market – which encompasses 10 counties in western North Texas and six counties in southwestern Oklahoma, has 152,950 households with at least one television set, making it the 148th-largest television market in the United States; the market also has an average of 120,200 radio listeners ages 12 and over, making it the 250th-largest radio market in the nation.[36][37]

Newspapers

Television stations

KERA-TV out of Dallas–Fort Worth serves as the default PBS member station for Wichita Falls via a translator station on UHF channel 44.

Radio stations

Sports and recreation
Kay Yeager Coliseum

Recreation

Castaway Cove Waterpark

Lucy Park

Lucy Park is a 170-acre (69 ha) park with a log cabin, duck pond, swimming pool, playground, frisbee golf course, and picnic areas. It has multiple paved walkways suitable for walking, running, biking, or rollerskating, including a river walk that goes to a recreation of the original falls for which the city was named (the original falls were destroyed in a 19th-century flood; the new falls were built in response to numerous tourist requests to visit the "Wichita Falls"). It is one of 37 parks throughout the city. The parks range in size from small neighborhood facilities to the 258 acres of Weeks Park featuring the Champions Course at Weeks Park, an 18-hole golf course. In addition, an off-leash dog park is within Lake Wichita Park and a skatepark adjacent to the city's softball complex. Also, unpaved trails for off-road biking and hiking are available.[38]

Hotter'N Hell Hundred

Wichita Falls is the home of the annual Hotter'N Hell Hundred, the largest single-day century bicycle ride in the United States and one of the largest races in the world. The race started as a way for the city to celebrate its centennial in 1982. The race takes place over a weekend in August, and multiple events are hosted for people to participate.[39]

Sports

In 2014, the Wichita Falls Nighthawks, an indoor football team, joined the Indoor Football League[40] but suspended operations after the 2017 season.

The city has also been home to a number of semiprofessional, developmental, and minor league sports teams, including the Wichita Falls Drillers, a semipro football team that has won numerous league titles and a national championship; Wichita Falls Kings (formerly known as Wichita Falls Razorbacks), the professional basketball team Wichita Falls Texans of the Continental Basketball Association; Wichita Falls Fever in the Lone Star Soccer Alliance (1989–92); the Wichita Falls Spudders baseball team in the Texas League; the Wichita Falls Wildcats (formerly the Wichita Falls Rustlers) of the North American Hockey League, an American Tier II junior hockey league; and the Wichita Falls Roughnecks (formerly the Graham Roughnecks) of the Texas Collegiate League. The Dallas Cowboys held training camp in Wichita Falls during the late 1990s. However, the sustainability of minor or rookie league sports franchises in the Wichita Falls region have a questionable future.[41]

The Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame relocated to Wichita Falls from Amsterdam, New York, in November 2015.

Government

Local government

The mayor of Wichita Falls is Stephen Santellana, who was elected in 2016 and re-elected in 2018. Mayors are elected on a nonpartisan ballot.

The Wichita Falls City Council has six members:

  • District 1: Michael Smith
  • District 2: Larry Nelson
  • District 3: Jeff Browning
  • District 4: Tim Brewer
  • District 5: Steve Jackson
  • At-large: Bobby Whiteley

The city manager is Darron Leiker.

List of mayors of Wichita Falls[42]
Name Term Start Term End
Otis T. Bacon18891892
J.Q. Morrison18921894
Charles O. Joline18941898
Charles W. Bean19001904
T.B. Noble19041912
Jonathan M. Bell19121914
J.W. Bradley19141914
A.H. Britain19141918
J.B. Marlow19181920
Walter D. Cline19201922
Frank Collier19221925
R.E. Shepherd19251928
Joseph William Akin19281930
Walter Nelson, Jr.19301934
John Thomas Young19341936
William Edward Fitzgerald19361942
W.P. (Bill) Hood19421944
W.B. Hamilton19441948
Harold Jones19481952
Kindall Paulk19521954
Lloyd Thomas19541956
K.C. Spell19561960
Kenneth Johnson19601962
John Gavin19621964
Winston Wallander19641966
R.C. "Dick" Rancier19661970
R. Kenneth Hill19701974
Max Kruger19741978
Kenneth Hill19781984
Gary Cook19821986
Charles Harper19861988
Perry Goolsby19881990
Michael Lam19901996
Kay Yeager19962000
Jerry Lueck20002002
William Altman20022005
Arthur B. Williams20052005
Lanham Lyne20052010
Glenn Barham20102016[43]
Stephen Santellana2016present

State and federal politics

Wichita Falls is located in the 69th district of the Texas House of Representatives. Lanham Lyne, a Republican, represented the district from 2011 to 2013; he was the mayor of Wichita Falls from 2005 to 2010. When Lyne declined to seek a second term in 2012, voters chose another Republican, James Frank. Wichita Falls is located in the 30th district of the Texas Senate. Craig Estes, a Republican, had held the senate seat since 2001, until Pat Fallon won election in 2018. Wichita Falls is part of Texas's 13th congressional district for the U.S. House of Representatives. Ronny Jackson, a Republican, has held this seat since 2021. The 13th District is considered the most conservative district in the country, according to the Cook Political Report 2018.

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice James V. Allred Unit is located in Wichita Falls, 4 mi (6.4 km) northwest of downtown. The prison is named for former Governor James V. Allred, a Democrat and a native of Bowie, Texas, who lived early in his career in Wichita Falls.[44] The United States Postal Service operates the Wichita Falls Post Office, the Morningside Post Office, the Bridge Creek Post Office, and the Sheppard Air Force Base Post Office.[45]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public primary and secondary education is covered by the following school districts: Wichita Falls Independent School District, City View Independent School District, Burkburnett Independent School District, and Iowa Park Consolidated Independent School District.[46] Several private and parochial schools operate in the city, as does an active home-school community. Many of the local elementary schools participate in the Head Start program for preschool-aged children.

Two schools in the Wichita Falls ISD participate in the International Baccalaureate programs. Hirschi High School offers the IB Diploma Programme, and G.H. Kirby Junior High School for the Middle Years Programme. Other public high schools are Wichita Falls High School and S. H. Rider High School (Wichita Falls ISD) and City View High School (City View ISD).

By 1879, the first school was established. The first public school was a log structure established in the 1880s; in 1885, it was replaced with a former courthouse. Wichita Falls High School opened in 1890. That year, a school district was created, but problems with the law allowing its establishment meant it was dissolved in 1894 and the city provided schooling until the second establishment of a school district in 1900. In 1908, the Texas Legislature issued a charter for WFISD.[47]

The city has a school for German children, Deutsche Schule Sheppard (DSS).[48]

Higher education
Hardin Administration Building at Midwestern State University

Wichita Falls is home to Midwestern State University, an accredited four-year college in the Texas Tech University System and the only independent liberal arts college in Texas offering both bachelor's and master's degrees.[49]

Vernon College is the designated community college for all of Wichita County.[50] A local branch nearby offers two-year degrees, certificate programs, and workforce development programs

Wayland Baptist University, offering both bachelor's and master's degrees, has its main branch located in Plainview, Texas.

Transportation

Highways

Wichita Falls is the western terminus for Interstate 44. U.S. Highways leading to or through Wichita Falls include 287, 277, 281, and 82. State Highway 240 ends at Wichita Falls and State Highway 79 runs through it. Wichita Falls has one of the largest freeway mileages for a city of its size as a result of a 1954 bond issue approved by city and county voters to purchase rights-of-way for several expressway routes through the city and county, the first of which was opened in the year 1958 as an alignment of U.S. 287 from Eighth Street at Broad and Holliday Streets northwestward across the Wichita River and bisecting Lucy and Scotland Parks to the Old Iowa Park Road, the original U.S. 287 alignment. That was followed by other expressway links including U.S. 82–287 east to Henrietta (completed in the year 1968), U.S. 281 south toward Jacksboro (completed 1969), U.S. 287 northwest to Iowa Park and Electra (opened 1962), Interstate 44 north to Burkburnett and the Red River (opened 1964), and Interstate 44 from Old Iowa Park Road to U.S. 287/Spur 325 interchange on the city's north side along with Spur 325 from I-44/U.S. 287 to the main gate of Sheppard Air Force Base (both completed as a single project in 1960). However, cross-country traffic for many years had to contend with several ground-level intersections and traffic lights over Holliday and Broad Streets near the downtown area for about 13 blocks between connecting expressway links until a new elevated freeway running overhead was completed in 2001.

Efforts to create an additional freeway along the path of Kell Boulevard for U.S. 82–277 began in 1967 with the acquisition of right-of-way that included a former railroad right-of-way and the first project including construction of the present frontage roads completed in 1977, followed by freeway lanes, overpasses, and on/off ramps in 1989 from just east of Brook Avenue west to Kemp Boulevard; similar projects west from Kemp to Barnett Road in 2001 followed by Barnett Road west past FM 369 in 2010 to tie in which a project now underway to transform U.S. 277 into a continuous four-lane expressway between Wichita Falls and Abilene.[51]

Public transportation

The city operates a bus system, Falls Ride, which runs on an hourly schedule with seven routes (except on Sundays, when only one route is in operation).[52]

Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service to other locations served by Greyhound via its new terminal at the Wichita Falls Travel Center located at Fourth and Scott in downtown.[53] Skylark Van Service shuttles passengers to and from Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport on several runs during the day all week long.[54]

The Wichita Falls Municipal Airport is served by American Eagle, with four flights daily to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The Kickapoo Downtown Airport and the Wichita Valley Airport serve smaller, private planes.

Landmarks
  • Newby-McMahon Building, completed in 1919, also known as the "Worlds Littlest Skyscraper"
    Newby-McMahon Building, completed in 1919, also known as the "Worlds Littlest Skyscraper"
  • Sacred Heart Catholic Church
    Sacred Heart Catholic Church
  • Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd, 1915
    Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd, 1915
  • Railroad exhibit at Depot Square
    Railroad exhibit at Depot Square
  • The Wichita Falls City Hall occupies the bottom floor of the Memorial Auditorium, 1927
    The Wichita Falls City Hall occupies the bottom floor of the Memorial Auditorium, 1927

Notable people

See also

Notes
  1. Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[32][33]

References
  1. "Wichita Falls mayor speaks to Wichita County Republican Women". Wichita Falls. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  2. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  3. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wichita Falls, Texas
  4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  5. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  6. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  7. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  8. "Wichita Falls History". WichitaFallsTexas.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  9. "Wichita River". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  10. Winters, Karl E.; Baldys III, Stanley (2011). "Assessment of Channel Changes, Models of Historical Floods and Effects of Backwater on Flood Stage, and Flood Mitigation Alternatives for the Wichita River at Wichita Falls, Texas". United States Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5175.
  11. Carter, Richard (November 29, 2005). "Full circle: residences, businesses returning to spot where Wichita Falls began". Wichita Falls Times Record News. Wichita Falls, Texas. p. A1. ISSN 0895-6138. Retrieved October 9, 2010. They say business and people have been moving westward in Wichita Falls ever since the city was born on Sept. 27, 1872. The birthplace of the city-the corner of Seventh and Ohio Streets, where the original town lot sale was held – is once again blossoming with renovated apartment buildings, new businesses and increased traffic.
  12. Whitaker, Bill (August 20, 1998). "Cowboys Mosey On, But Littlest Skyscraper Remains". Abilene Reporter-News. Abilene, Texas: E. W. Scripps Company. ISSN 0199-3267. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2010. But when the building was done, investors discovered the skyscraper was only 30 feet tall, 18 feet deep and 10 feet wide. And of the reportedly $200,000 sunk into the skyscraper's construction – well, that was plainly gone with the wind.
  13. Stowers, Carlton (July 2008). "Legend of the World's Littlest Skyscraper" (PDF). Texas Co-op Power. Austin, Texas: Texas Electric Cooperatives. 65 (1): 25. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
  14. Le Templar (March 19, 1999). "Historic District Could Expand". Wichita Falls Times Record News. Wichita Falls, Texas. p. A1. ISSN 0895-6138. Retrieved October 9, 2010. The Wichita Falls Landmark Commission wants to more than double the size of the downtown historic district in an effort to slow the loss of buildings that proclaim the city's heritage. Commission members voted unanimously Thursday for expanding the district to include a total of 77 buildings on Indiana and Ohio streets.
  15. "Brian Hart, "Joseph Alexander Kemp"". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
  16. "Kell, Frank". The Handbook of Texas. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  17. "Who We Are".
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Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Wichita Falls, Texas
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