William Sandys (waterworks engineer)

William Sandys was born at Fladbury, Worcestershire, the second son of Sir William Sandys (later also of Miserden, Gloucestershire) and his second wife Margaret, daughter of Walter Culpeper. Sandys was the younger brother of Sir Miles Sandys MP, the grandson of Miles Sandys MP, and the great-nephew of Edwin Sandys, Archbishop of York.

Sandys is sometimes confused with two of his cousins, William Sandys nicknamed Golden Sandys (son of Sandys' uncle Sir Edwin Sandys MP) and William Sandys of Ombersley^A (son of Sir Samuel Sandys MP, son of Archbishop Sandys). All three were at Oxford at a similar time.[1] The nickname Waterworks Sandys distinguishes the subject of this article from Golden Sandys and Sandys of Ombersley.

Sandys entered Gloucester Hall, Oxford in 1623, aged 16 – matriculating at Oxford on 13 June 1623, the same day as his cousin William Sandys of Ombersley. He entered the Middle Temple as a student in 1626.[1]

He left London in 1633 to live at Fladbury with his new wife Cicely, daughter of Sir John Stede, with whom he received a handsome portion. They settled at Fladbury, where the lease of the manor (under the Bishop of Worcester) was settled on them.

In 1635, supported by petitions from many towns and from the counties affected, Sandys was authorised by Order in Council and Letters Patent, (in 1636),[2]/ to improve the river Avon. Within a few years, he had made the river navigable at least to Stratford upon Avon, and possibly beyond. This was done by constructing 'sluices', which seem to have been pound locks (not flash locks − as often supposed). The navigation was complete to Stratford by 1640, but its cost had stretched his resources. He had had to mortgage his estates and the navigation, and these passed into the hands of his creditors.

Sandys also had a patent to farm a new duty imposed by the king (without Parliamentary sanction) on coal exports. This project was a failure and he surrendered the grant, but the fact that he had taken it at all was later held against him. In 1640 he represented Evesham in the Short Parliament. He was re-elected for the same constituency in the Long Parliament, but was expelled as a monopolist. Not long after he went into exile.[3]

During the English Civil War he acted as a Royalist agent purchasing munitions at Dunkirk. Later he travelled trying to raise money to finance the restoration of Charles as king. He was a supernumerary gentleman-usher at the exiled court, but was discouraged from attendance.

After the Restoration, Sandys represented Evesham in Cavalier Parliament[3] and was a particularly active member for the rest of his life. His interests included the promotion of navigation schemes. He attempted to recover the river Avon, but his claim was probably bought out. He and Windsor Sandys (probably his son rather than his great nephew) improved the River Wye up to Mordiford (the confluence of the River Lugg), partly using finance raised for the purpose during the Interregnum, but this evidently did not pay its expenses and the river was eventually surrendered to the county. He and Windsor were also partners in the River Wey Navigation in Surrey, but the nature of their interest (eventually sold by Windsor Sandys) is not clear. In all, he was concerned in about seven schemes, but most did not pass the initial hurdle of an Act of Parliament being passed.

Due to his loss of his estates and his inability to profit from the Avon, Sandys had little property at his death in December 1669, apart from his navigation interests.

On 24 April 1633 Sandys married Cicely, daughter of Sir John Stede.[4] After his death Cicely had difficulty in recovering the interest (as jointure in the manor of Fladbury, which she thought she had retained under arrangements made in the 1630s.

^A Alumni Oxonienses confuses the two, wrongly identifying William Sandys of Ombersley, not Waterworks Sandys, as MP for Evesham.[1]

• Rowlands, Edward (1983), "Sandys, William (c.1607-69), of Axe Yard, King Street, Westminster", in Henning, B.D. (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690 (online ed.), Boydell and Brewer
• Shill, Ray (2011), Silent Highways, Stroud: The History Press, p. 10, ISBN 978-07524-5842-7

• Hadfield, C.; Norris, J. (1968), Waterways to Stratford (2nd ed.), Newton Abbot: David & Charles
• Chrimes, M. (2002), "Sandys, William", in Skempton, A. W.; et al. (eds.), Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers, vol. I, pp. 592–3
• King, P. (July 2006), "The River Teme and other Midlands River navigations", Journal of the Railway and Canal Historical Society, 35 (5): 349–350
• cf. Chisholm, M. (2005), "Locks, Sluices, and Staunches: confusing technology", Trans. Newcomen Soc., 75 (2): 305–16, doi:10.1179/tns.2005.014, S2CID 108782658