Women in physics
This article discusses women who have made an important contribution to the field of physics.
International physics awards
Nobel laureates
Five women have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded annually since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[1] These are:[2]
- 1903 Marie Curie: "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" [3]
- 1963 Maria Goeppert Mayer: "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" [4]
- 2018 Donna Strickland: "for their method high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" [5]
- 2020 Andrea Ghez: "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy."[6]
- 2023 Anne L'Huillier "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter."[7]
Marie Curie was the first woman to receive the prize in 1903 and shared 1/2 of the prize with her husband Pierre Curie for their joint work on radioactivity, discovered by Henri Becquerel who got the other half of the prize. Marie Curie was the first woman to also receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, making her the first person to win two Nobel prizes and, as of 2023, the first to be awarded two Nobel prizes in two different scientific categories.[8]
Maria Goeppert Mayer became the second woman to win the prize in 1963, for the theoretical development of the nuclear shell model, a half of the prize shared with J. Hans D. Jensen (the other half given to Eugene Wigner). Donna Strickland shared half of the prize in 2018 with Gérard Mourou, for their work in chirped pulse amplification beginning in the 1980s (the other half given to Arthur Ashkin). Andrea Ghez was the fourth female Nobel laureate in 2020, she shared one half of the prize with Reinhard Genzel for the discovery of the supermassive compact object Sagittarius A* at the center of our galaxy (the other half given to Roger Penrose). In 2023, Anne L'Huillier shared the prize in equal parts with Pierre Agostini and Ferenc Krausz for their experimental contribution and development of attosecond physics. L'Huillier is the first female laureate to receive 1/3 of monetary award of the Nobel Prize in Physics (Curie, Goeppert–Mayer, Strickland and Ghez received 1/4).
Physicists and physicochemists that won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry include Marie Curie,[9] Irène Joliot-Curie, daughter of Marie Curie, in 1935,[10] and Dorothy Hodgkin in 1964.[11] Nuclear physicist Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was the second female scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977 for the development of radioimmunoassays.[12] Human right activist and 2023 Nobel Peace Prize, Narges Mohammadi, was trained in nuclear physics.[13]
Nobel nominees and nominators
According to the Nobel archives (updated up to 1970), other physicists that were nominated to the Nobel Prize in Physics but did not receive it, include:
- Lise Meitner, nominated 19 times;[14]
- Chien-Shiung Wu, nominated 5 times;[15]
- Marietta Blau, nominated 3 times;[16]
- and Hertha Wambacher,[17] Margaret Burbidge[18] and Janine Connes, nominated once.[19]
As of 2023, Connes was still alive and eligible to the prize. Irène Joliot-Curie[10] and Dorothy Hodgkin[11] were also nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics, but received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 and 1964, respectively. Lise Meitner is the female physicist the most nominated, 16 times for Physics and 14 times for Chemistry.[20] About 1.7% of the Nobel nominations in Physics up to 1970 were women.[20]
Aside from the named above, other physicists and physicochemists that were nominated to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry but dit not receive it, include Ida Noddack,[21] Marguerite Perey,[22] Alberte Pullman,[23] and Erika Cremer.[24]
Up to 1970, eight female scientists have participated as nominators for the Nobel Prize in Physics. These are Marie Curie, Hertha Sponer, Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat, Anne Barbara Underhill, Katharina Boll-Dornberger, Maria Goeppert Mayer, Dorothy Hodgkin, and Margaret Burbidge.[25]
Clarivate Citation
Several women have been selected as Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics, which makes an annual list of possible candidates for the Nobel Prize in Physics based on citation statistics, these include:
- 2008 Vera Rubin † "for her pioneering research indicating the existence of dark matter in the universe."[26]
- 2012 Lene Hau "for the experimental demonstration of electromagnetically induced transparency 'slow light' (with Stephen E. Harris)."[27]
- 2015 Deborah S. Jin † "for pioneering research on atomic gases at ultra-cold temperatures and the creation of the first fermionic condensate."[28]
- 2018 Sandra Faber "for pioneering methods to determine the age, size and distance of galaxies and for other contributions to cosmology."[29]
- 2023 Sharon Glotzer "for demonstrating the role of entropy in the self-assembly of matter and for introducing strategies to control the assembly process to engineer new materials."[30]
†: deceased, no longer eligible.
Wolf Prize
Two women have been awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics, awarded by the Wolf Foundation in Israel since 1978. They are:
- 1978 Chien-Shiung Wu, "for her explorations of the weak interaction, helping establish the precise form and the non-conservation of parity for this natural force."[31]
- 2022 Anne L'Huillier, "for pioneering contributions to ultrafast laser science and attosecond physics".[32]
Breakthrough Prize
Women who have been awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics since 2012, include:
- 2018 WMAP Probe team, 27 listed members, including Hiranya Peiris, Licia Verde, Janet L. Weiland and Joanna Dunkley for "For detailed maps of the early universe that greatly improved our knowledge of the evolution of the cosmos and the fluctuations that seeded the formation of galaxies."[33]
- 2018 Special recognition to Jocelyn Bell Burnell for "For fundamental contributions to the discovery of pulsars, and a lifetime of inspiring leadership in the scientific community."[34]
Prizes only for female physicists
- L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards, awaded bi-annually to one laureate per continent for outstanding contributions to the physical sciences.
- Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award of the American Physical Society awarded annually in recognition of an outstanding contribution to physics research.
- Jocelyn Bell Burnell Medal and Prize by the Institute of Physics in UK, for contributions to physics by a very early career physicist.
- Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy awarded annually for outstanding contributions to astronomy within five years of earning a doctorate degree.
Timeline
Antiquity
- c. 150 BCE: Aglaonice became the first female astronomer to be recorded in Ancient Greece.[35][36]
- c. 355–415 CE: Greek astronomer, mathematician and philosopher, Hypatia became renowned as a respected academic teacher, editor of Ptolemy's Almagest astronomical data, and head of her own science academy.[37]
16th century
- 1572: astronomer Sophia Brahe assist her older brother Tycho Brahe finding a new bright object in the night sky, now known as called SN 1572 (a supernova).[38] Sophia would help her brother in astronomy all his life.
17th century
- 1668: After separating from her husband, French polymath Marguerite de la Sablière established a popular salon in Paris. Scientists and scholars from different countries visited the salon regularly to discuss ideas and share knowledge, and Sablière studied physics, astronomy and natural history with her guests.[39]
- 1680: French astronomer Jeanne Dumée published a summary of arguments supporting the Copernican theory of heliocentrism. She wrote "between the brain of a woman and that of a man there is no difference".[40]
- 1693–1698: German astronomer and illustrator Maria Clara Eimmart created more than 350 detailed drawings of the moon phases.[41]
18th century
- 1732: At the age of 20, Italian physicist Laura Bassi became the first female member of the Bologna Academy of Sciences. One month later, she publicly defended her academic theses and received a PhD. Bassi was awarded an honorary position as professor of physics at the University of Bologna. She was the first female physics professor in the world.[42]
- 1738: French polymath Émilie du Châtelet became the first woman to have a paper published by the Paris Academy, following a contest on the nature of fire.[43]
- 1740: Du Châtelet publishes Institutions de Physique, or Foundations of Physics, providing a metaphysical basis for Newtonian physics.[44][45]
- 1751: 19-year-old Italian physicist Cristina Roccati received her PhD from the University of Bologna.[46]
- 1755: Sculptor Jean-Jacques Caffieri makes a medallion of physicist Maria Angela Ardinghelli to be hung in French Academy of Sciences. The Academy did not accept female members at the time. Ardinghelli worked as the main correspondent and translator between Paris and Naples in terms of physics discussions.[47]
- 1776: At the University of Bologna, Italian physicist Laura Bassi became the first woman appointed as chair of physics at a university.[42]
19th century
- 1816: French mathematician and physicist Sophie Germain became the first women to win a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her work on elasticity theory.[48]
- 1828: Caroline Herschel, sister of William Herschel, becomes the first woman to publish in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and is awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.[49]
- 1835: Caroline Herschel and Mary Somerville became the first female Honorary Members of the Royal Astronomical Society.[50]
- 1856: Amateur scientist Eunice Newton Foote provides the first demonstration of the warming effect of the sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide (greenhouse effect).[51]
- 1891: Agnes Pockels, gets help from Rayleigh to publish her first paper on nature of surface tension. There she first introduces the concept of the Pockels point and pioneers the field of surface science.[52]
- 1895: Margaret Eliza Maltby becomes the first woman to earn a doctorate in the University of Göttingen.
- 1896: Elizabeth Stephansen becomes the first woman to complete the physics program of Zurich Polytechnic.[53]
- 1897: American physicist Isabelle Stone became the first woman to receive a PhD in physics in the United States. She wrote her dissertation "On the Electrical Resistance of Thin Films" at the University of Chicago.[54][55]
- 1898: Danish physicist Kirstine Meyer was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.[56]
- 1899: Irish physicist Edith Anne Stoney was appointed a physics lecturer at the London School of Medicine for Women, becoming the first woman medical physicist. She later became a pioneering figure in the use of x-ray machines on the front lines of World War I.[57]
- 1899: American physicists Marcia Keith and Isabelle Stone became charter members of the American Physical Society.[58][55]
1900s
- 1903: Marie Curie was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize; she received the Nobel Prize in Physics along with her husband, Pierre Curie "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel", and Henri Becquerel, "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity".[59][60][61][62]
- 1900: Physicists Marie Curie and Isabelle Stone attended the first International Congress of Physics in Paris, France. They were the only two women out of 836 participants.[55]
- 1906: English physicist, mathematician and engineer Hertha Ayrton became the first female recipient of the Hughes Medal from the Royal Society of London. She received the award for her experimental research on electric arcs and sand ripples.[63] The first woman to be nominated for the Royal Society and to give a lecture to the Society.[64]
- 1907: Ayrton joins the Suffragettes and the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).[64]
- 1909: Danish physicist Kristine Meyer became the first Danish woman to receive a doctorate degree in natural sciences. She wrote her dissertation on the topic of "the development of the temperature concept" within the history of physics.[56]
1910s
- 1911: Marie Curie became the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which she received "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element".[65][66][67] This made her the only woman to win two Nobel Prizes.[8][68]
- 1912: Astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt studied the bright-dim cycle periods of Cepheid stars, then found a way to calculate the distance from such stars to Earth.[69]
- 1918: Emmy Noether created Noether's theorem explaining the connection between symmetry and conservation laws.[70]
- 1919: Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen proves the Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem in her thesis[71][72] explaining why magnetism is an essentially quantum mechanical effect.[73]
1920s
- 1922: the International Astronomical Union adopts the stellar classification used by Annie Jump Cannon. She came up with the first serious attempt to organize and classify stars based on their temperatures and spectral types.[74]
- 1925: Annie Jump Cannon became the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate of science from Oxford University.[75]
- 1925: Astrophysicist Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin established that hydrogen is the most common element in stars, and thus the most abundant element in the universe.[76]
- 1926: Katharine Burr Blodgett was the first women to earn a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Cambridge.[77]
- 1926: The first application of quantum mechanics to molecular systems was done by Lucy Mensing. She studied the rotational spectrum of diatomic molecules using the methods of matrix mechanics.[78]
1930s
- 1935: Katharine Burr Blodgett improves Irving Langmuir experimental set up leading to the development of the Langmuir–Blodgett trough and the discovery of the Langmuir–Blodgett films.
- 1936: Danish seismologist and geophysicist Inge Lehmann discovered that the Earth has a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core.[79]
- 1936: Hertha Sponer becomes the first female professor in the physics faculty in Duke University.[80]
- 1937: Marietta Blau and her student Hertha Wambacher, both Austrian physicists, received the Lieben Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for their work on cosmic ray observations using the technique of nuclear emulsions.[81][82]
- 1939
- Lise Meitner helped lead a small group of scientists who first discovered the nuclear fission of uranium when it absorbed an extra neutron.[83]
- Nuclear physicist Marguerite Perey discovers francium.[84]
- Sameera Moussa became the first woman to earn a doctorate in atomic radiation and the first woman to hold a teaching post in Cairo University.[85]
1940s
- c. 1940: Elizabeth Alexander and Ruby Payne-Scott become the first women to work in radio astronomy. Making important results on the study of radar signals coming from the sun.[86]
- 1941: Ruby Payne-Scott joined the Radio Physics Laboratory of the Australia Government's CSIRO; she was the first woman radio astronomer.[87]
- 1942: Chicago Pile-1 led by Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor reaches criticality. Leona Woods was the only woman in the team and she was instrumental in the construction and then utilization of geiger counters for analysis during experimentation.
- 1943: the Manhattan project hires the Calutron Girls, a large group of young girls to monitor dials and watch meters for calutrons, mass spectrometers adapted for separation of uranium isotopes, unaware of the purpose of the project.[88]
- 1943: Berta Karlik discovers astatine as a product of two naturally occurring decay chains.[89]
- 1944: Curium (atomic number 96, symbol Cm) gets discovered a gets named after Marie and Pierre Curie, the "m" in Cm as a reference to Marie.[90]
- 1945: American physicists and mathematicians Frances Spence, Ruth Teitelbaum, Marlyn Meltzer, Betty Holberton, Jean Bartik and Kathleen Antonelli programmed the electronic general-purpose computer ENIAC, becoming some of the world's first computer programmers.[91]
- 1947: Berta Karlik, an Austrian physicist, was awarded the Haitinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for her discovery of Astatine[92]
- 1947: Hilda Hänchen, in collaboration with Fritz Goos, demonstrates a new optical phenomena, now known as the Goos–Hänchen effect.[93]
- 1949: Rosemary Brown (later Fowler), a student of C.F. Powell at the University of Bristol, discovers the k-meson in what Heisenberg calls "most beautiful" pictures of cosmic ray tracks from the Jungfraujoch (the 'k' track in Brown, R. et al. Nature, 163, 47 (1949). This discovery and the prior finding of a very similar particle in 1947 led to the "τ–θ puzzle", the discovery of parity violation in weak interactions, and hence the Standard Model.
1950s
- 1951: Cécile DeWitt-Morette founds the École de physique des Houches, one of the most prestigious scientific centers for international physics summer schools in Europe.[94]
- 1952: Photograph 51, an X-ray diffraction image of crystallized DNA, was taken by Raymond Gosling in May 1952, working as a PhD student under the supervision of British chemist and biophysicist Rosalind Franklin;[95][96][97][98] it was critical evidence[99] in identifying the structure of DNA.[100]
- 1954: Janine Connes pioneers the new field of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for astronomy.
- 1954: Sulamith Goldhaber, along with her husband Gerson Goldhaber, start a series of important experiments to measure the properties of the K meson.[101]
- 1955: the results of the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou simulation is published in Los Alamos National Laboratory. It was coded by Mary Tsingou using the MANIAC I computer working with Enrico Fermi, John Pasta, and Stanislaw Ulam in the Manhattan Project. It represents one of the first computational experiments in mathematics and chaos theory.[102]
- 1956: Chinese-American physicist Chien-Shiung Wu conducted a nuclear physics experiment in collaboration with the Low Temperature Group of the US National Bureau of Standards.[103] The experiment, becoming known as the Wu experiment, showed that parity could be violated in weak interaction.[104]
- 1957: Margaret Burbidge releases the landmark B2FH paper as first author along with Geoffrey Burbidge, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle. The paper reviewed stellar nucleosynthesis theory and identified nucleosynthesis processes that are responsible for producing the elements heavier than iron and explained their relative abundances.
- 1958: Olga Ladyzhenskaya provides the first rigorous proofs of the convergence of a finite difference method for the Navier–Stokes equations.[105]
- 1960: American medical physicist Rosalyn Yalow received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" along with Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally who received it "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain".[106]
1960s
- 1962: French physicist Marguerite Perey became the first female Fellow elected to the Académie des Sciences.[107]
- 1963: Maria Goeppert Mayer became the first American woman to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics; she shared the prize with J. Hans D. Jensen "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure” and Eugene Paul Wigner "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles".[108][109][110]
- 1963: Experiments by Myriam Sarachik provided the first data that confirmed the Kondo effect.[111]
- 1964: Chien-Shiung Wu spoke at MIT about gender discrimination.[112]
- 1967: Astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell co-discovered the first radio pulsars.[113][114]: minute 8:59
- 1970: Astronomer Vera Rubin published the first evidence for dark matter.[115]
- 1970: Madeleine Veyssié, coins the term soft matter.[116]
1970s
- 1971 Mina Rees became the first woman president of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) founded in 1848.[117]
- 1972: Willie Hobbs Moore became the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in physics.
- 1972: Sandra Faber became the first woman to join the Lick Observatory staff at the University of California, Santa Cruz.[118]
- 1973: American physicist Anna Coble became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in biophysics, completing her dissertation at University of Illinois.[119]
- 1975: Mary K. Gaillard, working with Benjamin W. Lee and Jonathan L. Rosner, predicts the mass of the charm quark before it was measured. She will later also predict the mass of the bottom quark.[120]
- 1975: María Teresa Ruiz, becomes the first woman to obtain a PhD in astrophysics at Princeton University.[121]
- 1976: Sandra Faber publishes her Faber–Jackson relation, providing the first empirical power-law relation between the luminosity and the central stellar velocity dispersion of elliptical galaxy.
- 1977: Helen Quinn develops the Peccei–Quinn theory as one of the first possible solutions to the strong CP problem, in collaboration with Roberto Peccei.[122][123]
- 1978: Chien-Shiung Wu becomes the inaugural laureate of the Wolf Prize in Physics for her help with the development of the Standard Model.
- 1980: Nigerian geophysicist Deborah Ajakaiye became the first woman in any West African country to be appointed a full professor of physics.[124][125] Over the course of her scientific career, she became the first female Fellow elected to the Nigerian Academy of Science, and the first female dean of science in Nigeria.[126]
- 1980: Mary K. Gaillard produces a report at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) addressing the fact that just 3% of the staff were women. She called for the elimination of gender discrimination through equality in promotion, maternity leave and full-day child care.[120]
1980s
- 1981: Mary K. Gaillard becomes the first woman with a tenured position in the physics faculty at the University of California, Berkeley.[120]
- 1985: Mildred Dresselhaus was appointed the first women Institute Professor at MIT[127]
- 1986: Maria Goeppert Mayer Award was awarded for the first time to honor young female physicists at the beginning of their careers[128]
- 1986 Jean M. Bennett became the first woman president of The Optical Society founded in 1916.[129]
1990s
- 1992: Claudine Hermann first woman to be appointed professor at École Polytechnique.
- 1995: Reva Williams works out the Penrose process for rotating black holes.
- 1997: Chemical element with atomic number 278 is officially named meitnerium, after Lise Meitner.[130]
- 1999: Lisa Randall published the Randall–Sundrum model, with Raman Sundrum.[131]
- 2000: Mildred Dresselhaus became the director of the Office of Science at the United States Department of Energy.
- 2000: Helen Quinn becomes the first woman to receive the Dirac Medal of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) "pioneering contributions to the quest for a unified theory of quarks and leptons and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions."[132]
2000s
- 2001: Lene Hau stopped a beam of light completely[133]
- 2003:
- Geophysicist Claudia Alexander oversaw the final stages of Project Galileo, a space exploration mission that ended at the planet Jupiter.[134]
- Deborah S. Jin and her team were the first to condense pairs of fermionic atoms[135]
- Physicists Ayşe Erzan, Karimat El-Sayed, Li Fanghua, Mariana Weissmann and Anneke Levelt Sengers win the first L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards in Physical Sciences.[136]
- 2005: Myriam Sarachik becomes the first woman to win the Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize for her contributions to quantum spin dynamics and spin coherence in condensed matter systems, along with David Awschalom and Gabriel Aeppli.[137]
- 2007: Physicist Ibtesam Badhrees was the first Saudi Arabian woman to become a member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).[138]
- 2009: Margaret Reid becomes the first woman to win the Moyal Medal fromm Macquarie University, for her In 2019, her work on how to demonstrate the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox using squeezing and parametric down conversion.[139]
2010s
- 2011: Taiwanese-American astrophysicist Chung-Pei Ma led a team of scientists in discovering two of the largest black holes ever observed.[140]
- 2012: Mildred Dresselhaus becomes the first female laureate of the Kavli Prize in Nanosciences "for her pioneering contributions to the study of phonons, electron-phonon interactions, and thermal transport in nanostructures".[141]
- 2013: Nashwa Eassa founded the NGO Sudanese Women in Sciences.
- 2014: American theoretical physicist Shirley Anne Jackson was awarded the National Medal of Science. Jackson had been the first African-American woman to receive a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) during the early 1970s, and the first woman to chair the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.[142][143]
- 2014: Amanda Barnard becomes the first woman to win the Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology for her computational simulations on diamond nanoparticles.[144]
- 2016: Fabiola Gianotti became the first woman Director-General of CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)[145]
- 2018:
- Astrophysicists Hiranya Peiris and Joanna Dunkley and Italian cosmologist Licia Verde were among 27 scientists awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for their contributions to "detailed maps of the early universe that greatly improved our knowledge of the evolution of the cosmos and the fluctuations that seeded the formation of galaxies".[146]
- Astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell received the special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for her scientific achievements and “inspiring leadership”, worth $3 million. She donated the entirety of the prize money towards the creation of scholarships to assist women, underrepresented minorities and refugees who are pursuing the study of physics.[147]
- Physicist Donna Strickland received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics"; she shared it with Arthur Ashkin and Gérard Mourou.[148][149]
- For the first time in history, women received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Nobel Prize in Physics in the same year.[150]
- Human right activist and physicist Narges Mohammadi wins the Andrei Sakharov prize by the American Physical Society, "for her leadership in campaigning for peace, justice, and the abolition of the death penalty and for her unwavering efforts to promote the human rights and freedoms of the Iranian people, despite persecution that has forced her to suspend her scientific pursuits and endure lengthy incarceration."[151]
- Ewine van Dishoeck becomes the first female laureate of the Kavli Prize in Astrophysics for "for her combined contributions to observational, theoretical, and laboratory astrochemistry, elucidating the life cycle of interstellar clouds and the formation of stars and planets"[152][153]
- 2019: Mathematician Karen Uhlenbeck became the first woman to win the Abel Prize for "her pioneering achievements in geometric partial differential equations, gauge theory, and integrable systems, and for the fundamental impact of her work on analysis, geometry and mathematical physics."[154]
- 2020:
- Andrea M. Ghez received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy." She shared half of the prize with Reinhard Genzel, while the other half was awarded to Roger Penrose.[155]
- Geoscientist Ingeborg Levin was the first woman to receive the Alfred Wegener medal from the European Geosciences Union "for fundamental contributions to our present knowledge and understanding of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, including the global carbon cycle."[156]
- Françoise Combes becomes the first female astrophysicist to win the CNRS Gold Medal, highest degree in research by the French government.[157]
2020s
- 2022: Anne L’Huillier becomes the second female scientist to receive the Wolf Prize in Physics “for pioneering contributions to ultrafast laser science and attosecond physics”.[158]
- 2022: Astronomer Ewine van Dishoeck is awarded the UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal.[159]
- 2023: Professor Polina Bayvel becomes the first woman to win the Rumford Medal by the Royal Society.[160]
- 2023: Anne l'Huillier receives the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics for "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" shared with Pierre Agostini and Ferenc Krausz.
See also
References
- Tesh, Sarah; Wade, Jess (2017). "Look happy dear, you've just made a discovery". Physics World. 30 (9): 31–33. Bibcode:2017PhyW...30i..31T. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/30/9/35. ISSN 0953-8585.
- "Nobel Prize awarded women". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
- "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
- "Nomination Archive – Marie Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive – Irène Joliot-Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
- Fassihi, Farnaz (2023-06-02). "She Lost Her Career, Family and Freedom. She's Still Fighting to Change Iran". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
- "Nomination Archive – Lise Meitner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive – Chien-Shiung Wu". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive – Marietta Blau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive – Hertha Wambacher". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive – Margaret Burbridge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive - Janine Connes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- "Physics Nobel nominees, 1901–70". Physics Today. 2022 (4): 0929a. 2022. doi:10.1063/PT.6.4.20220929a.
- "Nomination Archive – Ida Noddack". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive – Marguerite Perey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive – Alberte Pullman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- "Nomination Archive – Erika Cremer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Mehlin, Hans (2020-04-01). "Nomination%20archive". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- "The Scientific Business of Thomson Reuters Predicts Nobel Laureates - PR Newswire APAC". en.prnasia.com. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- Reuters, Thomson. "Thomson Reuters Predicts 2012 Nobel Laureates". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - Reuters, Thomson. "Thomson Reuters Forecasts Nobel Prize Winners". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - Citation Laureates - Physics - 2018http://images.mail.discover.clarivate.com/Web/ClarivateAnalytics/%7Bea47a6bb-d7da-4680-ae07-f7ccb4f1b364%7D_Clarivate_Analytics_Citation_Laureates_2018_FIN_4.pdf
- "Citation Laureates - Physics - 2023". Clarivate. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- "Chien-Shiung Wu". Wolf Foundation. 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
- Laureates 2022
- "Breakthrough Prize – Laureates". breakthroughprize.org.
- "Jocelyn Bell Burnell". Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
- Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in Science. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-15031-6.
- Schmitz, Leonhard (1867), "Aganice", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston, p. 59, archived from the original on 2010-06-16, retrieved 2018-08-27
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - "Hypatia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
- "Sophia Brahe | The Schools' Observatory". www.schoolsobservatory.org. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
- Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. p. 1142. ISBN 9781135963439.
- Olsen, Kirstin (1994). Chronology of Women's History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 81. ISBN 9780313288036.
Jeanne Dumée 1680.
- Ley, Willy (1969). Watchers of the Skies.
- "Laura Bassi | Italian scientist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
- Yanes, Javier (7 March 2016). "Women Pioneers of Science". OpenMind. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- Detlefsen, Karen (2017), "Émilie du Châtelet", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2018-09-01
- Du Châtelet, Gabrielle Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil (1740). Institutions de physique. Chez Prault fils. OCLC 807761077.
- Clark, William; Golinski, Jan; Schaffer, Simon (1999). The Sciences in Enlightened Europe. University of Chicago Press. pp. 313–349. ISBN 9780226109404.
- Bertucci, Paola (2013). "The In/visible Woman: Mariangela Ardinghelli and the Circulation of Knowledge between Paris and Naples in the Eighteenth Century". Isis. 104 (2): 226–249. doi:10.1086/670946. ISSN 0021-1753.
- Swift, Amanda (July 2001). "Sophie Germain". Agnes Scott College. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- Holmes, Richard (2009). The Age of Wonder: The Romantic Generation and the Discovery of the Beauty and Terror of Science. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4000-3187-0.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Herschel, Caroline Lucretia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 391.
- Huddleston, Amara (July 17, 2019). "Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer". climate.gov.
- Derrick, M. Elizabeth (1982). "Agnes Pockels, 1862-1935". Journal of Chemical Education. 59 (12): 1030. doi:10.1021/ed059p1030. ISSN 0021-9584.
- "Mileva Einstein-Marić". www.fembio.org. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
- Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 1241. ISBN 9780415920407.
- Staley, Richard (2008). Einstein's Generation: The Origins of the Relativity Revolution. University of Chicago Press. p. 168. ISBN 9780226770574.
- Aaserud, Finn, ed. (2013-10-22). Niels Bohr: Collected Works. Vol. 12. Elsevier. p. 122. ISBN 9780080466873.
- Duck, Francis (December 2013). "Edith Stoney MA, the first woman medical physicist" (PDF). SCOPE. 22 (4): 49–54.
- Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century : a Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography. MIT Press. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9780262650380.
Marcia Keith physicist.
- "Nobel Laureates Facts - Women". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
- "Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- Coleman, A. P. (1936). "Polski Slownik Biograficzny". Books Abroad. 10 (2): 167–168. doi:10.2307/40077307. ISSN 0006-7431. JSTOR 40077307.
- "Hertha Marks Ayrton". www.agnesscott.edu. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
- "Hertha Marks Ayrton | Pioneering British Physicist & Mathematician | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
- "Lemelson-MIT Program". web.mit.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
- "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- "Beaverton student Valerie Ding to compete in national science fair competition". OregonLive.com. September 2011. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
- "Marie Curie – The First Woman To Win A Nobel Prize - KitHub". Kithub.cc. 2019-02-05. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
- "Lemelson-MIT Program". web.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
- Ne'eman, Yuval (1999). The Impact of Emmy Noether's Theorems on XXIst Century Physics in Teicher. Teicher. pp. 83–101.
- Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen (1919). "Vraagstukken uit de electronentheorie van het magnetisme" (PDF) (in Dutch).
- van Leeuwen, Hendrika Johanna (1921). "Problèmes de la théorie électronique du magnétisme". Journal de Physique et le Radium. 2 (12): 361–377. doi:10.1051/jphysrad:01921002012036100. S2CID 97259591.
- Daniel D. Stancil; Anil Prabhakar (2009). Spin Waves: Theory and Applications. Springer. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-387-77864-8.
- "This Month in Physics History". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
- "Gal Astronomer". Rushville Republican. 18 April 1968. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin | American astronomer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
- "Katharine Burr Blodgett". Physics Today. 33 (3): 107. 1980. Bibcode:1980PhT....33c.107.. doi:10.1063/1.2913969. ISSN 0031-9228.
- Mensing, Lucy (1926-11-01). "Die Rotations-Schwingungsbanden nach der Quantenmechanik". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 36 (11): 814–823. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...36..814M. doi:10.1007/BF01400216. ISSN 0044-3328. S2CID 123240532.
- Edmond A. Mathez, ed. (2000). Earth: Inside and Out. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2008-04-30.
- "Hertha Sponer | Department of Physics". physics.duke.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
- Dazinger, Walter (27 January 2014). "Preisträger des Haitinger-Preises 1905-1936" (PDF) (in German). Institut für Angewandte Synthesechemie, Vienna, Austria: Die Ignaz-Lieben-Gesellschaft Verein zur Förderung der Wissenschaftsgeschichte. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
- Rentetzi, Maria (1 March 2009). "Marietta Blau (1894-1970)". JWA.org. Brookline, Massachusetts: Jewish Women's Archive. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4113262.
- Science, Live (2013-09-11). "What is Francium?". Livescience.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
- "Sameera Moussa (1917–52)". Physics Today. 3 March 2017.
- Lichtman, Jeffery M. (1 August 2013). "Will the first Female Radio Astronomer Stand Up" (PDF). Journal of the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers: 14. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- Goss, W. M. (2009). Under the radar : the first woman in radio astronomy, Ruby Payne-Scott. McGee, Richard X. Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 9783642031410. OCLC 567353180.
- Henderson, Nancy (2020-04-30). "Girl Power, Circa 1940: Building The Bomb (and Not Knowing It) in East Tennessee". Blue Ridge Country. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
- Karlik, Berta; Bernert, Traude (June 1943). "Eine neue natürliche α-Strahlung". Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 31 (25–26): 298–299. doi:10.1007/BF01475613. ISSN 0028-1042.
- "96. Curium - Elementymology & Elements Multidict". elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- Sheppard, Alyson (2013-10-13). "Meet the 'Refrigerator Ladies' Who Programmed the ENIAC". Mental Floss. Retrieved 2018-10-09.
- "Berta Karlik" (in German). Vienna, Austria: Universität Wien Projekt Lise. 2010. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- Berman, Paul R. (2012-03-12). "Goos-Hänchen effect". Scholarpedia. 7 (3): 11584. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.11584. ISSN 1941-6016.
- Verschueren, Pierre (December 2019). "Cécile Morette and the Les Houches summer school for theoretical physics; or, how Girl Scouts, the 1944 Caen bombing and a marriage proposal helped rebuild French physics (1951–1972)". The British Journal for the History of Science. 52 (4): 595–616. doi:10.1017/S0007087419000505. ISSN 0007-0874.
- "Due credit". Nature. 496 (7445): 270. 18 April 2013. doi:10.1038/496270a. PMID 23607133.
- "DNA: the King's story".
- "Secret of Photo 51. Nova". PBS.
- The gene: a historical perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. p. 85. ISBN 9780313334498.
PHOTO 51 rosalind franklin.
- Krock, Lexi (22 April 2003). "Anatomy of Photo 51". NOVA online. PBS.
- Watson, James D.; Crick, Francis (1953). "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 737–738. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..737W. doi:10.1038/171737a0. PMID 13054692. S2CID 4253007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-04-03.
- "Sulamith Goldhaber (1923-1965)". cwp.library.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-03.
- Grant, Virginia (2020). ""We thank Miss Mary Tsingou" | Discover Los Alamos National Laboratory}". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
- Wu, C. S.; Ambler, E.; Hayward, R. W.; Hoppes, D. D.; Hudson, R. P. (1957). "Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay". Physical Review. 105 (4): 1413–1415. Bibcode:1957PhRv..105.1413W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413.
- Eberhard Zeidler (17 August 2011). Quantum Field Theory III: Gauge Theory: A Bridge between Mathematicians and Physicists. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-3-642-22421-8.
- Ладыженская, О. А. (1958). "Решение "в целом" краевой задачи для уравнений Навье – Стокса в случае двух пространственных переменных". Доклады Академии наук СССР. 123 (3): 427–429. [Ladyzhensakya, O. A. (1958). "Solution in the large to the boundary-value problem for the Navier–Stokes equations in two space variables". Soviet Physics Dokl. 123 (3): 1128–1131. Bibcode:1960SPhD....4.1128L.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- Apotheker, Jan; Sarkadi, Livia Simon (2011-04-27). European Women in Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9783527636464.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
- Des Julie (2010). The Madame Curie Complex: The Hidden History of Women in Science. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-55861-655-4.
- Chang, Kenneth (August 31, 2020). "Myriam Sarachik Never Gave Up on Physics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
- Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of scientific biography. New York. ISBN 0684101149. OCLC 89822.
- "Cosmic Search Vol. 1, No. 1 – Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pulsars?".
- The New York Times Almost Famous: Featuring: Jocelyn Bell Burnell (2021) I Changed Astronomy Forever. He Won the Nobel Prize for It. 16:16
- Rubin, Vera; Ford, Jr., W. Kent (February 1970). "Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions". The Astrophysical Journal. 159: 379–403. Bibcode:1970ApJ...159..379R. doi:10.1086/150317. S2CID 122756867.
- "Soft matter physics". Institute of Physics. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- "Women's History Infographic" (PDF). AAAS.
- "The 2009 Bower Award in Science presented to Sandra Faber". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 348 (3): 510–516. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.jfranklin.2010.02.011. ISSN 0016-0032.
- Jordan, Diann (2006). Sisters in Science: Conversations with Black Women Scientists about Race, Gender, and Their Passion for Science. Purdue University Press. pp. 61–72. ISBN 9781557534453.
- Gibson, Val (2015). "Physics: She did it all". Nature. 524 (7564): 160. doi:10.1038/524160a. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4389262.
- "Prof. Maria Ruiz, Princeton PhD '75, honored with Loreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Award | Department of Astrophysical Sciences". web.astro.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
- Peccei, R.D.; Quinn, H.R. (20 June 1977). "CP Conservation in the Presence of Pseudoparticles". Physical Review Letters. 38 (25): 1440–1443. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..38.1440P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.1440.
- Peccei, R.D.; Quinn, H.R. (15 September 1977). "Constraints imposed by CP conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles". Physical Review D. 16 (6): 1791–1797. Bibcode:1977PhRvD..16.1791P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1791.
- Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math. Infobase Publishing. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9781438107950.
- "Prominent Nigerian Women Who Excel In Science And Research | Alternative Africa". Alternative Africa. 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
- Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Infobase Publishing. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9781438118826.
- Cho, Adrian (2015-12-11). "U.S. Senate confirms new DOE science chief". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aad1645. ISSN 0036-8075.
- Wang, Zuoyue (2000). Mayer, Maria Gertrude Goeppert (1906-1972), physicist. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301078.
- "Biographies: Jean M. Bennett". The Optical Society.
- "Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 69 (12): 2471–2474. 1997-01-01. doi:10.1351/pac199769122471. ISSN 1365-3075.
- Randall, Lisa; Sundrum, Raman (1999). "Large Mass Hierarchy from a Small Extra Dimension". Physical Review Letters. 83 (17): 3370–3373. arXiv:hep-ph/9905221. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.3370R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3370.
- "Dirac medal goes to particle theorists". Physics World. 2000-08-09. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
- "Light Changed to Matter, Then Stopped and Moved". www.photonics.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
- Woo, Elaine (18 July 2015). "Claudia Alexander dies at 56; JPL researcher oversaw Galileo, Rosetta missions - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
- "A New Form of Matter: II | Science Mission Directorate". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
- "Landmark Year For L'Oréal-Unesco "For Women In Science" Award". www.loreal.com. Retrieved 2023-08-29.
- "2020 APS Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research Awarded to Myriam P. Sarachik". www.aps.org. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
- "Faces and places". CERN Courier. 47. 2007-03-01.
- "Physics - Margaret D. Reid". physics.aps.org. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
- "Newly Discovered Black Holes Are Largest So Far". NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
- "The 2012 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience". www.kavliprize.org. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- "Shirley Anne Jackson - National Medal of Science, Physical Sciences, 2014". National Science and Technology Medals Foundation.
- Schaffer, Amanda. "A cool-headed leader in social justice, nuclear policy, and academia". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
- Lehmann, Emily (23 April 2015). "Nanotech prize: No small win for Australia and women in science". CSIRO's news blog. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
- Castelvecchi, Davide (2014). "Higgs hunter will be CERN's first female director: Italian physicist Fabiola Gianotti will take the reins at the European physics powerhouse in 2016". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.16287. S2CID 124442791.
- "Breakthrough Prize – Fundamental Physics - Breakthrough Prize Laureates – Norman Jarosik and the WMAP Science Team". breakthroughprize.org. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
- Kaplan, Sarah; Farzan, Antonia Noori (September 8, 2018). "She made the discovery, but a man got the Nobel. A half-century later, she's won a $3 million prize". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
- "News Flash: Canadian physicist, Donna Strickland, co-recipient of 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics - Canadian Association of Physicists". Cap.ca. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
- "Women win Nobel Prize in chemistry, physics for first time same year". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
- "2018 Andrei Sakharov Prize Recipient". American Physical Society. 2018. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
- "2018 Kavli Prize in Astrophysics | www.kavliprize.org". Kavil Prize. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- "Jennifer Doudna shares 2018 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience". Berkeley News. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- "Citation by the Abel Prize Committee". The Abel Prize. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- "Ingeborg Levin". European Geosciences Union (EGU). Retrieved 2023-06-07.
- "Françoise Combes, première femme astrophysicienne médaillée d'or du CNRS". Sorbonne Université (in French). 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
- "Anne L'Huillier - Wolf Foundation". Wolf Foundation. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- "Ewine van Dishoeck receives Niels Bohr International Gold Medal". www.mpe.mpg.de. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
- UCL (2023-08-30). "Professor Polina Bayvel honoured with Royal Society medal". Institute of Communications and Connected Systems. Retrieved 2023-09-02.