World Trade Center (2001–present)

The World Trade Center (WTC) is a mostly completed complex of buildings in the Lower Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, replacing the original seven buildings on the same site that were destroyed in the September 11 attacks of 2001. The site is being rebuilt with up to six new skyscrapers, four of which have been completed; a memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks; the elevated Liberty Park adjacent to the site, containing the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and the Vehicular Security Center; the Perelman Performing Arts Center; and a transportation hub.[note 1] The 104-story One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, is the lead building for the new complex.

This article is about the current World Trade Center building complex. For the World Trade Center complex prior to the September 11 attacks, see World Trade Center (1973–2001). For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation).

World Trade Center
The complex seen on September 11, 2020
General information
StatusMostly complete
LocationNew York City, U.S.
Coordinates40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W
Groundbreaking2002
Construction started
  • 1 WTC: April 27, 2006[1]
  • 2 WTC: 2008
  • 3 WTC: March 8, 2010
  • 4 WTC: January 2008
  • 5 WTC: 2011
  • 7 WTC: May 7, 2002[2]
Completed
  • 1 WTC: November 3, 2014[3][4]
  • 3 WTC: June 11, 2018[5]
  • 4 WTC: November 13, 2013[6]
  • 7 WTC: May 23, 2006[7]
Opening
  • 1 WTC: November 3, 2014
  • 2 WTC: N/A
  • 3 WTC: June 11, 2018
  • 4 WTC: November 13, 2013
  • 5 WTC: N/A
  • 7 WTC: May 23, 2006
  • Transportation Hub: March 3, 2016[8]
OwnerPort Authority of New York and New Jersey, Durst Organization
Other information
Height
Antenna spire1 WTC: 1,776 feet (541 m)
Roof
  • 1 WTC: 1,368 ft (417.0 m)[9][10]
  • 3 WTC: 1,079 ft (329 m)[11]
  • 4 WTC: 978 ft (298 m)[12]
  • 7 WTC: 741 ft (226 m)[13]
Top floor
  • 1 WTC: 1,268 ft (386.5 m)[9]
  • 7 WTC: 679 ft (207 m)[13]
Technical details
Floor count
  • 1 WTC: 104 floors[9]
  • 3 WTC: 80 floors[14]
  • 4 WTC: 78 floors[12]
  • 7 WTC: 52 floors[13]
Floor area
  • 1 WTC: 3,501,274 sq ft (325,279 m2)[10][9]
  • 3 WTC: 2,232,984 sq ft (207,451 m2)[11]
  • 4 WTC: 2,500,000 sq ft (232,258 m2)[12]
  • 7 WTC: 1,681,118 sq ft (156,181 m2)[13]
Lifts/elevators
Design and construction
Main contractorTishman Realty & Construction Company
Website
officialworldtradecenter.com
[15]

The buildings are among many created by the World Trade Centers Association. The original World Trade Center included the Twin Towers, which opened in 1973 and were the tallest buildings in the world at the time of their completion. They were destroyed on the morning of September 11, 2001, when al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the complex in a coordinated act of terrorism. The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753 people. The resulting collapse of the World Trade Center caused structural failure in the surrounding buildings as well. The process of cleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center site took eight months, after which rebuilding of the site commenced.

After years of delay and controversy, reconstruction at the World Trade Center site started in 2006. The new complex includes One World Trade Center (until 2009, the Freedom Tower), 3 World Trade Center, 4 World Trade Center, 7 World Trade Center, and one other high-rise office building being planned at 2 World Trade Center. The new World Trade Center complex also includes a museum and memorial, and a transportation hub building that is similar in size to Grand Central Terminal. 7 World Trade Center, which was not included in the site's master plan, opened on May 23, 2006, making it the first of the skyscrapers to have been completed in the World Trade Center complex. 4 World Trade Center, the first building completed as part of the site's master plan, opened on November 12, 2013. The National September 11 Memorial opened on September 11, 2011, while the Museum opened on May 21, 2014. One World Trade Center was opened on November 3, 2014. The World Trade Center Transportation Hub opened to the public on March 4, 2016, and 3 World Trade Center opened on June 11, 2018. 2 World Trade Center's full construction was placed on hold in 2009.

Original complex and the September 11 attacks
Main articles: World Trade Center (1973–2001) and September 11 attacks
The original World Trade Center in March 2001

The original World Trade Center contained the Twin Towers (1 WTC and 2 WTC), which were the tallest buildings in the world after they opened on April 4, 1973.[16] The other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), as well as 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC.[17][18] Despite high financial expectations for the original complex, it did not become profitable until the 1980s.[19] On July 24, 2001, the Port Authority finalized an agreement that leased the complex to Larry Silverstein,[20] who already owned 7 WTC.[21] For $3.2 billion, Silverstein received the legal right to operate the complex and site for 99 years.[21] At the time, the World Trade Center only had a few notable tenants, and Silverstein wanted to improve the complex to make it more attractive to potential tenants.[22]

These plans for improvement were never realized. On the morning of September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the Twin Towers in a coordinated act of terrorism. At 8:46 a.m. Eastern Time (ET), a team of five hijackers intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower.[23] At 9:03 a.m. ET, a second team of five hijackers intentionally crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower.[24] After burning for 56 minutes, the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m.[25] At 10:28 a.m., the North Tower collapsed, after burning for 102 minutes.[25] The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753 people.[26] The resulting collapse caused structural failure in many of the surrounding buildings as well, and the entire complex was soon destroyed.[27]

The process of cleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center site continued 24 hours a day over a period of eight months. Debris was transported from the World Trade Center site to Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island, where it was further sifted.[28] Mayor Rudy Giuliani was tasked with coordinating the cleanup and recovery effort.[29] On May 30, 2002, a ceremony was held to officially mark the end of the cleanup efforts.[30][31]

In 2002, ground was broken on construction of a new 7 World Trade Center building located just to the north of the main World Trade Center site. Since it was not part of the site master plan, the rebuilding of 7 World Trade Center was allowed to proceed without delay, but Silverstein and Con Edison recognized that the rebuilding of the tower would have to be consistent with the master plan anyway. It called for reopening several streets that had been eliminated in the original complex, so the new 7 World Trade Center was designed so Greenwich Street, which had been blocked by the original 7 World Trade Center, could be continuous through the new complex.[32] A temporary PATH station at the World Trade Center opened in November 2003, pending replacement by a permanent station designed by Santiago Calatrava.[33]

Planning
World Trade Center
Towers
Other elements
Artwork
History

In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.[34] Outgoing Mayor Giuliani advocated for a "soaring memorial" to be the only thing at the World Trade Center site during his final speech as mayor.[35] Meanwhile, Larry Silverstein wanted to construct a new World Trade Center as soon as possible: the insurance documents for his lease on the old World Trade Center had not been finalized at the time of the attacks, so he could not receive insurance benefits from the attacks unless he rebuilt all the office space that had been destroyed.[35] George Pataki, the then-Governor of New York, controlled the Port Authority alongside the Governor of New Jersey and so was entitled to make the final decision regarding the site. He wished to balance the desires of people like Giuliani, who did not want any future development on the site, with those of people like Silverstein, who wanted a new World Trade Center as soon as possible.[29] In January 2002, New York City art dealer Max Protetch solicited 50 concepts and renderings from artists and architects, which were put on exhibit in his art gallery in Chelsea.[36]

With the World Trade Center site, numerous stakeholders were involved, including Silverstein and the Port Authority. In addition, the victims' families, people in the surrounding neighborhoods, and others wanted to provide input. In November 2001, Governor Pataki established the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) as an official commission to oversee the rebuilding process.[37][38] In order to bypass the approval of the New York State Assembly, Pataki left out Sheldon Silver, the State Assemblyman for the area, from the decision-making process regarding the LMDC.[39] The LMDC coordinated federal assistance in the rebuilding process and was tasked with working with the Port Authority, Larry Silverstein, and whoever was selected as the site's architects. The corporation also handled communication with the local community, businesses, the city of New York, and relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks.[40] A 16-member board of directors, half appointed by the governor and half by the mayor of New York, governed the LMDC.[41] The LMDC had questionable legal status regarding the restoration of the World Trade Center site, because the Port Authority owned most of the property and Larry Silverstein had the legal right to redevelop the World Trade Center. However, the LMDC, in an April 2002 articulation of its principles for action, asserted its role in revitalizing lower Manhattan.[42]

In April 2002, the LMDC sent out requests for proposals to redesign the World Trade Center site to 24 Manhattan architecture firms, but then soon withdrew them. The following month, the LMDC selected Beyer Blinder Belle as planner for the redesign of the World Trade Center site.[43][44] The new 7 World Trade Center, which was not part of the new plan, began construction on May 7, 2002.[2] On July 16, 2002, Beyer Blinder Belle unveiled six concepts for redesigning the World Trade Center site.[45] The roughly 5,000 New Yorkers that submitted feedback deemed all six designs to be "poor", so the LDMC announced a new international, open-design study.[38][46] In an August 2002 press release, the LMDC announced a design study for the World Trade Center site.[47] The following month, the LMDC, along with New York New Visions – a coalition of 21 architecture, engineering, planning, landscape architecture and design organizations – announced seven semifinalists.[48] These architecture firms were then invited to compete to be the master plan architect for the World Trade Center:

Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center's reconstruction. Comparison (background: pre-9/11, blue overlay: planned rebuild).

Peterson Littenberg, a small New York architecture firm, had been enlisted by the LMDC earlier that summer as a consultant, and was invited to participate as the seventh semifinalist.[48][43] The seven semifinalists presented their entries to the public on December 18, 2002, at the Winter Garden of the World Financial Center.[43] Due to large public interest, NY1 broadcast the presentations on live TV.[50] In the following weeks, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill withdrew its entry from the competition.[51]

Days before the announcement of the two finalists in February 2003, Larry Silverstein wrote to LMDC Chair John Whitehead to express his disapproval of all of the semifinalists' designs. As the Twin Towers' insurance money recipient, Silverstein claimed that he had the sole right to decide what would be built. He announced that he had already picked Skidmore, Owings & Merrill as his master planner for the site.[52] On February 1, 2003, the LMDC selected two finalists, the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind, and planned on picking a single winner by the end of the month.[53] Rafael Viñoly of the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind presented their designs to the LMDC, which selected the former design. Earlier the same day, however, Roland Betts, a member of the LMDC, had called a meeting and the corporation had agreed to vote for the THINK design before hearing the final presentations. Governor Pataki, who had originally commissioned the LMDC, intervened and overruled the LMDC's decision.[52] On February 27, 2003, Studio Daniel Libeskind officially won the competition to be the master planner for the World Trade Center redesign.[52][54]

Libeskind's original proposal, titled Memory Foundations, underwent extensive revisions during collaboration with Larry Silverstein as well as from Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whom Silverstein hired.[55][56] The plan was anchored by the 1,776-foot (541 m) One World Trade Center and featured a memorial and a number of other office towers.[57][58] Out of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition, a design by Michael Arad and Peter Walker titled Reflecting Absence was selected in January 2004.[59]

Though Libeskind designed the site, the individual buildings have been designed by different architects. While not all of Libeskind's ideas were incorporated into the final design, his design and the public support it garnered did solidify the principle that the original footprints of the Twin Towers should be turned into a memorial and not be used for commercial purposes. As a result, Libeskind's lawyers at the New York firm of Wachtell Lipton embarked on the multi-year negotiation process to frame a master plan for the rebuilding.[60] The first step in this process, completed in 2003, was the "swap" in which Silverstein gave up his rights to the footprints of the Twin Towers so that they could become a memorial, and in exchange received the right to build five new office towers around the memorial.[61] The "swap" and the ensuing negotiations, which lasted for many years, have been referred to as the most complex real estate transaction in human history because of the complexity of the issues involved, the many stakeholders, and the difficulty of reaching consensus.[62]

Controversy and criticism

There was much debate regarding the future of Ground Zero following the destruction of the World Trade Center. Disagreement and controversy regarding who owned the property and what would be built there hindered construction at the site for several years. Many wanted the World Trade Center to be rebuilt as it was before 9/11 according to a poll by Marist College.[63] A project called Twin Towers II, which was to rebuild the original towers at a taller height, was led by an informal organization called the Twin Towers Alliance.[64] Others did not want anything built there at all or wanted the entire site to become a memorial. Finally, a master plan was agreed upon, which would feature a memorial and museum where the original Twin Towers stood and six new skyscrapers surrounding it.[65]

The North Tower of the old World Trade Center featured a complex of venues on the 106th and 107th floors called Windows on the World; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and a social gathering spot for people who worked in the towers.[66] This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows on the World Wine School", run by wine personality Kevin Zraly.[67] Despite numerous assurances that these local landmarks and global attractions would be rebuilt,[68] the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild these WTC attractions, which has outraged some observers.[69]

An episode of CBS's 60 Minutes in 2010 focused on the lack of progress at Ground Zero, particularly on the lack of completion dates for a majority of the buildings, the main tower, One World Trade Center's having undergone three different designs, and the delays and monetary expense involved. Investor Larry Silverstein said the Port Authority's estimated completion date for the entire site was 2037, thirty-five years after work started.[70] Although billions of dollars had already been spent on the project, he said Ground Zero "is still a hole in the ground".[70] During an interview for the episode, Larry Silverstein said: "I am the most frustrated person in the world....I'm seventy-eight years of age; I want to see this thing done in my lifetime".[70]

One World Trade Center itself was met with criticism early in its planning and construction stages.[71] The original design, which was asymmetrical, significantly shorter, and called for an off-center spire, was met with much disapproval, causing a new one to be devised. A key feature of the final design, the fortified, windowless base, was also denounced as looking dreary and unwelcoming.[72] To alleviate this problem, the designers decided to clad it with prismatic glass panels. The name change from Freedom Tower to One World Trade Center was met with some criticism.[73] The then-Governor of New York, George Pataki, stated in 2003 that "[t]he Freedom Tower isn't going to be One World Trade Center, it's going to be the Freedom Tower."[74]

Rebuilding

Early construction and final planning
Large construction side with cranes and two recessed, square areas
Construction of the September 11 Memorial complex in December 2010

The design for the World Trade Center was finalized in 2005, but was revised extensively after the NYPD raised security concerns regarding various sites in the complex, which delayed the start of the construction of the entire complex by two years.[75] The new plans for the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, which involved doubling the number of support columns, pushed back the construction timeline. In the original plan, the construction of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum would have begun after the Transportation Hub had been completed because the roof of the Transportation Hub provided the foundation on which the memorial and the walls of the museum rested.[76] Due to the two-year delay and pressure by the victims' families to have the memorial completed by the 10-year anniversary, it was decided to concentrate on building the memorial and holding off construction of the transportation hub,[77][78] which increased costs to an estimated $3.4 billion.[79][78] A Performing Arts Center was also announced that year.[80]

In 2006, the Port Authority took over One World Trade Center's ownership from Silverstein Properties. The project's developer Tishman Construction Corporation was the construction manager at the time.[81] On March 13, 2006, workers arrived at the World Trade Center site to remove remaining debris and start surveying work. This marked the official start of construction of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, though not without controversy and concerns from some family members.[82] In April 2006, the Port Authority and Larry Silverstein reached an agreement in which Silverstein ceded rights to develop Towers One and Five in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for Towers Two, Three, and Four.[83][84] On April 27, 2006, a ground-breaking ceremony was held for the Freedom Tower.[85] The building was designed to be 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, the height of the original World Trade Center north tower, and its spire rises to the symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m), a reference to the year in which the United States Declaration of Independence was signed.[86]

In May 2006, architects Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki were announced as the architects for 3 and 4 WTC, respectively.[87] The final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were unveiled on September 7, 2006. Tower Two, or 200 Greenwich Street, was slated to have a roof height of 1,254 feet (382 m) and a 96 feet (29 m) tripod spire for a total of 1,350 feet (410 m). 3 WTC, at 175 Greenwich Street, was to have a roof height of 1,155 feet (352 m) and a spire height reaching 1,255 feet (383 m). 4 WTC, at 150 Greenwich Street, would have an overall height of 946 feet (288 m).[88] The new 7 World Trade Center opened on May 23, 2006, the first tower in the complex to reopen.[89] This had been considered a priority since restoring Con Edison's electrical substation in the building's lower floors was necessary to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.[90][91][92]

On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority announced that JPMorgan Chase would build 5 WTC, a 42-story building that was occupied by the Deutsche Bank Building at the time.[93] Kohn Pedersen Fox was selected as the architect for the building.[94] Four renowned architects—including Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, who designed the transit hub; One WTC designer David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill; and the British architect Norman Foster of Foster and Partners, who designed Tower Two and masterminded the diamond design—would greatly enhance the street-level atmosphere of the rebuilt site.[95] However, JPMorgan's March 2008 acquisition of Bear Stearns caused construction on 5 WTC to stagnate, as the company changed its plans and relocated its headquarters to 383 Madison Avenue.[96]

Rebuilding progress in April 2011, looking west from the transportation hub's site

Groundbreaking for 3 WTC occurred in fall 2008, and in May 2009, the Port Authority proposed reducing the tower to four stories.[97] Work continued on One WTC, but digging the foundation and installing tower-foundation steel columns, concrete, and rebar for that tower took twice as long as it normally would due to the existence of the subway line under West Broadway nearby.[98] The One WTC building reached grade level by 2010.[99][100] From there, it progressed at a pace of one floor a week,[100] Publisher Condé Nast agreed to move its headquarters to One World Trade Center in 2010, and with this shift, many more tenants were expected to move to the building.[101]

The St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, which was destroyed during the 2001 attacks, was originally supposed to be relocated from the site,[102] and on July 23, 2008, the Port Authority reached a deal with the leaders of the church for the Port Authority to acquire the 1,200-square-foot (110 m2) lot that the church occupied for $20 million, and relocate the church.[102][103] Officials reneged in 2009,[103][104] leading the Greek Orthodox Diocese of America to sue the Port Authority for failing to rebuild the church.[105] On October 14, 2011, an agreement for the reconstruction of the church was signed that ended all legal action.[106]

Significant progress

By August 2011, One World Trade Center was at 80 stories with glass up to the 54th floor, Tower Four was up around 38 stories with glass up to the 15th floor, and the former Deutsche Bank Building had been completely dismantled, and the Port Authority was working on their Vehicle Security Center.[107] The memorial officially opened to relatives of the deceased on September 11, 2011, and to the general public on September 12.[108][109] Construction on 5 WTC's foundation also began in September 2011.[110] By December 2011, 2 WTC's foundations were finished and assembly of the frame was started.[111] Because numerous American and Chinese companies were "very interested" in leasing space at the complex, 2 WTC was likely to be finished earlier than expected.[112]

In January 2012, with Silverstein still unable to find tenants for 4 WTC, construction on the above-ground levels was delayed indefinitely, with plans for only 7 stories.[113] Meanwhile, One World Trade Center topped out in August 2012,[72][114] and its spire was then shipped from Quebec to New York, with the first section of the spire being hoisted to the top of the tower on December 12, 2012.[115][116] The September 11 Museum was supposed to open that year. However, construction was halted in December 2011 to September 2012 due to cost disputes,[117][118] and further delays were caused when Hurricane Sandy significantly damaged the site in November 2012.[119]

Several of the towers reached significant milestones in 2013: for instance, One WTC's spire was installed from January 15[120] to May 10, 2013.[72][121][122] Construction of 2 WTC up to street level was completed in mid-2013,[123][124] with work on the rest of the building delayed until tenants for 2 WTC could be found.[125][126] Work also progressed on 3 WTC's below-grade foundations and the ground-level podium, which was completed by October 2013.[127][128] 4 WTC, meanwhile, opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property.[6] The first tenants to move into 4 WTC were two government agencies.[129] The foundation of 5 WTC was also completed by November 2013, although construction on the main structure stalled because of a lack of tenants.[110] In early December 2013, Australian retail corporation Westfield announced that it would invest US$800 million for complete control of the retail space at the rebuilt center, with subsidiary Westfield Corporation buying out the Port Authority's 50 percent stake in the retail part of the World Trade Center site.[130] Liberty Park, a new elevated park, also began construction in late 2013 when the Vehicle Security Center was completed.[131] The Port Authority allotted about $50 million to the park's construction in December 2013.[132]

Rebuilding progress in April 2014, looking east from the memorial

The September 11 Museum opened to victims' families on April 15, 2014,[133] and to the general public six days later.[134] Temporary fences were removed around the memorial. At the same time, the September 11 Memorial discontinued the requirement for tickets in order to enter the memorial, not only providing pedestrian access to the future towers, but also a path through the site to the Memorial Plaza and surrounding streets.[135] 3 WTC's construction resumed in August 2014, with projected completion by 2018.[136] In September 2014, it was announced that the original plans for the Performing Arts Center had been canceled;[137] construction had been slated to start in December 2014.[138] The St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church's ground blessing ceremony and symbolic laying of the cornerstone took place at Liberty Park in October 2014, with construction expected to be completed within two years.[139] One WTC opened on November 3, 2014, and the first 170 employees of anchor tenant Conde Nast began their work there.[3][4] In June 2015, the designers of 3 WTC scrapped plans for the rooftop spire in order to standardize the roofs with 2 and 4 WTC. The spire planned for 2 WTC was also canceled as part of a new plan for the tower.[140]

The World Trade Center Transportation Hub formally opened on March 3, 2016, several years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget.[141][142] Liberty Park opened on June 29, 2016,[143][144] while Westfield World Trade Center, located partially within the hub, opened with its first group of stores on August 16, 2016.[145][146] The performing arts center was renamed that summer for billionaire businessman Ronald Perelman, who donated $75 million to the center,[147] and on September 8, 2016, a design was revealed for the new center.[148] 3 WTC was topped out in October 2016.[149] On November 29, 2016, the St. Nicholas Church was ceremoniously topped out with a temporary cross.[150]

On March 27, 2017, it was announced that construction on the Perelman Performing Arts Center would be delayed due to ongoing funding disputes.[151] Construction on the center's underground parking garage began in August 2017, with the center itself expected to be built between 2018 and 2020.[152] The same month, the Port Authority installed the iconic sculpture The Sphere within the park, overlooking its original location in the old World Trade Center. Previously, the damaged sculpture by Fritz Koenig had been located in Battery Park.[153] On the 16th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, a writer for Curbed New York said that although "there is a World Trade Center again", it was not finished: 3 WTC had yet to open; 2 and 5 WTC did not have definite completion dates; and the St. Nicholas Church and Performing Arts Center were still under construction.[154] At the time, 3 WTC was slated to open in early 2018,[149] while the church was expected to open in November 2018.[155] 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018, becoming the fourth skyscraper at the site to be completed.[5] The WTC Cortlandt subway station at Greenwich and Cortlandt Streets reopened on September 8, 2018, after being closed for nearly seventeen years following the September 11 attacks.[156] A ribbon-cutting ceremony for the Perelman Performing Arts Center was hosted on September 13, 2023.[157][158]

Structures

Six buildings, the 9/11 memorial and museum, a mall, a transportation hub, a parking lot, a park, a church, and a performing arts venue are to eventually occupy the new World Trade Center. As of January 2022, progress on the construction of the redesigned site was as follows:

Name Image Date construction started Date of completion Height Current status
One World Trade Center April 27, 2006 (2006-04-27) November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03) 1,776 feet (541 m) Completed
2 World Trade Center November 10, 2008 (2008-11-10) Unknown 1,348 feet (411 m) Base completed; Tower on hold
3 World Trade Center November 10, 2010 (2010-11-10) June 11, 2018 (2018-06-11) 1,079 feet (329 m) Completed
4 World Trade Center January 22, 2008 (2008-01-22) November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13) 978 feet (298 m) Completed
5 World Trade Center 2024 (2024) 2029 (2029) 902 feet (275 m) Approved
7 World Trade Center May 7, 2002 (2002-05-07) May 23, 2006 (2006-05-23) 745 feet (227 m) Completed
National September 11 Memorial March 13, 2006 (2006-03-13) September 11, 2011 (2011-09-11) Completed
National September 11 Museum March 13, 2006 (2006-03-13) May 21, 2014 (2014-05-21) Completed
World Trade Center Transportation Hub April 26, 2010 (2010-04-26) March 3, 2016 (2016-03-03) Completed
Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center August 31, 2017 (2017-08-31) September 13, 2023 (2023-09-13) Completed
Vehicular Security Center November 10, 2011 (2011-11-10) 2017 (2017) Completed
Liberty Park November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20) June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29) Completed
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church October 18, 2014 (2014-10-18) December 6, 2022 (2022-12-06) Completed
Fiterman Hall March 2008 (2008-03) August 27, 2012 (2012-08-27) Completed

Buildings

One World Trade Center (previously coined the "Freedom Tower" by Governor Pataki) is the centerpiece of Daniel Libeskind's design. The building rises to 1,368 feet (417 m), the height of the original 1 World Trade Center (The North Tower), and its spire rises to the symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m). This height refers to 1776, the year in which the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The tower was a collaboration between Studio Daniel Libeskind and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architect David Childs.[86] Childs acted as the design architect and project manager for the tower, and Daniel Libeskind collaborated on the concept and schematic design.[159] The building opened on November 3, 2014.[3][4]

2 World Trade Center, also known as 200 Greenwich Street, was designed by British architect Norman Foster.[123][124] Construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013,[123][124] but the rest of the building has yet to be built until tenants for 2 WTC can be found.[125][126]

3 World Trade Center, located at 175 Greenwich Street, was designed by Richard Rogers Partnership. It stands across Greenwich Street from the Memorial's two reflecting pools.[127][128] The below-grade foundations and the ground-level podium was completed by October 2013.[127][128] After a two-year stoppage in above-ground construction, the tower project itself started in August 2014, and the building opened on June 11, 2018.[5]

4 World Trade Center, also known as 150 Greenwich Street, was designed by Maki and Associates.[160][161] The building opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property.[6]

5 World Trade Center, which is to stand on the site of the Deutsche Bank Building, was originally designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox.[162][163] Although the foundation was completed in 2013, construction on the main structure has not yet (as of 2021) commenced.[110]

7 World Trade Center stands off of Port Authority property. David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the tower.[164] The building is 52 stories tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York.[9][165] It opened on May 23, 2006, achieving LEED gold status and being the first tower in the complex to reopen.[89]

Memorial and museum
Main article: National September 11 Memorial & Museum
View across the south pool of the Memorial towards the adjacent Museum

A memorial called Reflecting Absence honors the victims of the September 11 attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[166] The memorial, designed by Peter Walker and Israeli-American architect Michael Arad, consists of a field of trees interrupted by the footprints of the twin towers. Pools of water fill the footprints, underneath which sits a memorial space whose walls bear the names of the victims. The slurry wall, which holds back the Hudson River in the west and was an integral part of Libeskind's proposal, remains exposed.[167] Walker and Arad were selected from more than 5,000 entrants in the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition in January 2004.[59]

On October 12, 2004, the LMDC announced that Gehry Partners LLP and Snøhetta, an architectural firm from Norway, would design the site's performing arts and museum complexes, respectively, in the same area as the memorial.[168][169] The Snøhetta-designed museum[170] will act as a memorial museum and visitors' center, after family members of 9/11 victims objected to the building's original occupant, the International Freedom Center.[171] The Ground Zero Museum Workshop is a privately run 501(c) nonprofit museum that is not connected to the official Ground Zero Memorial or Gehry's museum.[172]

Construction of the memorial was completed by early 2011.[173][174] The memorial opened on September 11, 2011, coinciding with the 10th anniversary of the attacks.[108][109] The museum was initially scheduled to open on September 11, 2012,[175][176] but was delayed due to financial disputes[117][118] and again when Hurricane Sandy significantly damaged the site.[119] The museum was opened in May 2014.[177]

Retail space and mall
Main article: Westfield World Trade Center
The portion of the Westfield World Trade Center inside the Oculus

Westfield World Trade Center opened with its first group of stores on August 16, 2016.[145][146] It has roughly 365,000 square feet (33,900 m2) of retail space, which once again makes it the largest shopping mall in Manhattan. Although the new mall is only spread over roughly one-half of the original mall's footprint (due to the new space required for the below-grade National September 11 Memorial & Museum), the mall is double-level, whereas the original mall was a single level. Three additional levels will exist above-grade on the lower floors of 2 and 3 World Trade Center, while 4 World Trade Center currently houses four above-grade levels. The World Trade Center station's headhouse, the Oculus, also houses a large amount of retail space.[178]

Transportation Hub
Main article: World Trade Center (PATH station)
The World Trade Center station's connection to the Cortlandt Street station

Santiago Calatrava designed the World Trade Center Transportation Hub (its main asset being the PATH station) to replace the old World Trade Center station.[179] The Transport Hub connects the PATH station to the WTC Cortlandt station (1 train), the Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, the Brookfield Place, and One World Trade Center on the west; and the 2, ​3​, 4, ​5​, A, ​C, ​E​, J​, N, ​R, ​W, and Z trains through the Fulton Center on the east. The new station, as well as the September 11 Memorial and Museum, is air-cooled via a heat exchanger fed by four pipes carrying water from the Hudson River.[180] The cost for the transportation hub is estimated at $3.44 billion, a statistic that has seen much controversy given its greatly inflated cost.[181][182][183] The hub formally opened on March 3, 2016, several years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget.[141][142]

Performing Arts Center
Main article: Performing Arts Center (Manhattan)
Construction on the Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center in June 2021

The World Trade Center's Performing Arts Center was announced in 2004, with the building to be designed by Gehry Partners LLP and Snøhetta.[80] Construction was to begin in December 2014 when the removal of the temporary PATH station commenced.[138] However, the original plans were shelved in September 2014.[137] After a design was chosen in 2015, it was announced that Joshua Prince-Ramus was awarded the contract to design the building.[184] In June 2016, the center was renamed after billionaire businessman Ronald Perelman, who donated $75 million to the center,[147] and on September 8, 2016, a design was revealed for the new center.[148] The underground parking garage started construction in 2017, followed by the building in 2018.[152] The center opened on September 13, 2023.[157][158]

The Performing Arts Center includes 129,000 square feet (12,000 m2) across three floors.[185][186] The public floor is located at street level and shouses a restaurant/bar to provide refreshments during show intermissions. The second floor consists of rehearsal and dressing rooms for theater actors, and the third floor has three theaters[187] with between 99 and 450 seats.[158] All three theaters are designed so that the walls will be able to rotate and expand to provide extra space for a single theater if needed. The theaters can fit approximately 1,200 people combined.[187]

Liberty Park and constituent structures
Main article: Liberty Park
An aerial view of Liberty Park

Liberty Park, a new elevated park, was built on top of a parking complex named the Vehicular Security Center at the southwest corner of the site. Construction began in 2013 when the Vehicular Security Center was completed.[131] About $50 million was allocated to the park's construction by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in December 2013.[132] The park opened on June 29, 2016.[143][144] On August 16, 2017, the Port Authority installed the iconic sculpture The Sphere within the park, overlooking its original location in the old World Trade Center.[153]

The St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church was originally supposed to be relocated,[102] but the most recent plans call for the church to be built in Liberty Park.[188] On July 23, 2008, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey reached a deal with the leaders of the church for the Port Authority to acquire the 1,200-square-foot (110 m2) lot that the church occupied for $20 million, and relocate the church.[102][103] Officials reneged in 2009,[103][189] leading the Greek Orthodox Diocese of America to sue the Port Authority for failing to rebuild the church.[190] On October 14, 2011, an agreement for the reconstruction of the church was signed that ended all legal action.[191] The ground blessing ceremony and symbolic laying of the cornerstone took place in October 2014, with construction expected to be completed within two years.[192] However, in December 2017, construction was halted due to unpaid expenses.[193] Work restarted in August 2020.[194] The church fully opened for regular services on December 6, 2022, the Feast of Saint Nicholas.[195]

The 1-acre (0.40 ha) park, measuring 300 feet (91 m) long and located at a height of 20 feet (6.1 m), has a capacity of 750 people. A green wall is located on the Liberty Street facade. A walkway from the pedestrian bridge curves along the park; egresses include three stairways, the pedestrian bridge, and a straight ramp down to Greenwich Street. Of these exits, a wide staircase is located parallel to Greenwich Street and directly behind the church. There are wood benches and a small amphitheater-like elevated space at the West Street end of the park. Finally, there is an observation balcony along much of Liberty Street and another slightly curved balcony at the church's foot.[196]

Fiterman Hall
Main article: Borough of Manhattan Community College § Fiterman Hall and the September 11 attacks

The original Fiterman Hall opened as an office building in 1959 and occupied a block bounded by Greenwich Street, Barclay Street, West Broadway, and Park Place.[197] It was donated to BMCC in 1993 by Miles and Shirley Fiterman, for whom the building was subsequently named.[198][199] In 2000, the State of New York Dormitory Authority, which owned the building, began a massive renovation to better adapt the building for classroom use.[200] During the September 11 attacks in 2001, Fiterman Hall's structure was severely damaged by debris from the collapse of 7 World Trade Center. The renovation was never completed, and the building was condemned and demolished in 2008.[200] After a series of delays, a new building designed by the architectural firm Pei Cobb Freed & Partners[201] broke ground in December 2009[202] and was completed in 2012.[200][203]

The World Trade Center's new logo, revealed in August 2014, was designed by the firm Landor Associates and shaped like a "W". All the black bars, the empty spaces, and the "W" itself symbolizes something, giving the logo at least six meanings:[204]

Landor Associates was awarded a $3.57 million contract in 2013 for redesigns, which comprised "the performance of professional services for the development and implementation of the World Trade Center (WTC) site-wide navigation, signage, and operational communications program" and included the development of the new logo.[207] Douglas Riccardi, the principal in the design firm Memo, stated, "Its strength is its ability to be seen in many ways. You could never get more meaning in five little bars. The problem is that people may not bother to find out what the meanings are."[206]

See also

References

Notes
  1. One, 3, 4, and 7 WTC, as well as the Performing Arts Center, September 11 Memorial Museum, Liberty Park, Vehicle Security Center, and the Transportation Hub are complete. 2 and 5 WTC are under construction.

Citations
  1. "Building of N.Y. Freedom Tower begins". USA Today. Associated Press. April 28, 2006. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  2. Bagli, Charles V. (May 8, 2002). "As a Hurdle Is Cleared, Building Begins At Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
  3. Brown, Eliot. "One World Trade to Open Nov. 3, But Ceremony is TBD". Wall Street Journal.
  4. "World Trade Center Reopens for Business". Associated Press. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
  5. "New World Trade Center to open after years of delays". USA TODAY. June 10, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
  6. Plagianos, Irene (November 13, 2013). "4 WTC Becomes First Tower at Trade Center Site to Open". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  7. "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
  8. Amy Plitt (February 25, 2016). "At Last, Tour Santiago Calatrava's World Trade Center Transportation Hub". Curbed New York. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  9. "One World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  10. "One World Trade Center to retake title of NYC's tallest building". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. April 29, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  11. GmbH, Emporis. "Three World Trade Center, New York City | 252968 | EMPORIS". www.emporis.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  12. "4 World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  13. "7 World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  14. "3 World Trade Center | NYC | Commercial Real Estate". www.silversteinproperties.com. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  15. "Emporis building ID 131020". Emporis. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015.
  16. Moritz, Owen (April 5, 1973). "World Trade Center is dedicated in 1973". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  17. Holusha, John (January 6, 2002). "Commercial Property; In Office Market, a Time of Uncertainty". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
  18. "Ford recounts details of Sept. 11". Real Estate Weekly. BNET. February 27, 2002.
  19. Goldberger 2004, p. 38.
  20. Smothers, Ronald (July 25, 2001). "Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  21. Bagli, Charles V. (April 27, 2001). "Deal Is Signed To Take Over Trade Center". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  22. Goldberger 2004, pp. 39–40.
  23. "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002.
  24. "Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002.
  25. Miller, Bill (May 1, 2002). "Skyscraper Protection Might Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  26. "Man's death from World Trade Center dust brings Ground Zero toll to 2,753". Daily News. New York. Associated Press. June 18, 2011. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  27. Iovine, Julie V. (September 27, 2001). "Designers Look Beyond Debris". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  28. Donnelly, Frank (September 11, 2011). "At Fresh Kills landfill, a heartbreaking effort after World Trade Center attacks". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  29. Goldberger 2004, p. 42.
  30. "Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup". CNN. May 30, 2002. Archived from the original on October 31, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
  31. "The Last Steel Column". The New York Times. May 30, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  32. "Experts Discuss Planning, Designing and Rebuilding World Trade Center". Cornell Chronicle. July 27, 2011.
  33. "Urban Design and Visual Resources (Chapter 7)" (PDF). Permanent WTC Path Terminal Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Evaluation. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  34. McGuigan, Cathleen (November 12, 2001). "Up From The Ashes". Newsweek.
  35. Goldberger 2004, p. 37.
  36. Wyatt, Edward (January 11, 2002). "Everyone Weighs In With Rebuilding Ideas". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  37. Pérez-Peña, Richard (November 3, 2001). "A NATION CHALLENGED: DOWNTOWN; State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  38. Goldberger 2004, p. 4.
  39. Goldberger 2004, p. 43.
  40. "A Corporation to Rebuild Ground Zero". The New York Times. November 4, 2001. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  41. "Governor and Mayor Name Lower Manhattan Redevelopment Corporation" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. November 29, 2001. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  42. "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Principles for Development and Blueprint for Renewal for World Trade Center Site" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. April 9, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  43. Goldberger 2004, p. 5.
  44. Muschamp, Herbert (May 23, 2002). "An Appraisal; Marginal Role for Architecture at Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  45. "Port Authority and Lower Manhattan Developent [sic] Corporation Unveil Six Concepts Plans for World Trade Center Site, Adjacent Areas and Related Transportation" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. July 16, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  46. "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and New York New Visions Announce Panel to Help Select Teams to Participate in Design Study of World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. September 17, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  47. "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Design Study for World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. August 14, 2002. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
  48. "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Six Teams of Architects and Planners to Participate in Design Study of World Trade Center Site" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. September 26, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  49. Iovine, Julie (February 26, 2003). "Turning a Competition Into a Public Campaign; Finalist for Ground Zero Design Pull Out the Stops". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  50. Goldberger 2004, p. 6.
  51. McGeveran, Tom (February 9, 2003). "Beauty Contest: Two Firms Vie At W.T.C. Site". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  52. Libeskind, Daniel (2004). Breaking Ground. New York: Riverhead Books. pp. 164, 166, 181, 183. ISBN 1-57322-292-5.
  53. Roberts, Joel (February 4, 2003). "World Trade Center Finalists Named". CBS News. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  54. Wyatt, Edward (February 27, 2003). "Libeskind Design Chosen for Rebuilding at Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  55. "Selected Design for the WTC Site as of February 2003". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. February 27, 2003. Archived from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
  56. "STUDIO DANIEL LIBESKIND'S Memory Foundations". Gotham Gazette. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  57. "Lower Manhattan : 1 World Trade Center". Lowermanhattan.info. Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  58. "Lower Manhattan : 4 World Trade Center (150 Greenwich Street)". Lowermanhattan.info. September 8, 2006. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  59. Collins, Glenn (2004). "Memorial to 9/11 Victims Is Selected". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  60. "Silverstein's Army -- World Trade Center". wtc.com.
  61. "americanlawyer-digital.com". March 4, 2023.
  62. Raab, Scott (May 24, 2007). "Construction of World Trade Center". Esquire.
  63. "Whether or Not to Rebuild the Twin Towers". ABC. January 7, 2006.
  64. "Joint Statement of 'Twin Towers II' and the Twin Towers Alliance". NBC2. New York. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  65. Handwerker, Haim (November 20, 2007). "The politics of remembering Ground Zero – Haaretz – Israel News". Haaretz.
  66. "Windows on the World, New York's Sky-High Restaurant - Eater NY". September 11, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  67. "Windows on the World September 11 - A 9/11 Story About Wine and Wisdom". Esquire. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  68. "Owner vows to reopen Windows On The World". Crain's New York Business. September 17, 2001. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  69. "WTC Scraps Windows on the World Plan". Gothamist. March 8, 2011. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013.
  70. "Developer: Ground Zero a National Disgrace - 60 Minutes: Eight Years and Billions of Dollars Later, Part of 9/11 Site is Still Just a Big Hole". CBS News. February 18, 2010. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013.
  71. "Trump pushes own Ground Zero plan". CNN. May 19, 2005.
  72. Zraick, Karen (May 12, 2011). "World Trade Center Update: Prismatic Glass Facade For WTC Tower Scrapped". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  73. "Freedom Tower Name Change Slammed as Unpatriotic". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. March 28, 2009.
  74. "Freedom Tower replaced by World Trade Center at Ground Zero in New York". The Daily Telegraph. March 27, 2009. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  75. Raab, Scott (April 19, 2013). "The Truth About the World Trade Center". Esquire Magazine.
  76. Raab, Scott (August 16, 2011). "The Memorial". Esquire Magazine.
  77. "Mayor Bloomberg Discusses New Plan to Speed Rebuilding of World Trade Center, Including Memorial, in Weekly Radio Address". The official website of the City of New York. October 5, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  78. Dunlap, David W. (December 2, 2014). "How Cost of Train Station at World Trade Center Swelled to $4 Billion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  79. Brenzel, Kathryn (April 1, 2016). "The 'Path' to $4 billion". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  80. Pogrebin, Robin (October 13, 2004). "Gehry Is Selected as Architectof Ground Zero Theater Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  81. "Freedom Tower". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  82. Katersky, Aaron (March 13, 2006). "Construction on Ground Zero Memorial Ignites Protests". ABC News. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  83. Dunlap, David W. (April 28, 2006). "Freedom Tower Construction Starts After the Beginning". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  84. Todorovich, Petra (March 24, 2006). "At the Heart of Ground Zero Renegotiations, a 1,776-Foot Stumbling Block". Spotlight on the Region. Regional Plan Association. 5 (6). Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  85. Westfeldt, Amy (April 28, 2006). "Construction Begins at Ground Zero". The Washington Post / AP. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  86. "Freedom Tower: About the Building". Silverstein Properties. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
  87. Pogrebin, Robin (May 3, 2006). "Richard Rogers to Design Tower at Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  88. Dunlap, David W. (September 7, 2006). "Designs Unveiled for Freedom Tower's Neighbors". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  89. "7 WTC". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  90. Bagli, Charles V. (January 31, 2002). "Developer's Pace at 7 World Trade Center Upsets Some". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  91. "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
  92. "Major Step at Ground Zero: 7 World Trade Center Opening". Architectural Record. May 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  93. Bagli, Charles V. (June 14, 2007). "Chase Bank Set to Build Tower by Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  94. Appelbaum, Alec (July 30, 2007). "Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms". Architectural Record. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  95. Goldman, Henry (September 7, 2010). "World Trade Center Rebuilding May Finish by 2014, Officials Say ||| World Trade Center". WTC.com. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  96. Jones, David (March 20, 2008). "JPMorgan might flip WTC site". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
  97. "Port Authority wants to dump three of five proposed skyscrapers for WTC site". NY Daily News. May 10, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  98. "Is the World Trade Center Safe?". Esquire Magazine. 2014. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013.
  99. World Trade Center project has begun to take shape. The Star-Ledger. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  100. Cuza, Bobby (September 2, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: One World Trade Center Rises In Lower Manhattan". NY1.
  101. Bagli, Charles V. (August 3, 2010). "Condé Nast Signs Deal to Move to Ground Zero Tower". The New York Times.
  102. "Church surrenders ground zero lot". NBC News. Associated Press. July 23, 2008.
  103. Bagli, Charles V. (March 18, 2009). "Church Destroyed at Ground Zero Is Still at Square One". The New York Times.
  104. David Lee Miller,Kathleen Foster and Judson Berger (August 18, 2010). "Decision Not to Rebuild Church Destroyed on 9/11 Surprises Greek Orthodox Leaders". Fox News Channel. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  105. "Church Destroyed On 9/11 Files Suit Against Port Authority". NY1. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  106. "Historic Church Destroyed On 9/11 To Rise Again". NY1. October 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  107. Shapiro, Julie (February 8, 2011). "Deutsche Bank Demolition Finally Reaches Street Level ||| World Trade Center". WTC.com. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  108. "Memorial & Museum, Schedule". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  109. Cuza, Bobby (September 5, 2011). "WTC Memorial Ready For Public Unveiling". NY1. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
  110. Minchom, Clive (November 12, 2013). "New World Trade Center Coming To Life Already Impacts New York Skyline". Jewish Business News. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
  111. "Two World Trade Center on Emporis". Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  112. Rubinstein, Dana (October 20, 2010). "Everybody Go Downtown! ||| World Trade Center". WTC.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  113. Agovino, Theresa (January 22, 2012). "Silverstein to call a halt at 3 WTC". Crain's New York Business. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  114. Higgs, Larry (August 30, 2012). "One World Trade Center steel skeleton completed". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  115. "Steel spire rises atop New York's One World Trade Center". Reuters. December 12, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  116. Mathias, Christopher (December 12, 2012). "One World Trade Center Spire: Workers Begin To Hoist Spire Atop City's Tallest Building (PHOTOS) (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  117. "Deal reached to resume construction on September 11 museum". Reuters. September 11, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  118. Bagli, Charles V. (September 10, 2012). "Ground Zero Museum to Resume Construction as Cuomo and Bloomberg End Dispute". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  119. DUNLAP, DAVID W. (November 2, 2012). "Floodwater Pours Into 9/11 Museum, Hampering Further Work on the Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  120. "FIRST SECTION OF SPIRE INSTALLED AT ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER". PANYNJ. January 15, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  121. "Final pieces hoisted atop One World Trade Center". CNN. May 3, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  122. Edmiston, Jake (May 2, 2013). "'A historic milestone': 125-metre spire from Quebec crowns World Trade Centre in N.Y.C after dispute solved". National Post. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  123. "The Status of the World Trade Center Complex, 13 Years Later". Curbed. September 11, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  124. "Joint Statement on World Trade Center Development". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. March 25, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  125. "World Trade Center Complex on Way to Completion". ABC News. Associated Press. September 11, 2014. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  126. Smith, Greg (September 6, 2014). "Port Authority delays 1 World Trade Center opening as project takes more time, money than expected". New York Daily News.
  127. "3 WORLD TRADE CENTER". wtc.com.
  128. Geiger, Daniel (October 3, 2012). "GroupM Considers Huge Lease to Anchor 3 WTC". Commercial Observer. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  129. "NYC's World Trade Tower Opens 40% Empty in Revival". Bloomberg.com. November 12, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
  130. Iain McDonald and Nichola Saminather (December 5, 2013). "Westfield to Buy World Trade Center Retail Stake". Bloomberg Personal Finance. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  131. Rosenfield, Karissa (November 26, 2013). "Elevated Park Planned for World Trade Center". ArchDaily. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  132. Budin, Jeremiah (December 13, 2013). "Liberty Park Funding Approved by Port Authority". Curbed NY. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  135. Dunlap, David W. (May 15, 2014). "Passes Are No Longer Needed at 9/11 Memorial". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  136. "In the News: 3 World Trade Center Construction Has Resumed". Tribeca Citizen. August 5, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  137. Pogrebin, Robin (September 3, 2014). "Arts Center at Ground Zero Shelves Gehry Design". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  138. "Lower Manhattan Community Meeting #205" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. June 26, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  139. "Ground Blessing for Saint Nicholas at WTC, a place of prayer and peace, a place of hope and love". New York: Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. October 19, 2014. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  140. Fedak, Nikolai (June 23, 2015). "Design Changes at 175 Greenwich Street, aka 3 World Trade Center". New York YIMBY. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  141. Lorenzetti, Laura (March 3, 2016). "The World's Most Expensive Train Station Opens Today". Fortune. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  142. Verrill, Courtney (March 4, 2016). "New York City's $4 billion World Trade Center Transportation Hub is finally open to the public". Business Insider. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  143. Gelman, Max (June 29, 2016). "New elevated park opens near the WTC 9/11 Memorial". NY Daily News. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  144. Walker, Ameena (June 29, 2016). "See photos of WTC's Liberty Park on its long-awaited opening day". Curbed NY. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  145. Hargrove, Channing. "World Trade Center Stores Finally Set an Opening Date", Racked.com, April 15, 2016. Accessed August 7, 2016. "Plan your summer vacations carefully. Tribeca Citizen is reporting that the first batch from approximately 125 stores coming to Westfield World Trade Center will open on August 16th; no names were named. Eataly will beat them all, though, with a July debut."
  146. "Westfield World Trade Center Mall Opens For Business". newyork.cbslocal.com. August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  147. Cooper, Michael (June 30, 2016). "Ronald Perelman Donates $75 Million for Arts Complex at World Trade Center Site". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  148. Cooper, Michael (September 8, 2016). "Arts Center at Ground Zero Has a New Design, and Barbra Streisand in Charge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  149. Warerkar, Tanay (August 1, 2017). "3 World Trade Center nears the finish line in the Financial District". Curbed NY. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  150. Papapostolou, Anastasios (November 29, 2016). "St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Got Its Cross Back". Greek Reporter. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  151. Walker, Ameena (March 27, 2017). "World Trade Center performing arts center funding is threatened". Curbed NY. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  152. Fedak, Nikolai (August 31, 2017). "Construction Begins Underneath The Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center, World Trade Center - New York YIMBY". New York YIMBY. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  153. Plitt, Amy (August 17, 2017). "Iconic 'Sphere' sculpture, damaged on 9/11, moves to its permanent home". Curbed NY. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  154. Bindelglass, Evan (September 11, 2017). "The status of the World Trade Center complex, 16 years later". Curbed NY. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  155. Weiss, Lois (September 6, 2017). "Agreement signed for Saint Nicholas National Shrine at WTC". New York Post. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  156. "Cortlandt Street Station, Damaged on Sept. 11, Reopens 17 Years Later". The New York Times. September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  157. Kimmelman, Michael (September 13, 2023). "A Spectacular Marble Cube Rises at Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  158. Parrott, Max; Sorensen, Mac (September 13, 2023). "Cultural cornerstone: Perelman Performing Arts Center opens in Lower Manhattan near World Trade Center". amNewYork. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  159. Lerner, Kevin (August 2003). "Libeskind and Silverstein reach an agreement for WTC site". Architectural Record.
  160. "World Trade Center Towers". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation.
  161. NY1 Exclusive: Developer Says WTC Project To Be Complete In Five, Six Years NY1. Retrieved August 17, 2010. Archived August 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  162. Naanes, Marlene (June 22, 2007). "JP Morgan releases WTC tower plans". AM New York. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007.
  163. Appelbaum, Alec (July 30, 2007). "Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms". Architectural Record. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
  164. "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
  165. About 7 WTC Archived November 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  166. Cuza, Bobby (July 8, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: The 9/11 Memorial From All Sides". NY1. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
  167. "Reflecting Absence". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. 2004. Archived from the original on May 27, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
  168. "The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Selection of Architectural Firms to Design the Performing Arts Complex and the Museum Complex on the World Trade Center Site" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. October 12, 2004. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
  169. Spitz, Rebecca (March 9, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Glass Atrium Rises At WTC Memorial Site". NY1. Archived from the original on March 22, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  170. Erlanger, Steven (October 15, 2011). "Again in Norway, Events Provide Test for a King's Mettle". The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  171. Pogrebin, Robin (March 28, 2007). "Ground Zero Arts Center Loses Theater Company". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  172. "History". Ground Zero Museum Workshop. 2013. Archived from the original on October 9, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  173. "WTC Memorial To Have Limited Access On 10th Anniversary". NY1. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  174. "Port Authority: WTC Memorial Needs Another $3M For Construction". NY1. June 30, 2011. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  175. "Ground Zero Memorial and Rebuilding Fast Facts". CNN. August 30, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  176. Associated Press (September 10, 2012). "Some question 9/11 Memorial's $60M annual cost". CBS News. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  177. "National September 11 Memorial & Museum | World Trade Center Memorial". 911memorial.org. December 7, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  178. "Retail || About the WTC || World Trade Center ||". Wtc.com. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  179. Dunlap, David W. (July 2, 2008). "Design of Ground Zero Transit Hub Is Trimmed". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  180. Dunlap, David W. (April 6, 2009). "Using the Hudson to Cool the Trade Center". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  181. Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 24, 2011). "Trade Center Transit Hub's Cost Now Over $3.4 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  182. "Port Authority Reports Increase In WTC Transit Hub Costs". NY1. February 24, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
  183. Cuza, Bobby (April 28, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Port Authority Downplays WTC Transit Hub's Rising Costs". NY1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  184. Jennifer Smith. "Architect Chosen for Performing Arts Center at World Trade Center". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  185. Jebara, Paul (September 14, 2023). "Sneak Peek: What to Expect from the Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center". Observer. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  186. Marks, Peter (September 13, 2023). "On the wounded turf of Ground Zero, a new arts center offers renewed hope". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  187. Rosenberg, Zoe (September 8, 2016). "The World Trade Center Performing Arts Center is here, and it's beautiful". Curbed NY. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  188. Dunlap, David W. (October 14, 2011). "Way Is Cleared to Rebuild Greek Orthodox Church Lost on 9/11". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  189. David Lee Miller, Kathleen Foster and Judson Berger (August 18, 2010). "Decision Not to Rebuild Church Destroyed on 9/11 Surprises Greek Orthodox Leaders". Fox News Channel. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  190. "Church Destroyed On 9/11 Files Suit Against Port Authority". NY1. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  191. "Historic Church Destroyed On 9/11 To Rise Again". NY1. October 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  192. "Ground Blessing for Saint Nicholas at WTC, a place of prayer and peace, a place of hope and love". New York: Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. October 19, 2014. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  193. "Work Stops on St. Nicholas Shrine at World Trade Center Site". The New York Times. December 26, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  194. "Gov. Cuomo on hand for opening of St. Nicholas Shrine". RochesterFirst. August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  195. "Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church officially reopens to public after being destroyed on 9/11". CBS News. December 6, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  196. "First Look: Santiago Calatrava's Design for St. Nicholas Church". Tribeca Citizen. October 29, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  197. "BMCC's Fitermall Hall set to reopen, 11 years after its 9/11 demise". Newsday. August 26, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  198. "BMCC receives record cash gift". New York Daily News. Associated Press. April 30, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  199. Rubinstein, Dana (October 7, 2008). "Manhattan Community College Takes Space Near Terrorist-Damaged Fiterman Hall". Observer. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  200. "Fiterman Hall". Borough of Manhattan Community College. City University of New York. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  201. "Work to Demolish Fiterman Hall may actually begin". Downtown Express. January 13, 2006.
  202. "Mayor Bloomberg and CUNY Chancellor Goldstein Break Ground on New $259 Million Fiterman Hall in Lower Manhattan". The official website of the City of New York. December 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  203. Shapiro, Julie (August 27, 2012). "Students Return to Rebuilt Fiterman Hall 11 Years After 9/11". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  204. Belinda Lanks (August 15, 2014). "Six Meanings Behind the World Trade Center's New Logo". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
  205. Wilson, Mark (August 14, 2014). "The World Trade Center Has A New, Very Confusing Logo". Fast Company. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  206. Dunlap, David (August 13, 2014). "World Trade Center Logo Captures Site's Destruction and Rebirth". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  207. "Minutes" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. September 18, 2013. p. 196. Retrieved January 10, 2018.

Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center (New York City).
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.