Xakriabá language
Xakriabá (also written Chakriaba, Chikriaba, Shacriaba) is an extinct or dormant Akuwẽ (Central Jê) language (Jê, Macro-Jê) formerly spoken in Minas Gerais, Brazil by the Xakriabá people, who today speak Portuguese.[1] The language is known through two short wordlists collected by Augustin Saint-Hilaire and Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege.[2]: 14
| Xakriabá | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Minas Gerais |
| Ethnicity | formerly Xakriabá people |
| Extinct | 1864 |
Macro-Jê
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xkr |
| Glottolog | xakr1238 |
| ELP | Xakriabá |
The last confirmed native speaker of the language died in 1864.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ɨ | u ũ |
| Mid | e ẽ | ə | o õ |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a ã |
- /i/ can also be heard as [ɪ] in shortened positions.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | (ʃ) | h | ||
| voiced | z | (ʒ) | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | w | (j) | ||||
- Sounds [j] is heard from /i/ before other vowels or within diphthongs.
- Sounds [ʃ ʒ] are heard as allophones of /s z/.
- Sounds [tʃ dʒ ɲ] are heard as allophones of /t d n/ when palatalized before /i/.
- [ɡ] can be heard as an allophone of /k/.[3]
History
Before 1712, Xakriabá was originally spoken along the São Francisco River near São Romão, Minas Gerais[4] (Saint-Hilaire 2000: 340-341).[5] The Xakriabá were then forced to migrate after being defeated by Matias Cardoso de Almeida and other Paulistas from 1690 onwards. In 1819, Saint-Hilaire (1975: 145)[6] noted that the Xakriabá of Triângulo Mineiro region spoke a Xerente dialect.[4]
References
- Christopher Moseley (2007). Encyclopedia Of The World's Endangered Languages. London, UK: Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 9780700711970.
- Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
- Rodrigues Mota, Liliane (2020). Estudo Sobre o Léxico Akwe Xakriabá: Uma Proposta de Escrita e Uma Chamada para a Revitalização da Língua. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
- Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
- Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 2000. Viagem pelas províncias do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.
- Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 1975. Viagem à província de Goiás. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.