Kariri languages

The Karirí languages, generally considered dialects of a single language, were a group of languages formerly spoken by the Kiriri people of Brazil. It was spoken until the middle of the 20th century; the 4,000 ethnic Kiriri are now monolingual Portuguese speakers, though a few know common phrases and names of medicinal plants.

Karirí
Karirian
Native toBrazil
Regionbetween Bahia and Maranhão
EthnicityKiriri people
Extinctca. 1970
Macro-Gê
  • Karirí
Language codes
ISO 639-3kzw
Glottologkari1254  Kariri

History

After the Dutch were expelled from Northeast Brazil in the 17th century, Portuguese settlers rapidly colonized the region, forcing Kariri speakers to become widely dispersed due to forced migrations and resettlement. Hence, Kariri languages became scattered across Paraíba, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, and other states.[1]

Languages

The four known Kariri languages are:

There are short grammatical descriptions of Kipeá and Dzubukuá, and word lists for Kamurú and Sabujá. Ribeiro established through morphological analysis that Kariri is likely to be related to the Jê languages.

Mason (1950) lists:[2]

Varieties

Map of traditional Kariri territory

Below is a full list of Kiriri languages and dialects listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[3]

  • Kariri / Quipea / Cariri - originally spoken in the Serra dos Velhos, Paraíba state, later at the old missions of Missão Velha, Missão Nova, Milagres, Crato, and others, in the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco and Ceará. Now entirely extinct, and the survivors speak only Portuguese.
  • Kiriri / Dzubucua / Quiriri - extinct language once spoken on the islands of the São Francisco River near Cabrobó, Pernambuco. Now extinct, and the last survivors spoke only Portuguese.
  • Sapuyá / Sabuya - extinct language originally spoken in the Serra Chapada, later in Caranguejo, Bahia
  • Kamurú - originally spoken on the Pardo River and in Pedra Branca; the last survivors on the Gongogi River spoke only Portuguese.
Unattested varieties

Tumbalalá, now extinct, is an unattested and unclassified language, but words for Tumbalalá ritual objects used in their traditional toré religion appear to be of Kariri origin, namely pujá, kwaqui, and cataioba.[4]

Other languages called 'Kariri'

Indigenous peoples of Ceará, 2008
Indigenous peoples of Alagoas and Sergipe

The names Kariri and Kiriri were applied to many peoples over a wide area in the east of Brazil, in the lower and middle São Francisco River area and further north. Most of their now-extinct languages are too poorly known to classify, but what is recorded does not suggest that they were all members of the Kariri family. Examples are:

Other nearby language isolates and language families:[5]

The Maxakalían, Krenák (Botocudo, Aimoré), and Purían families, which are probable Macro-Jê languages, are spoken further to the south in Espirito Santo and Minas Gerais states.

Language contact

Ramirez et al. (2015) notes that Kariri languages display some lexical similarities with Cariban languages. Similarities with Katembri (also known as Kariri of Mirandela or Kaimbé) may be due to either a Kariri superstratum or substratum in Katembri.[1]

Syntax

Unlike most Macro-Jê languages which are SOV, Karirí languages are verb-initial and make use of prepositions.[6]

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Kariri languages.[3]

glossQuipeaDzubucuaSapuyaKamurú
ear beñebeñépenixbenyen
tooth dzadzazah
tongue nunununúnunünunuh
hand amísamusangmusoémusang
water dzuisúdzúdzu
stone krokrokro
sun ukieuxeuchéuchih
moon kayakukayakúgayakúgayakúh
star batibathübathübatthüh
tree bewótsitsui
tobacco badzepaewipoyú
pot ruñu

Kiriri word list recorded by Wilbur Pickering in 1961 from João Manoel Domingo of Mirandela, Banzaê, Bahia:[5]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Kiriri
águawatersoˈdε̨
barrigabellymudu
cabeçaheadkʌ̨sʌˈbu
cachorrodogpoiˈo
carne de boibeefkřaˈzɔ
casahomekɔkɔtataˈpʌ̨ιnˈtεu
cobrasnakeˈuʌ̨ŋgiu
dentesteethuiˈsa
fogofireřuˈɔ infɔiŋkiřiři
fumosmokeboˈze
línguatongueˈtʌ̨naˈdu
mandiocacassavatokyʌ̨
milhocornpaiˈ hεkinikři
milho verdegreen cornniˈkři
mulherwomantʌ̨nʌˈzu
nariznoselʌmbiˈzu
olhoseyesuˈipɔ
onçajaguarkosoˈbu inšiˈato
orelhasearskombεˈñuy
papagaioparrotɔřoɔ
pertonearkřaˈbo
pésfootbʌbεiˈu
salsaltˈįñʌ̨ñį
solsunbuˈzofɔˈši
sujodirtyikřε
velhooldšiˈbɔ
abóborapumpkinkřuñaˈvɔ
(está) alegre(be) happysιsιˈkři
andar no matogo into the bushdořoˈřo
ave (arapuá)type of birdkakiki
ave (inambu)tinamouhoiˈpa
batatapotatobřuziˈřundada
bater (?)hit (?)dɔˈpɔ
brancowhiteˈkařai
cachimbosmoking pipepaˈu
camaleãochameleonbodoˈyo
carregadoloadedpεdiˈpi
cavalohorsekabaˈřu
comida gostosadelicious foodduˈhε
coxathighˈkokulˈdu
criaçãocreationbuzuřu
cutiaagoutifoiˈpřu
dedosfingerspoˈmɔdoˈi
deusGodtuˈpo
dinheiromoneykεiˈu
emarheabuˈʌ̨
faca (arco?)knife (bow?)uˈza
feijãobeanbřuˈzohɔˈši
um tipo de frutaa type of fruitcom
miolocorekɔˈpε
gatocatpʌñ̨ ɔ ̨
índioIndianʌ̨ˈį
jabutired-footed tortoise or
yellow-footed tortoise
samˈbo
jacu (ave)jacu (Penelope bird)kakika
joelhokneekɔkabεkε
maltrapilhoperson wearing shabby clotheshundiřɔ
mancolameuʌnˈtyɔ
melãomelonpřεˈzεnuda
mentiralie (not truth)zoˈpřε
muita gentemany peopledodoˈši
muito obrigadoThank you very much.buřεˈdu poio
mulher bonitabeautiful womankařabuˈšε
pebadrinkbεˈřɔ
peneirarsiftkoha
pessoa amarelayellow personkřuaˈřʌ̨
pessoa vermelhared personbεřoˈhε
pestanaeyelashpʌ̨nadu
pretoblackšεŋˈgε
quadrilhipkaiuˈε
quaticoatiˈbizaui
quentehotdaˈsả
raposafoxiaˈka
rasoshallowˈtařořo
sacolabagdoˈbε
senesenilebɔdɔkɔpři
surdodeafˈbεñamu
tamanduátamanduaiaˈzu
tatuarmadilloˈbuzuku
urubuvultureˈkikɔ
veadodeerbuko
verdadetruthfiˈzo
à vontademake yourself at homenεˈta
(está) zangado(be) angrypɔkεˈdε

Loanwords

Eastern Macro-Jê loanwords in Kariri languages:[7]

glossKipeáDzubukuáother languages
beansghinhéguenhiegiñá (Kotoxó)
hammockpitépittapita (Coroado)
Black persongoráengorá (Krenák)
swamp, marshpôhôpohok (Maxakalí)
cow, cattlecradzócradzokrazo ‘tapir’ (Masakará)
tobaccobadzébadzebosé ‘tobacco pipe’ (Coroado)

Tupinambá loanwords in Kariri languages:[7]

glossKipeáDzubukuáTupinambáother Eastern Macro-Jê languages
needleawíabiMaxakalí ãmix
bananabacobápacovaCoroado bacóba
White personcaraícaraicaraíbaIatê klai, Krenák krai
boxcramemúcaramẽmuã
domestic pigcurécurêKrenák kurek
pumpkinerumújurumũ, jeremũPurí šurumúm ‘potato’
breadmiapémiapé
beadsmyghýmuihimboýra
oilnhendínianddinhandy
benchpycáapycába
chicken, hensabucádapuca(güyra)ssapucáia
Black persontapanhútapwinhiutapyyiúnaCoroado tabañiú, Makoni tapagnon, Malalí tapagnon
Black persontapyýiaIatê tupia
hoetasíitassýraMaxakalí taxunna
moneytayútayuitajúbaMaxakalí tayũmak
GodtupãtupamtupãMaxakalí topa, Krenák kupan, Coroado tupan
priestwarépadzuareabaréMaxakalí ãmãnex, Macuni amattèih, Coroado uáre, Masakará ampari
mirrorwaruáguaruguá
sugarcane millwirapararãybyrapararánga
firearmmbocabaCoroado bokawa
manioc tortillambejuCoroado bišu ‘manioc’
cow, cattletapiiraCoroado tapira, Malalí tapiet
maizeabatiKrenák javati
demonanhanga, anhangüeraCoroado nhawuera
dogjaguaraCoroado džoàra

Portuguese loanwords in Kariri languages borrowed via Tupinambá and other intermediate sources:[7]

glossKipeáDzubukuáPossible intermediate sourcesPortugueseother Macro-Jê languages
goatcabarácabaracabará (Tupinambá)cabra
horsecabarúcavarú (Tupinambá)cavaloCoroado kawarú, Cotoxó cavaró
crosscrusácrudzácurussá (Tupinambá)cruzIatê klusa
devilnhewóniẽwoniñavoo (Kapoxó)diabo
paperpaperapapelIatê wapela, Coroado tapera

Further reading

  • Rodrigues, A. D. (1942). O Artigo Definido e os Numerais na Língua Kiriri. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense, 2:179-212.

References

  1. Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
  2. Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  3. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  4. "Tumbalalá". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  5. Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
  6. Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail. On the inclusion of the Karirí family in the Macro-Jê stock: additional evidence. Paper presented at SSILA 2011 (Pittsburgh), January 7, 2011.
  7. Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail (2010). "Tapuya connections: language contact in eastern Brazil". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 9 (1): 61–76. doi:10.20396/liames.v9i1.1463. ISSN 2177-7160.

Notes

  • Ribeiro, Eduardo. (2002) 'O marcador de posse alienavel em Kariri: um morfema macro-je revisitado'. Revista Liames, 2: 31-48.
  • Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KARIRI

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