Yatonmilk

Yatonmilk (Phoenician: 𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤌𐤋𐤊‎, YTNMLK, Romanized also as Yatanmilk, Yaton Milk, Yatan-Milk) was a Phoenician King of Sidon (c. 515–486 BC), and a vassal to the Achaemenid king of kings Darius I.[2][3]

Yatonmilk
Reignc. 515 BC – c. 486 BC
PredecessorBodashtart
SuccessorAnysos
Burial
Unidentified
Phoenician language𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤌𐤋𐤊‎‎
DynastyEshmunazar I dynasty
ReligionCanaanite polytheism
Phoenician writing from right to left. First line reads: Mēm Lāmedh Kaph Bēth Dāleth ʼAyin Šin Tāw Rēš Tāw Nun Bēth Nun ṣādē Dāleth Qōph Yōdh Tāw Nun Mēm Lāmedh Kaph Mēm Lāmedh Kaph ṣādē Dāleth Nun Mēm. Second line reads: Bēth Nun Bēth Nun Mēm Lāmedh Kaph ʼĀleph Šin Mēm Nun ʼAyin Zayin Rēš Mēm Lāmedh Kaph ṣādē Dāleth Nun Mēm ʼĀleph Yōdh Tāw Hē Bēth Tāw Zayin. Third line reads: Bēth Nun Lāmedh ʼĀleph Lāmedh Yōdh Lāmedh ʼĀleph Šin Mēm Nun Šin Rēš Qōph Dāleth Šin
Phoenician Bodashtart inscription, known as "Contenau I" inscription, found on the Temple of Eshmun's podium. Bustan el-Sheikh, Sidon, 6th century BC. The inscription was published in 1920 and left in situ at the Temple of Eshmun.[1]

Etymology

The Romanized form Yatonmilk comes from the Phoenician 𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤌𐤋𐤊‎ (YTNMLK), meaning "the king gives" from 𐤉𐤕𐤍 (Yaton, "to give") and 𐤌𐤋𐤊 (Milk, "king").[4][5] Semitist and biblical scholar Marvin Pope posited that the epithet mlk may be an abbreviation of the name of the Phoenician god Melkart (melk-qart) which means "king of the city".[6]

Epigraphic sources

Yatonmilk's name was attested on many building stone-incised dedications dubbed the Bodashtart inscriptions that were found at the Temple of Eshmun in the hinterland of the city of Sidon in Lebanon. Despite being mentioned in the inscriptions, nothing is known about his reign due to the lack of further material or epigraphic evidence.[7][8]

Bodashtart, Yatonmilk's father who is dubbed the 'builder king', carried out an extensive expansion and restoration project of the Temple of Eshmun; he left more than thirty dedicatory inscriptions at the temple site.[9] The first phase of the works involved adding a second podium at the base of the temple.[9] During this construction phase inscriptions were carved on the added podium's foundation stones around 530 BC, these inscriptions, known as KAI 15, do not mention Yatonmilk.[10][11] A second set of inscriptions (KAI 16) were placed on restoration ashlar stones; these stones mention Yatonmilk and emphasize his legitimacy as heir, associate him with the reign of his father,[lower-alpha 1][10][11] and assign a share of credit to Yatonmilk for the construction project.[12] One example of the Bodashtart's inscriptions reads: "The king Bodashtart and his legitimate heir Yatonmilk, king of the Sidonians, grandson of king Eshmunazar, king of the Sidonians, built this temple to his god Eshmun, the Sacred Prince".[13] Another translation reads: "King Bodashtort, and his pious son (or legitimate successor), Yatonmilk, king of the Sidonians, descendants (bn bn) of King Eshmunazor, king of the Sidonians, this house he built to his god, to Eshmun, lord/god of the sanctuary."[14]

Some scholars misidentified Yatonmilk as the father of Bodashtart;[15] this was successfully contested by later epigraphists.[13][16][17]

Genealogy

Yatonmilk was a descendant of Eshmunazar I's dynasty. Eshmunazar's heir was his son Tabnit, who fathered Eshmunazar II from his sister Amoashtart. Tabnit died before the birth of Eshmunazar II, and Amoashtart ruled in the interlude until the birth of her son, then was co-regent until he reached adulthood. Bodashtart was the nephew of Tabnit and Amoashtart and acceded to the throne after the death of Eshmunazar II at the young age of fourteen.[9][18][19] Yatonmilk is the son of Bodashtart.[20][17][13]

Eshmunazar I dynasty
Eshmunazar I
TabnitAmoashtart?
Eshmunazar IIBodashtart
Yatonmilk

See also
  • King of Sidon – A list of the ancient rulers of the city of Sidon

Notes
  1. Yatonmilk is styled by Bodashtart as BN ṢDQ, meaning "true son" or "pious son".[9]

References
  1. Conteneau 1924, p. 16.
  2. Leveque, Francis (2010-05-29). "Sidon au Ier millénaire av. J.-C". marine-antique.net (in French). Archived from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  3. Elayi 2006, p. 31.
  4. Amadasi Guzzo 2015, p. 338.
  5. Benz 1972, p. 329.
  6. Pope 1955, p. 25–27.
  7. Elayi 2018, p. 234.
  8. Kelly 1987, p. 52.
  9. Elayi 2006, p. 5.
  10. Elayi 2006, p. 7.
  11. Xella & López 2005, p. 119.
  12. Halpern 2016, p. 19.
  13. Xella & López 2005, p. 121.
  14. Halpern 2016, p. 20.
  15. Bordreuil & Gubel 1990, p. 496.
  16. Elayi 2006, p. 5,7.
  17. Bonnet 1995, p. 216.
  18. Lipiński 1995, pp. 135–451.
  19. Gibson 1982, p. 105.
  20. Elayi 2006, pp. 5, 7.

Bibliography
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