Zirconium carbide

Zirconium carbide
Names
	Other names Zirconium(I) carbide
Identifiers
CAS Number	12070-14-3 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.031.920
EC Number	235-125-1;
PubChem CID	11159298;
RTECS number	ZH7155000;
UN number	3178
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID60912099 ;
Properties
Chemical formula	ZrC
Molar mass	103.235 g·mol−1
Appearance	Gray refractory solid
Odor	Odorless
Density	6.73 g/cm3 (24 °C)[1]
Melting point	3,532–3,540 °C (6,390–6,404 °F; 3,805–3,813 K)[1][2]
Boiling point	5,100 °C (9,210 °F; 5,370 K)[2]
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Solubility	Soluble in concentrated H2SO4, HF,[1] HNO3
Structure
Crystal structure	Cubic, cF8[3]
Space group	Fm3m, No. 225[3]
Lattice constant	a = 4.6976(4) Å[3] α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
Coordination geometry	Octahedral[3]
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	37.442 J/mol·K[4]
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	33.14 J/mol·K[4]
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−207 kJ/mol (extrapolated to stoichiometric composition)[5]; −196.65 kJ/mol[4]
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Pyrophoric
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms	[6]
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H228, H302, H312, H332[6]
Precautionary statements	P210, P280[6]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	0 0 0
Related compounds
Other anions	Zirconium nitride; Zirconium oxide
Other cations	Titanium carbide; Hafnium carbide; Vanadium carbide; Niobium carbide; Tantalum carbide; Chromium carbide; Molybdenum carbide; Tungsten carbide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Zirconium carbide (Zr C) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material,[7] commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. It is usually processed by sintering.

Properties

Thermal expansion coefficients of ZrC[2]
T	α_V
100 °C	0.141
200 °C	0.326
400 °C	0.711
800 °C	1.509
1200 °C	2.344

It appears as a gray metallic powder with cubic crystal structure. It is highly corrosion resistant. This Group IV interstitial transition-metal carbide is also a member of ultra high temperature ceramics or (UHTC). Due to the presence of metallic bonding, ZrC has a thermal conductivity of 20.5 W/m·K and an electrical conductivity (resistivity ~43 μΩ·cm), both of which are similar to that for zirconium metal. The strong covalent Zr-C bond gives this material a very high melting point (~3530 °C), high modulus (~440 GPa) and hardness (25 GPa). ZrC has a lower density (6.73 g/cm³) compared to other carbides like WC (15.8 g/cm³), TaC (14.5 g/cm³) or HfC (12.67 g/cm³). ZrC seems suitable for use in re-entry vehicles, rocket/scramjet engines or supersonic vehicles in which low densities and high temperatures load-bearing capabilities are crucial requirements.

Like most carbides of refractory metals, zirconium carbide is sub-stoichiometric, i.e., it contains carbon vacancies. At carbon contents higher than approximately ZrC_0.98 the material contains free carbon.[5] ZrC is stable for a carbon-to-metal ratio ranging from 0.65 to 0.98.

The group IVA metal carbides, TiC, ZrC, and SiC are practically inert toward attack by strong aqueous acids (HCl) and strong aqueous bases (NaOH) even at 100' C, however, ZrC does react with HF.

The mixture of zirconium carbide and tantalum carbide is an important cermet material.

Uses

Hafnium-free zirconium carbide and niobium carbide can be used as refractory coatings in nuclear reactors. Because of a low neutron absorption cross-section and weak damage sensitivity under irradiation, it finds use as the coating of uranium dioxide and thorium dioxide particles of nuclear fuel. The coating is usually deposited by thermal chemical vapor deposition in a fluidized bed reactor. It also has high emissivity and high current capacity at elevated temperatures rendering it as a promising material for use in thermo-photovoltaic radiators and field emitter tips and arrays.

It is also used as an abrasive, in cladding, in cermets, incandescent filaments and cutting tools.

Production

Zirconium carbide can be fabricated in several ways. One method is carbothermic reaction of zirconia by graphite. This results in a powder. Densified ZrC can then be made by sintering the powder of ZrC at upwards of 2000 °C. Hot pressing of ZrC can bring down the sintering temperature and consequently helps in producing fine grained fully densified ZrC. Spark plasma sintering also has been used to produce fully densified ZrC.[8]

Zirconium carbide can also be fabricated by solution based processing.[9] This is achieved by refluxing a metal oxide with acetylacetone.

Another method of fabrication is chemical vapour deposition.[10] This is achieved by heating a zirconium sponge and parsing halide gas through it.

Poor oxidation resistance over 800 °C limits the applications of ZrC. One way to improve the oxidation resistance of ZrC is to make composites. Important composites proposed are ZrC-ZrB₂ and ZrC-ZrB₂-SiC composite. These composites can work up to 1800 °C. Another method to improve this is to use another material as a barrier layer such as in TRISO fuel particles.

References

Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
Perry, Dale L. (2011). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 472. ISBN 978-1-4398-1461-1.
Kempter, C. P.; Fries, R. J. (1960). "Crystallographic Data. 189. Zirconium Carbide". Analytical Chemistry. 32 (4): 570. doi:10.1021/ac60160a042.
Zirconium carbide in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) (retrieved 2014-06-30)
Baker, F. B.; Storms, E. K.; Holley, C. E. (1969). "Enthalpy of formation of zirconium carbide". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 14 (2): 244. doi:10.1021/je60041a034.
Sigma-Aldrich Co., Zirconium(IV) carbide. Retrieved on 2014-06-30.
Measurement and theory of the hardness of transition- metal carbides , especially tantalum carbide. Schwab, G. M.; Krebs, A. Phys.-Chem. Inst., Univ. Muenchen, Munich, Fed. Rep. Ger. Planseeberichte fuer Pulvermetallurgie (1971), 19(2), 91-110
Wei, Xialu; Back, Christina; Izhvanov, Oleg; Haines, Christopher; Olevsky, Eugene (2016). "Zirconium Carbide Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering and Hot Pressing: Densification Kinetics, Grain Growth, and Thermal Properties". Materials. 9 (7): 577. Bibcode:2016Mate....9..577W. doi:10.3390/ma9070577. PMC 5456903. PMID 28773697.
Sacks, Michael D.; Wang, Chang-An; Yang, Zhaohui; Jain, Anubhav (2004). "Carbothermal reduction synthesis of nanocrystalline zirconium carbide and hafnium carbide powders using solution-derived precursors". Journal of Materials Science. 39 (19): 6057–6066. Bibcode:2004JMatS..39.6057S. doi:10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041702.76858.a7. S2CID 94979802.
Yiguang Wang; Qiaomu Liu; Jinling Liu; Litong Zhang; Laifei Cheng (January 2008). "Deposition Mechanism for Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zirconium Carbide Coatings". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 91 (4): 1249–1252. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02253.x. Retrieved 2021-12-27.

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[crc-1] Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.

[hicse-2] Perry, Dale L. (2011). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 472. ISBN 978-1-4398-1461-1.

[acs-3] Kempter, C. P.; Fries, R. J. (1960). "Crystallographic Data. 189. Zirconium Carbide". Analytical Chemistry. 32 (4): 570. doi:10.1021/ac60160a042.

[nist-4] Zirconium carbide in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) (retrieved 2014-06-30)

[baker-5] Baker, F. B.; Storms, E. K.; Holley, C. E. (1969). "Enthalpy of formation of zirconium carbide". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 14 (2): 244. doi:10.1021/je60041a034.

[sigma-6] Sigma-Aldrich Co., Zirconium(IV) carbide. Retrieved on 2014-06-30.

[7] Measurement and theory of the hardness of transition- metal carbides , especially tantalum carbide. Schwab, G. M.; Krebs, A. Phys.-Chem. Inst., Univ. Muenchen, Munich, Fed. Rep. Ger. Planseeberichte fuer Pulvermetallurgie (1971), 19(2), 91-110

[8] Wei, Xialu; Back, Christina; Izhvanov, Oleg; Haines, Christopher; Olevsky, Eugene (2016). "Zirconium Carbide Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering and Hot Pressing: Densification Kinetics, Grain Growth, and Thermal Properties". Materials. 9 (7): 577. Bibcode:2016Mate....9..577W. doi:10.3390/ma9070577. PMC 5456903. PMID 28773697.

[9] Sacks, Michael D.; Wang, Chang-An; Yang, Zhaohui; Jain, Anubhav (2004). "Carbothermal reduction synthesis of nanocrystalline zirconium carbide and hafnium carbide powders using solution-derived precursors". Journal of Materials Science. 39 (19): 6057–6066. Bibcode:2004JMatS..39.6057S. doi:10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041702.76858.a7. S2CID 94979802.

[10] Yiguang Wang; Qiaomu Liu; Jinling Liu; Litong Zhang; Laifei Cheng (January 2008). "Deposition Mechanism for Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zirconium Carbide Coatings". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 91 (4): 1249–1252. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02253.x. Retrieved 2021-12-27.