Monadofilosa

Monadofilosa
	Cercomonas
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Chromista
Phylum:	Cercozoa
Clade:	Filosa
Subphylum:	Monadofilosa; Cavalier-Smith, 1997
Classes
	Metromonadea; Helkesea; Sarcomonadea (paraphyletic); Thecofilosea;

Monadofilosa is a grouping of Cercozoa.[1] (It is sometimes considered one of three, the other two being Phytomyxa and Reticulofilosa.) These organisms are single-celled amoeboid protists.

Classification

Monadofilosa includes the testaceans, which are testate filose amoeboids, and the cercomonads.

It is sometimes described as Testaceafilosia and Sarcomonadea.[2]

It has also been described as Sarcomonadea (Cercomonas, Heteromita, Bodomorpha, Proleptomonas, Allantion), Thecofilosea (Cryptodifflugia, Cryothecomonas), Spongomonadea (Spongomonas, Rhipidodendron), and Imbricatea (Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix, Allas, Gyromitus, Euglypha, Trinema, Paulinella).[3]

The testaceans live both in marine and freshwater habitats, and in mosses. Members include Lecythium, Pseudodifflugia, Euglypha (a euglyphid), and Paulinella chromatophora.
Cercomonads are flagellates that glide on their posterior cilium and/or generate filopodia. Members of this group contain Cryothecomonas, Thaumatomonas, which is covered with siliceous scales, and Cercomonas, which is naked. Cercomonas contains several species that show exhibit amoeboid movement, such as the testate amoeba Cyphoderia, and the flagellate Cryothecomonas.

Monadofilosa is sometimes treated as a superclass rather than a subphylum.

Sainouron has been grouped in Monadofilosa.[4]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny based on Bass et al. 2009,[5] Howe et al. 2011[6] and Bass et al. 2016.[7]

Metromonadea

	Metopiida

	Metromonadida

Cercomonadida

	Glissomonadida

	Pansomonadida

Ventrifilosa

Thecofilosea

Tectosia

Tectofilosida

Phaeodaria

	Eodarida

	Opaloconchida

Eothecia

Cryomonadida

Matazida

	Botuliformidae

	Ebriida

Silicofilosea

Placoperla

Perlatia

	Perlofilida

	Spongomonadida

Placofila

	Rotosphaerida

	Thaumatomonadida

Placonuda

Discocelida

Discomonadida

Euglyphida

Nudisarca

	Variglissida

	Marimonadida

Sarcomonadea
(paraphyletic)

Taxonomy

Infraphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012 [Eoglissa Cavalier-Smiths 2012][8]
- Family ?Katabiidae Cavalier-Smith 2012
- Order ?Pseudodimorphida
- Order Cercomonadida Poche 1913 emend. Karpov et al. 2006
- Class Helkesea Cavalier-Smith 2017
  - Order Ventricleftida Cavalier-Smith 2011
  - Order Helkesida Cavalier-Smith 2017 [Sainourida]
- Class Metromonadea Cavalier-Smith 2007
  - Order Metromonadida Bass & Cavalier-Smith 2004 emend. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012
  - Order Metopiida Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Clade Glissomonadida-Pansomonadida
  - Order Pseudosporida Hibberd 1983 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993
  - Order Dimorphida Siemensma 1991 [Endonucleoplastiales]
  - Order Glissomonadida Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2009 emend. Hess et al. 2013
  - Order Pansomonadida Vickerman 2005
- Superclass Ventrifilosa Cavalier-Smith 2012
  - Class Thecofilosea Cavalier-Smith 2003 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2011 [Tripylea Hertwig 1879]
    - Order ?Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988
    - Subclass Eothecia Cavalier-Smith 2012
      - Family ?Botuliformidae
      - Order Matazida Cavalier-Smith 2012
      - Order Ebriida Poche [Ebriales Honigsberg 1964; Stereotestales]
      - Order Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Cryothecomonadida]
    - Subclass Tectosia Cavalier-Smith 2012
      - Order Tectofilosida Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2003
      - Infraclass Phaeodaria Haeckel 1879 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012
        Order Eodarida Cavalier-Smith 2012
        
        Order Opaloconchida Cavalier-Smith 2012
  - Class Silicofilosea Adl et al. 2005 emend. Adl et al. 2012 [Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith 2011]
    - Subclass Placoperla Cavalier-Smith 2012
      - Superorder Perlatia Cavalier-Smith 2012
        Order Perlofilida Cavalier-Smith 2012
        
        Order Spongomonadida Hibberd 1983 emend. Karpov 1990
      - Superorder Placofila Cavalier-Smith 2012
        Order Zoelucasida Cavalier-Smith 2014
        
        Order Rotosphaerida Rainer 1968
        
        Order Thaumatomonadida Shirkina 1987
    - Subclass Placonuda Cavalier-Smith 2012
      - Order ?Discocelida Cavalier-Smith 1997
      - Order ?Discomonadida Cavalier-Smith 2014
      - Superorder Euglyphia Cavalier-Smith 2012
        Order Euglyphida Copeland 1956 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997 [Euglyphina Bovee 1985]
      - Superorder Nudisarca Cavalier-Smith 2012
        Order Variglissida Cavalier-Smith 2014 [Clautriaviida; Nudifilida]
        
        Order Marimonadida Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2011 [Auranticordida]

References

Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (October 2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112. PMID 14658494.
Wylezich C, Meisterfeld R, Meisterfeld S, Schlegel M (2002). "Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions reveal a monophyletic lineage of euglyphid testate amoebae (Order Euglyphida)". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49 (2): 108–18. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00352.x. PMID 12043958. S2CID 33818305.
"www.nies.go.jp". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Cavalier-Smith T, Lewis R, Chao EE, Oates B, Bass D (October 2008). "Morphology and phylogeny of Sainouron acronematica sp. n. and the ultrastructural unity of Cercozoa". Protist. 159 (4): 591–620. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.04.002. PMID 18583188.
Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, et al. (February 2009). "Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. PMID 18952499.
Howe; et al. (2011), "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia", Protist, 162 (2): 332–372, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002, PMID 21295519
Bass, et al. (2016). "Coprophilic amoebae and flagellates, including Guttulinopsis, Rosculus and Helkesimastix, characterise a divergent and diverse rhizarian radiation and contribute to a large diversity of faecal-associated protists". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (5): 1604–1619. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13235. PMID 26914587.
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.

External links

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[pmid14658494-1] Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (October 2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112. PMID 14658494.

[pmid12043958-2] Wylezich C, Meisterfeld R, Meisterfeld S, Schlegel M (2002). "Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions reveal a monophyletic lineage of euglyphid testate amoebae (Order Euglyphida)". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49 (2): 108–18. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00352.x. PMID 12043958. S2CID 33818305.

[urlwww.nies.go.jp-3] "www.nies.go.jp". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-06-26.

[pmid18583188-4] Cavalier-Smith T, Lewis R, Chao EE, Oates B, Bass D (October 2008). "Morphology and phylogeny of Sainouron acronematica sp. n. and the ultrastructural unity of Cercozoa". Protist. 159 (4): 591–620. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.04.002. PMID 18583188.

[pmid18952499-5] Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, et al. (February 2009). "Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. PMID 18952499.

[Howe-6] Howe; et al. (2011), "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia", Protist, 162 (2): 332–372, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002, PMID 21295519

[7] Bass, et al. (2016). "Coprophilic amoebae and flagellates, including Guttulinopsis, Rosculus and Helkesimastix, characterise a divergent and diverse rhizarian radiation and contribute to a large diversity of faecal-associated protists". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (5): 1604–1619. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13235. PMID 26914587.

[Cavalier-Smith_2017-8] Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.