TACK

TACK is a group of archaea acronym for Thaumarchaeota (now Nitrososphaerota), Aigarchaeota, Crenarchaeota (now Thermoproteota), and Korarchaeota, the first groups discovered. They are found in different environments ranging from acidophilic thermophiles to mesophiles and psychrophiles and with different types of metabolism, predominantly anaerobic and chemosynthetic.[4] TACK is a clade that is close to the branch that gave rise to the eukaryotes. It has been proposed that the TACK clade be classified as Crenarchaeota and that the traditional "Crenarchaeota" (Thermoproteota) be classified as a class called "Sulfolobia", along with the other phyla with class rank or order.[5]

TACK
Sulfolobus
Scientific classification
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Proteoarchaeota
Superphylum: TACK group
Guy & Ettema 2011
Phyla[1]
Synonyms
  • Crenarchaeota Garrity & Holt 2002
  • "Eocyta" Lake et al. 1984[2][3]
  • "Filarchaeota" Cavalier-Smith 2014

Classification
  • Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). It is the best known edge and the most abundant archaea in the marine ecosystem. They were previously called sulfobacteria because of their dependence on sulfur and are important as carbon fixers. There are hyperthermophiles in hydrothermal vents and other groups are the most abundant at depths of less than 100 m.
  • "Aigarchaeota". It is a phylum proposed from the genome of the candidate species Caldiarchaeum subterraneum found deep within a gold mine in Japan. Genomic sequences of this group have also been found in geothermal environments, both terrestrial and marine.
  • "Geoarchaeota". It includes thermophilic organisms that live in acidic environments reducing ferric iron. Alternatively it has been proposed that this and earlier group actually belong to the phylum Nitrososphaerota.
  • Nitrososphaerota (formerly Thaumarchaeota). It includes mesophilic or psychrophilic organisms (medium and low temperatures), of ammonia-oxidant chemolytoautotrophic metabolism (nitrifying) and that can play an important role in biochemical cycles, such as the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
  • "Bathyarchaeota". It is abundant in the sediments of the seabed with a shortage of nutrients. At least some lineages develop through homoacetogenesis, a type of metabolism hitherto thought unique to bacteria.
  • "Korarchaeota". They have only been found in hydrothermal environments and in low abundance. They seem diversified at different phylogenetic levels according to temperature, salinity (fresh or marine water) and geography.

Phylogeny

The relationships are roughly as follows:

McKay et al. 2019[6] 53 marker proteins based GTDB 07-RS207[7][8][9]
TACK
 
 

"Korarchaeota"

 
 
 

"Bathyarchaeota"

 
 
 

"Aigarchaeota"

 
 

Nitrososphaerota

 
 
 
 
 
 

"Verstraetearchaeota"

 
 
 

Thermoproteota

 
 
 

"Geoarchaeota"

 
 

"Marsarchaeota"

 
 
 
 
 
"TACK"
"Thermoproteota"
"Korarchaeia"

"Korarchaeales"

 
 
"BAT"
 

"Bathyarchaeia" (MCG)

 
 
Nitrososphaeria_A

"Caldarchaeales"

("Aigarchaeota")
Nitrososphaeria
 

"Geothermarchaeales"

 
 
 

Conexivisphaerales

 
 

Nitrososphaerales (Thaumarchaeota)

 
 
 
 
 
"Sulfobacteria"
"Methanomethylicia"

"Methanomethylicales"

("Verstraetearchaeota")
"Thermoproteia"
 
 

"Gearchaeales"

 
 
 

"Thermofilales"

 
 

Thermoproteales

 
 
 
 
 

"Marsarchaeales"

 
 

Sulfolobales

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Eocyte hypothesis[10]

Eocyte hypothesis

The eocyte hypothesis proposed in the 1980s by James Lake suggests that eukaryotes emerged within the prokaryotic eocytes.[11]

One possible piece of evidence supporting a close relationship between TACK and eukaryotes is the presence of a homolog of the RNA polymerase subunit Rbp-8 in Thermoproteota but not in Euryarchaea[12]

See also

References
  1. Castelle CJ, Banfield JF. (2018). "Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life". Cell. 172 (6): 1181–1197. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.016. PMID 29522741.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. Lake JA, Henderson E, Oakes M, Clark MW. (1984). "Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes". PNAS. 81 (12): 3786–3790. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786.
  3. Lake JA. (2015). "Eukaryotic origins". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 370 (1678): 20140321. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0321. PMC 4571561. PMID 26323753.
  4. Guy & Ettema 2011, The archaeal 'TACK' superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends Microbiol. 2011 Dec;19(12):580-7. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
  5. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E-Yung (2020). "Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (Eukaryotes, archaebacteria)". Protoplasma. 257 (3): 621–753. doi:10.1007/s00709-019-01442-7. PMC 7203096. PMID 31900730.
  6. McKay, L.J., Dlakić, M., Fields, M.W. et al. Co-occurring genomic capacity for anaerobic methane and dissimilatory sulfur metabolisms discovered in the Korarchaeota. Nat Microbiol 4, 614–622 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0362-4
  7. "GTDB release 07-RS207". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  8. "ar53_r207.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  9. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  10. Cox, C. J.; Foster, P. G.; Hirt, R. P.; Harris, S. R.; Embley, T. M. (2008). "The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105 (51): 20356–61. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520356C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810647105. PMC 2629343. PMID 19073919.
  11. (UCLA) The origin of the nucleus and the tree of life Archived 2003-02-07 at archive.today
  12. Kwapisz, M; Beckouët, F; Thuriaux, P (2008). "Early evolution of eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases". Trends Genet. 24 (5): 211–5. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.02.002. PMID 18384908.
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