Fever hospital

A fever hospital or isolation hospital is a hospital for infectious diseases such as scarlet fever and smallpox. Their purpose is to treat affected people while isolating them from the general population. Early examples included the Liverpool Fever Hospital (1801) and the London Fever Hospital (1802).[1]: 13  other examples occurred elsewhere in the British Isles and India

The London Fever Hospital
Smallpox hospital ships moored at Long Reach. They are (L–R) Atlas, Endymion and Castalia. The latter had two hulls on which hospital buildings were constructed.

The hospitals became common in England when laws were passed at the end of the 19th century, requiring notification of infectious diseases so that public health officers could ensure that the patients were isolated. During the 20th century, immunisation and antibiotics reduced the impact of these diseases.[2] After the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948, the hospitals were wound down so that, by 1968, there were few left.[1]: 27 

The concept of a hospital dedicated to isolation and care during an outbreak of an infectious disease remains relevant in the 21st century, to the extent that public health efforts cannot reduce the risk of outbreaks to zero (although they remain critical, and more than pay for themselves, by reducing the risks to low non-zero levels). The COVID-19 pandemic has provided examples of temporary dedicated hospitals or (especially) hospital wings or annexes (for example, COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom), sometimes known as fever clinics.[3]

England and Wales

The first hospital specifically for smallpox was the London Smallpox Hospital, founded in 1741. The first specialist hospital for other infectious diseases was the Liverpool Fever Hospital which was founded in 1801. Fever hospitals or "houses of recovery" were then established in other major cities – Chester, Hull, London, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne and Norwich. These were mainly for treatment of typhus which was common.[4] By 1879, isolation hospitals of some sort were established in 296 local authorities, out of a total of 1,593 – about 18.5%. As the germ theory of disease and nature of infection became established, more fever hospitals were established so that, by 1914, they were the most common sort of hospital.[1]: 20  The numbers and size of the different sort of institutions at that time were[1]: 20 

InstitutionAverage size (beds)Number in England and Wales
Fever hospital41755
Poor Law infirmary134700
General hospital53594
Smallpox hospital22363
Specialist hospital62222

After the London Fever Hospital was established in 1802, six more hospitals were established in London by the Metropolitan Asylums Board. These were designed with two separate buildings – one for smallpox patients and one for sufferers from other infectious diseases: cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, measles, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, typhus and whooping cough.[5]: 23 

In London, there were protests and legal action against fever hospitals by local residents who were concerned about the risk of infection. Precautions were taken, such as disinfection of ambulances, but it was found that the incidence of smallpox increased near smallpox hospitals. Siting of the hospitals next to rivers, so that transport of patients could be limited to ambulance steamers was found to reduce this. Ships, moored on the Thames at Long Reach, were also used as isolation hospitals.[6]

Notification

The Infectious Disease (Notification) Act 1889 required that local authorities be notified of the occurrence of such infectious diseases. The medical officer of health was then empowered to isolate the patients to prevent spreading. Well-to-do patients could be isolated at home but poorer people lacked the facilities and space for this. The requirement for isolation thus drove the need for provision of hospitals for this purpose. These measures were compulsory in the London area and were made compulsory in the rest of the country by a similar act of 1899.[7]

Cross infection

Cross infection was a significant issue because patients with different diseases might be put in the same ward and share facilities such as towels. Isolation hospitals were then criticised as places "where a person goes in with one infectious disease and catches all the rest."[7]: 4  Patients returning from such hospitals might then spread the acquired infections to members of their family. These were called return cases and they could result in complaints and lawsuits. A major difficulty was a lack of understanding of scarlet fever, which was the most common disease at that time. The nature of the disease and the way in which it was transmitted was uncertain. To prevent return cases, hospitals tried extending the period of isolation and giving patients disinfectant washes with formalin or Lysol when discharging them.[7]

List of hospitals

England
  • Catherine-de-Barnes Isolation Hospital, located in the Midlands, this was the UK's national isolation hospital from 1966 and the world's last victim of smallpox died there in 1978[8]
  • Eastern Fever Hospital, Homerton[9]
  • Grove Fever Hospital, Tooting and the Fountain Fever Hospital, which was built as an annexe in 1893 for an outbreak of scarlet fever[5]: 188 
  • Monsall Fever Hospital, Manchester[10]
  • Northern Convalescent Fever Hospital, Enfield[11]
  • Park Fever Hospital, Hither Green[5]: 24 
  • Western Fever Hospital, Fulham[12]
  • Brumby Isolation Hospital, Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire

India
  • Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases, also known as the Fever Hospital[13]

Ireland
  • Cork Street Fever Hospital, Dublin[14]
  • Ruins of a Fever Hospital in Oxpark townland, Cloughjordan, County Tipperary

See also

References
  1. Margaret Currie (2013), Fever Hospitals and Fever Nurses, Routledge, ISBN 9781134265268
  2. Carl Heneghan; Tom Jefferson (15 May 2020), "Let's bring back Britain's fever hospitals", The Spectator
  3. Wang, Jiangshan; Zong, Liang; Zhang, Jinghong; Sun, Han; Harold Walline, Joseph; Sun, Pengxia; Xu, Shengyong; Li, Yan; Wang, Chunting; Liu, Jihai; Li, Fan; Xu, Jun; Li, Yi; Yu, Xuezhong; Zhu, Huadong (2020). "Identifying the effects of an upgraded 'fever clinic' on COVID-19 control and the workload of emergency department: Retrospective study in a tertiary hospital in China". BMJ Open. 10 (8): e039177. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039177. PMC 7440187. PMID 32819955.
  4. "History of Fever Treatment in London", Nature, 132 (3343): 816, 25 November 1933, Bibcode:1933Natur.132R.816., doi:10.1038/132816b0
  5. Veronika & Fred Chambers; Rob Higgins (2014), Hospitals of London, Amberley, ISBN 9781445638270
  6. Geoffrey Rivett (11 November 2019), "Smallpox and Fever Hospitals", The Development of the London Hospital System
  7. John M. Eyler (1987), "Scarlet Fever and Confinement: The Edwardian debate Over Isolation Hospitals", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 61 (1): 1–24, JSTOR 44433660, PMID 3548849
  8. Catherine-de-Barnes history, Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council, 2018
  9. "Eastern Hospital", Lost Hospitals of London
  10. Tom Jefferson; Carl Heneghan (11 May 2020), COVID-19: 'Fever Hospitals', Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
  11. Peter Higginbotham (2020), The Northern Convalescent Fever Hospital, Winchmore Hill
  12. Peter Higginbotham (2020), The Western Fever Hospital, Fulham
  13. K. Shiva Shanker (11 February 2020), "When viral fever's the problem, Fever Hospital is the solution", The Hindu
  14. Fergus Brady (March 2015), Cork Street Fever Hospital and Cherry Orchard Hospital (PDF), Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
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