Halofantrine

Halofantrine is a drug used to treat malaria. Halofantrine's structure contains a substituted phenanthrene, and is related to the antimalarial drugs quinine and lumefantrine. Marketed as Halfan, halofantrine is never used to prevent malaria and its mode of action is unknown, although a crystallographic study showed that it binds to hematin in vitro, suggesting a possible mechanism of action.[1] Halofantrine has also been shown to bind to plasmepsin, a haemoglobin degrading enzyme unique to the malarial parasites.[2]

Halofantrine
Clinical data
Trade namesHalfan
AHFS/Drugs.comConsumer Drug Information
MedlinePlusa603030
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding60–70%
MetabolismHepatic (CYP3A4-mediated)
Elimination half-life6–10 days
Identifiers
IUPAC name
  • 3-(Dibutylamino)-1-[1,3-dichloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthryl]-1-propanol
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.067.346
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC26H30Cl2F3NO
Molar mass500.43 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
SMILES
  • FC(F)(F)c3ccc2c(cc1c(Cl)cc(Cl)cc1c2c3)C(O)CCN(CCCC)CCCC
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C26H30Cl2F3NO/c1-3-5-10-32(11-6-4-2)12-9-25(33)23-16-22-21(14-18(27)15-24(22)28)20-13-17(26(29,30)31)7-8-19(20)23/h7-8,13-16,25,33H,3-6,9-12H2,1-2H3 Y
  • Key:FOHHNHSLJDZUGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
  (verify)

Halofantrine was developed at SRI International for the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research from 1965 to 1975 by a team led by medicinal chemist William Colwell.[3]

Adverse reactions

Halofantrine can cause abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting, rash, headache, itching and elevated liver enzymes.

It can be associated with cardiotoxicity.[4] The most dangerous side effect is cardiac arrhythmias: halofantrine causes significant QT prolongation,[5] and this effect is seen even at standard doses. The drug should therefore not be given to patients with cardiac conduction defects and should not be combined with mefloquine. A survey from 2009 suggests that the drug is safe when correctly administered.[6]

Other adverse reactions

Consumption of grapefruit combined with certain medications can cause serious side effects, even death. Halofantrine combined with this fruit or grapefruit juice is dangerous. The mechanism of action is inhibition of CYP3A4, which is necessary to metabolize the drug and eliminate it from the body. Without CYP3A4, levels of the drug will become toxic in the body.

Pharmacology

The mechanism of action of halofantrine is unknown. The absorption of halofantrine is erratic, but is increased when taken with fatty food. Because of fears of toxicity due to increased halofantrine blood levels, halofantrine should be taken on an empty stomach.

Plasma levels peak at 16 hours and the half-life of the drug is about 4 days.

Uses

Halofantrine is only used to treat malaria. It is not used to prevent malaria (prophylaxis) because of the risk of toxicity and unreliable absorption.

Dosing

Adult dose: three doses of 500 mg six hours apart. Halofantrine should be taken on an empty stomach.

Manufacturing information and availability

Halfan (GlaxoSmithKline) is available as 250 mg tablets. A full course of treatment (6 tablets) costs US$1.40 in the developing world. Halofantrine is not available in the UK or U.S.

References
  1. de Villiers KA, Marques HM, Egan TJ (2008). "The crystal structure of halofantrine-ferriprotoporphyrin IX and the mechanism of action of arylmethanol antimalarials". J. Inorg. Biochem. 102 (8): 1660–7. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.04.001. PMID 18508124.
  2. Friedman R, Caflisch A (2009). "Discovery of plasmepsin inhibitors by fragment-based docking and consensus scoring" (PDF). ChemMedChem. 4 (8): 1317–26. doi:10.1002/cmdc.200900078. PMID 19472268.
  3. Nielson, Donald (2006). A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century. Menlo Park, California: SRI International. pp. 10-3–10-5. ISBN 978-0974520810.
  4. Wesche DL, Schuster BG, Wang WX, Woosley RL (May 2000). "Mechanism of cardiotoxicity of halofantrine". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 67 (5): 521–9. doi:10.1067/mcp.2000.106127. PMID 10824631.
  5. Sánchez-Chapula JA, Navarro-Polanco RA, Sanguinetti MC (2004). "Block of wild-type and inactivation-deficient human ether-a-go-go-related gene K+ channels by halofantrine". Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 370 (6): 484–91. doi:10.1007/s00210-004-0995-5. PMID 15558243.
  6. Bouchaud O, Imbert P, Touze JE, Dodoo AN, Danis M, Legros F (2009). "Fatal cardiotoxicity related to halofantrine: a review based on a worldwide safety data base". Malaria Journal. 8: 289. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-289. PMC 2801676. PMID 20003315.
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