Lactobacillus crispatus

Lactobacillus crispatus is a common, rod-shaped species of genus Lactobacillus and is a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)[1] producing beneficial microbiota species located in both the vagina, through vaginal discharge, and the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract.[2] The strain CTV-05 is used as a probiotic that can be used by premenopausal and postmenopausal women[3] that experience recurrent urinary tract infections. It is being evaluated specifically for the prevention and treatment of bacterial vaginosis,[4] which is characterized by the absence of Lactobacillus flora necessary to protect the host from infection.[5]

Lactobacillus crispatus
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Lactobacillaceae
Genus: Lactobacillus
Species:
L. crispatus
Binomial name
Lactobacillus crispatus
(Brygoo and Aladame 1953)
Moore and Holdeman 1970

History

The species name derives from Latin crispatus, meaning "curled", referring to the shape of the bacteria.[6] L. crispatus was first isolated in 1953 by Brygoo and Aladame, who proposed it as a new species of the genus Eubacterium.[7] In the 1970s the type strain VPI 3199 (ATCC 33820) of L. crispatus (at the time still designated "Eubacterium crispatum") was deposited in the collection of the Anaerobe Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI), where it was identified as a Lactobacillus[8] and characterized[9] by Moore and Holdeman. Addressing the problem of genetic heterogeneity among a vast number of strains identified as L. acidophilus based on phenotypic similarity, Johnson et al. performed DNA homology experiments on 89 previously proposed L. acidophilus strains and delineated six distinct homology groups.[10] Only the strains pertaining to DNA homology group A1 were still designated L. acidophilus. Strains in the homology groups A2, A3, A4, B1 and B2 were proposed to be distinct species[10] and later reclassified as L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gallinarum, L. gasseri and L. johnsonii respectively.[11] In the case of L. crispatus this happened in 1983 as Cato and her coworkers recharacterized strain VPI 3199 and discovered 100% DNA homology with VPI 7635 (ATCC 33197), the type strain of "L. acidophilus" group A2.[12]

Taxonomy

It is a species in the phylum Bacillota, in the class Bacilli, in the order Lactobacillales, in the family Lactobacillaceae and the genus Lactobacillus.[13] It is one of 122 other species identified within the genus.

Genome

Even within L. crispatus there is substantial genetic variation: strains of L. crispatus have genome sizes ranging from 1.83 to 2.7 Mb, and encode 1,839 (EM-LC1) to 2,688 (FB077-07) proteins.[14]

The genome of Lactobacillus crispatus strain ST1, which colonizes chicken, consists of about 2,043,161 nucleotides[13] and encodes 2,024 proteins,[13] 76 RNA genes[13] and has a circular chromosomal shape.[13]

Ecology

The strain of Lactobacillus crispastus was originally isolated from a pouch in a chicken gullet[13] and is considered to be one of the strongest H2O2-producing lactobacilli. Like many other Lactobacillus species, it can be severely altered by changes to the immune system, hormone levels and from the use of antimicrobials. Lactobacillus crispatus is a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract in healthy women.[15][16]

Probiotic use
Main article: LACTIN-V
Further information: List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women

CTV-05 gelatin suppository capsules (LACTIN-V)[4] are inserted into the vagina as a probiotic that can help maintain healthy flora. Studies have shown that L. crispastus CTV-05 effectively colonized the vagina and helped prevent and treat recurrent bacterial vaginosis and other genital infections. Scientists have stated that evidence from clinical trials suggests that these probiotics will safely and effectively treat bacterial vaginosis if used alone or alongside an antibiotic treatment if an infection had already arisen.[3][17]

Condom use has showed increased colonization of Lactobacillus crispatus in the vagina because it protects against both bacterial vaginosis (BV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[18]

References
  1. Antonio MA, Hillier SL (May 2003). "DNA fingerprinting of Lactobacillus crispatus strain CTV-05 by repetitive element sequence-based PCR analysis in a pilot study of vaginal colonization". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41 (5): 1881–7. doi:10.1128/jcm.41.5.1881-1887.2003. PMC 154705. PMID 12734221.
  2. Ojala T, Kuparinen V, Koskinen JP, Alatalo E, Holm L, Auvinen P, Edelman S, Westerlund-Wikström B, Korhonen TK, Paulin L, Kankainen M (July 2010). "Genome sequence of Lactobacillus crispatus ST1". Journal of Bacteriology. 192 (13): 3547–8. doi:10.1128/JB.00399-10. PMC 2897677. PMID 20435723.
  3. Dwyer JP, Dwyer PL (August 2013). "Lactobacillus probiotics may prevent recurrent UTIs in postmenopausal women". Evidence Based Medicine. 18 (4): 141–142. doi:10.1136/eb-2012-100961. PMID 23125237. S2CID 41235446.
  4. Antonio MA, Meyn LA, Murray PJ, Busse B, Hillier SL (May 2009). "Vaginal colonization by probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 is decreased by sexual activity and endogenous Lactobacilli". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 199 (10): 1506–13. doi:10.1086/598686. PMID 19331578.
  5. Vásquez A, Jakobsson T, Ahrné S, Forsum U, Molin G (August 2002). "Vaginal lactobacillus flora of healthy Swedish women". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 40 (8): 2746–9. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.8.2746-2749.2002. PMC 120688. PMID 12149323.
  6. Zheng, Jinshui; Wittouck, Stijn; Salvetti, Elisa; Franz, Charles M.A.P.; Harris, Hugh M.B.; Mattarelli, Paola; O’Toole, Paul W.; Pot, Bruno; Vandamme, Peter; Walter, Jens; Watanabe, Koichi; Wuyts, Sander; Felis, Giovanna E.; Gänzle, Michael G.; Lebeer, Sarah (1 April 2020). "A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (4): 2782–2858. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004107.
  7. Brygoo, E. R.; Aladame, N. (1953). "Étude d'une espèce nouvelle anaérobie stricte du genre Eubacterium: E. crispatum n. sp" [Study of a new strictly anaerobic species of the genus Eubacterium: Eubacterium crispatum n. sp.]. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (in French). 84 (3): 640–641. PMID 13124957.
  8. Moore, W. E. C.; Holdeman, L. V. (1970). "Propionibacterium, Arachnia, Actinomyces, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium". In Cato, E. P.; Cummins, C. S.; Holdeman, L. V.; Johnson, J. L.; Moore, W. E. C.; Smibert, R. M.; Smith, L. D. S. (eds.). Outline of Clinical Methods in Anaerobic Bacteriology (2nd ed.). Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Anaerobe Laboratory. pp. 15–21.
  9. Holdeman, L. V.; Cato, E. P.; Moore, W. E. C. (1977). Anaerobe Laboratory Manual (4th ed.). Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. pp. 1–156.
  10. Johnson, J. L.; Phelps, C. F.; Cummins, C. S.; London, J.; Gasser, F. (1980). "Taxonomy of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 30 (1): 53–68. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-1-53.
  11. Du Plessis, E. M.; Dicks, L. M. T. (1995). "Evaluation of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR as a method to differentiate Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus johnsonii". Current Microbiology. 31 (2): 114–118. doi:10.1007/BF00294286. PMID 7606186. S2CID 25714596.
  12. Cato, E. P.; Moore, W. E. C. (1983). "Synonymy of strains of "Lactobacillus acidophilus" group A2 (Johnson et al. 1980) with the type strain of Lactobacillus crispatus (Brygoo and Aladame 1953) Moore and Holdeman 1970". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 33 (2): 426–428. doi:10.1099/00207713-33-2-426.
  13. "KEGG GENOME: Lactobacillus crispatus".
  14. France MT, Mendes-Soares H, Forney LJ (December 2016). "Genomic Comparisons of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners Reveal Potential Ecological Drivers of Community Composition in the Vagina". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (24): 7063–7073. doi:10.1128/AEM.02385-16. PMC 5118917. PMID 27694231.
  15. Nardis C, Mosca L, Mastromarino P (September 2013). "Vaginal microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases". Annali di Igiene. 25 (5): 443–56. doi:10.7416/ai.2013.1946. PMID 24048183.
  16. Bennett J (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3.
  17. Randomized Trial of Lactin-V to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1906-1915, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915254
  18. Ma L, Lv Z, Su J, Wang J, Yan D, Wei J, Pei S (2013-07-23). "Consistent condom use increases the colonization of Lactobacillus crispatus in the vagina". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e70716. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...870716M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070716. PMC 3720897. PMID 23894682.
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