Type I hypersensitivity

Type I hypersensitivity (or immediate hypersensitivity) is an allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen.[1] Type I is distinct from type II, type III and type IV hypersensitivities.

Type I hypersensitivity
Other namesImmediate hypersensitivity
SEM of miscellaneous plant pollens: Pollens are very common allergens.
SpecialtyImmunology

Exposure may be by ingestion, inhalation, injection, or direct contact.

Pathophysiology
Flowchart depicting the pathophysiology of Type I Hypersensitivity reactions [2]

In type I hypersensitivity, B cells are stimulated (by CD4+ Th2 cells) to produce IgE antibodies specific to an antigen. The difference between a normal infectious immune response and a type 1 hypersensitivity response is that in type 1 hypersensitivity, the antibody is IgE instead of IgA, IgG, or IgM. During sensitization, the IgE antibodies bind to FcεRI receptors on the surface of tissue mast cells and blood basophils.[3] Mast cells and basophils coated by IgE antibodies are "sensitized". Later exposure to the same allergen cross-links the bound IgE on sensitized cells, resulting in anaphylactic degranulation, which is the immediate and explosive release of pharmacologically active pre-formed mediators from storage granules and concurrent synthesis of inflammatory lipid mediators from arachidonic acid;[4] some of these mediators include histamine, leukotriene (LTC4 and LTD4 and LTB4), and prostaglandin, which act on proteins (e.g., G-protein coupled receptors) located on surrounding tissues.[4] The principal effects of these products are vasodilation and smooth-muscle contraction.

Type I hypersensitivity can be further classified into immediate and late-phase reactions. Within minutes of exposure to an antigen, the immediate hypersensitivity occurs, releasing histamines and lipid mediators which are responsible for the initial allergic reaction response. However, about 4-12 hours after antigen exposure, a cough and wheezing may persist in the patient, along with swelling and redness of the skin. This is known as the late-phase hypersensitivity reaction which can last from approximately 1-3 days and is caused by the release of additional mediators from the mast cells and basophils. [5]

List of a few mediators released by mast cells in type 1 hypersensitivity and their actions
Vasodilation and increased permeability
  • Histamine
  • PAF
  • Leukotriene C4, D4, and E4
  • Prostaglandin D2
  • Neutral proteases
Smooth muscle spasm
  • Histamine
  • PAF
  • Leukotriene C4, D4, and E4
  • Prostaglandin
Leukocyte extravasation
  • Cytokines (e.g. chemokines and TNF)
  • Leukotriene B4
  • Chemotactic factors for neutrophils and eosinophils
Unless otherwise specified, the reference for this table is:[6]

The reaction may be either local or systemic. Symptoms vary from mild irritation to sudden death from anaphylactic shock.

Treatment and prognosis

If multiple systems are involved, then anaphylaxis can take place, which is an acute, systemic reaction that can prove fatal.

Treatment usually involves adrenaline (epinephrine) because it counteracts anaphylaxis by increasing blood flow and relaxing bronchial muscles that block one’s airways.[7] Antihistamines and corticosteroids are also commonly used in less severe reactions.[8]

Examples

Some examples:

See also

References
  1. med/1101 at eMedicine
  2. ABBAS, ABUL K. LICHTMAN, ANDREW H. H. PILLAI, SHIV (2019). Basic immunology 6th edition-south asia edition. [Place of publication not identified]: ELSEVIER INDIA. ISBN 81-312-5957-9. OCLC 1108314972.
  3. "The Adaptive Immune System: Type I Immediate Hypersensitivity". Archived from the original on 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
  4. Moon TC, Befus AD, Kulka M (2014). "Mast cell mediators: their differential release and the secretory pathways involved". Front Immunol. 5: 569. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00569. PMC 4231949. PMID 25452755. This release of pre-formed mediators enables not only rapid anaphylactic reactions and allergic responses but also initiates recruitment of leukocytes to sites of pathogen invasion, activation of innate immune processes, and inflammatory responses (1). ... Two types of degranulation have been described for MC: piecemeal degranulation (PMD) and anaphylactic degranulation (AND) (Figures 1 and 2). Both PMD and AND occur in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro in MC in human (78–82), mouse (83), and rat (84). PMD is selective release of portions of the granule contents, without granule-to-granule and/or granule-to-plasma membrane fusions. ... In contrast to PMD, AND is the explosive release of granule contents or entire granules to the outside of cells after granule-to-granule and/or granule-to-plasma membrane fusions (Figures 1 and 2). Ultrastructural studies show that AND starts with granule swelling and matrix alteration after appropriate stimulation (e.g., FcεRI-crosslinking).
    Figure 1: Mediator release from mast cells
    Figure 2: Model of genesis of mast cell secretory granules
    Figure 3: Lipid body biogenesis
    Table 2: Stimuli-selective mediator release from mast cells
  5. Abbas, M., Moussa, M., & Akel, H. (2021, July 21). Type I hypersensitivity reaction. StatPearls [Internet]. Retrieved November 29, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560561/.
  6. Table 5-2 in:Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1. 8th edition.
  7. Kemp, S. F., Lockey, R. F., Simons, F. E., & World Allergy Organization ad hoc Committee on Epinephrine in Anaphylaxis (2008). Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis-a statement of the world allergy organization. The World Allergy Organization journal, 1(7 Suppl), S18–S26. https://doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e31817c9338. “The β-adrenergic properties of epinephrine cause bronchodilation… Epinephrine administration enhances coronary blood flow…”
  8. Recognizing and Treating Reaction Symptoms. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/recognizing-and-treating-reaction-symptoms. “Although steroids do not work fast enough for emergency treatment, they may help prevent a severe reaction from coming back…antihistamines are prescribed to relieve mild allergy symptoms.”
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