Trigger finger

Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is a disorder characterized by catching or locking of the involved finger in full or near full flexion, typically with force.[2] There may be tenderness in the palm of the hand near the last skin crease (distal palmar crease).[3] The name "trigger finger" may refer to the motion of "catching" like a trigger on a gun.[2] The ring finger and thumb are most commonly affected.[1]

Not to be confused with De Quervain syndrome.
Trigger finger
Other namesHistoricopous, trigger digit, trigger thumb,[1] stenosing tenosynovitis[1]
An example of trigger finger affecting the ring finger
SpecialtyHand surgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic surgery
SymptomsCatching or locking of the involved finger, pain[2][3]
Usual onset50s to 60s years old[2]
Risk factorsGenerally idiopathic, meaning no known cause. Perhaps diabetes[3]
Diagnostic methodSymptoms and signs[2]
Differential diagnosisSagittal band rupture
TreatmentSteroid injections, surgery. The role of splint immobilization is uncertain[3]
FrequencyRelatively common[2]

The problem is generally idiopathic (no known cause). There may be an association with diabetes.[3] The pathophysiology is enlargement of the flexor tendon and the A1 pulley of the tendon sheath.[3] [2] While often referred to as a type of stenosing tenosynovitis (which implies inflammation) the pathology is mucoid degeneration.[3] Mucoid degeneration is when fibrous tissue such as tendon has less organized collagen, more abundant extra-cellular matrix, and changes in the cells (fibrocytes) to act and look more like cartilage cells (chondroid metaplasia). Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and signs after excluding other possible causes.[2]

Trigger digits can resolve without treatment. Treatment options that are disease modifying include steroid injections and surgery.[3] Splinting immobilization of the finger may or may not be disease modifying.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms include catching or locking of the involved finger when it is forcefully flexed.[2] There may be tenderness in the palm of the hand near the last skin crease (distal palmar crease). Often a nodule can be felt in this area.[4] There is some evidence that idiopathic trigger finger behaves differently in people with diabetes.[5]

Causes

It is important to distinguish association and causation. The vast majority of trigger digits are idiopathic, meaning there is no known cause. However, recent publications indicate that diabetes and high blood sugar levels increases the risk of developing trigger finger.[6]

Some speculate that repetitive forceful use of a digit leads to narrowing of the fibrous digital sheath in which it runs,[7] but there is little scientific data to support this theory. The relationship of trigger finger to work activities is debatable and there are arguments for[7] and against[8] a relationship to hand use with no experimental evidence supporting a relationship.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made on interview and physical examination. More than one finger may be affected at a time. It is most common in the thumb and ring finger. The triggering more often occurs while gripping an object firmly or during sleep when the palm of the subject’s hand remains closed for an extended period of time. Upon waking, the affected person may have to force the triggered fingers open with their other hand. In some, this can be a daily occurrence.

Treatment
Post operative photo of trigger finger release surgery in a diabetic patient. See:[9]

Corticosteroid injections can cure trigger digits.

Treatment consists of injection of a corticosteroid such as methylprednisolone often combined with a local anesthetic (lidocaine) at the A1 pulley in the palm. The infiltration of the affected site is straightforward using standard anatomic landmarks. There is evidence that the steroid does not need to enter the sheath. The role of sonographic guidance is therefore debatable.

Injection of the tendon sheath with a corticosteroid is effective over weeks to months in more than half of people.[5] Steroid injection is not effective in people with Type 1 diabetes. If triggering persists 2 months after injection, a second injection can be considered. Most specialists recommend no more than 3 injections because corticosteroids can weaken the tendon and there is a possibility of tendon rupture.

Triggering is predictably resolved by a relatively simple surgical procedure under local anesthesia. The surgeon will cut the sheath that is restricting the tendon. The patient should be awake in order to confirm adequate release. On occasion, triggering does not resolve until a slip of the FDS (Flexor digitorum superficialis) tendon is resected.  

One study suggests that the most cost-effective treatment is up to two corticosteroid injections followed by open release of the first annular pulley.[10] Choosing surgery immediately is an option and can be affordable if done in the office under local anesthesia.[10]

Surgery

Trigger digits can be released percutaneously using a needle. This is not used for the thumb where the digital reves are at greater risk.[11]

References
  1. "Trigger Finger - Trigger Thumb". OrthoInfo - AAOS. March 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  2. Makkouk AH, Oetgen ME, Swigart CR, Dodds SD (June 2008). "Trigger finger: etiology, evaluation, and treatment". Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 1 (2): 92–6. doi:10.1007/s12178-007-9012-1. PMC 2684207. PMID 19468879.
  3. Hubbard, MJ; Hildebrand, BA; Battafarano, MM; Battafarano, DF (June 2018). "Common Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders". Primary Care. 45 (2): 289–303. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006. PMID 29759125.
  4. Crop JA, Bunt CW (June 2011). "Doctor, my thumb hurts". J Fam Pract. 60 (6): 329–32. PMID 21647468.
  5. Baumgarten KM, Gerlach D, Boyer MI (December 2007). "Corticosteroid injection in diabetic patients with trigger finger. A prospective, randomized, controlled double-blinded study". Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 89 (12): 2604–2611. doi:10.2106/JBJS.G.00230. PMID 18056491.
  6. Rydberg, Mattias; Zimmerman, Malin; Gottsäter, Anders; Eeg-Olofsson, Katarina; Dahlin, Lars B. (2022-08-25). "High HbA1c Levels Are Associated With Development of Trigger Finger in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Register-Based Study From Sweden". Diabetes Care. 45 (11): 2669–2674. doi:10.2337/dc22-0829. ISSN 0149-5992.
  7. Gorsche R, Wiley JP, Renger R, Brant R, Gemer TY, Sasyniuk TM (June 1998). "Prevalence and incidence of stenosing flexor tenosynovitis (trigger finger) in a meat-packing plant". J Occup Environ Med. 40 (6): 556–60. doi:10.1097/00043764-199806000-00008. PMID 9636936.
  8. Kasdan ML, Leis VM, Lewis K, Kasdan AS (November 1996). "Trigger finger: not always work related". J Ky Med Assoc. 94 (11): 498–9. PMID 8973080.
  9. Eisen, Jonathan. "Trigger finger surgery. Fun". Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  10. Kerrigan CL, Stanwix MG (Jul–Aug 2009). "Using evidence to minimize the cost of trigger finger care". J Hand Surg Am. 34 (6): 997–1005. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.02.029. PMID 19643287.
  11. Pavlicný, R (Feb 2010). "Percutaneous release in the treatment of trigger digits". Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 77 (1): 46–51. PMID 20214861.
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