Tuberculosis elimination

Tuberculosis elimination is the effort to reduce the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases to less than one per 1 million population, contrasted with the effort to completely eradicate infection in humans worldwide.[1] The goal of tuberculosis elimination is hampered by the lack of rapid testing, short and effective treatment courses, and completely effective vaccine.[2] The WHO as well as the Stop TB Partnership aim for the full elimination of TB by 2050—requiring a 1000-fold reduction in tuberculosis incidence.[3] As of 2017, tuberculosis has not been eliminated from any country.[4]

Feasibility
Prospects for tuberculosis control and elimination in a hypothetical high-burden country, starting in 2015.

Tuberculosis has been a curable illness since the 1940s when the first drugs became available, although multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB present an increasing challenge.[5] According to a 2017 article in International Journal of Infectious Diseases, tuberculosis eradication is possible if enough technology, funding, and political will were available, but the characteristics of the disease do not make it easy to eradicate. So far, tuberculosis has not been eliminated from any country.[4] According to European Respiratory Review, tuberculosis eradication is not considered possible due to the lack of a completely effective vaccine and large reservoir of people infected with latent tuberculosis.[1]

According to a 2013 review, tuberculosis elimination will require not just treating active tuberculosis but also latent cases, and eliminating tuberculosis by 2050 worldwide is not possible, although great reductions in infections and deaths are possible.[3] Another necessary factor in achieving tuberculosis elimination is addressing poverty. Tuberculosis disproportionately affects people living in poverty, because it is exacerbated by poor living conditions and malnutrition and poverty can be a barrier to accessing treatment. The WHO has estimated that eliminating poverty would reduce tuberculosis incidence by 84 percent.[6][7][8][9]

Elimination strategies

Globally

In 2014, the World Health Organization launched the End TB Strategy with the goal of reducing tuberculosis deaths by 95% and incidence by 90% before 2035.[2] As of 2020, the world was not on track to meet those goals.[10] The WHO, as well as the Stop TB Partnership, are now aiming for the full elimination of TB by the year 2050, which will require a 1000-fold reduction in the incidence of the disease.[3]

India
Further information: National TB Elimination Program (India)

In 2017, the Indian government announced its intention to eliminate tuberculosis in the country by 2025. The previous year, it accounted for 27 percent of tuberculosis cases and 29 percent of deaths worldwide, making it the highest burden country for both tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.[11][12]

References
  1. Matteelli, Alberto; Rendon, Adrian; Tiberi, Simon; Al-Abri, Seif; Voniatis, Constantia; Carvalho, Anna Cristina C.; Centis, Rosella; D'Ambrosio, Lia; Visca, Dina; Spanevello, Antonio; Migliori, Giovanni Battista (2018). "Tuberculosis elimination: where are we now?". European Respiratory Review. 27 (148). doi:10.1183/16000617.0035-2018. ISSN 0905-9180.
  2. Uplekar, Mukund; Weil, Diana; Lonnroth, Knut; Jaramillo, Ernesto; Lienhardt, Christian; Dias, Hannah Monica; Falzon, Dennis; Floyd, Katherine; Gargioni, Giuliano; Getahun, Haileyesus; Gilpin, Christopher; Glaziou, Philippe; Grzemska, Malgorzata; Mirzayev, Fuad; Nakatani, Hiroki; Raviglione, Mario (2015). "WHO's new End TB Strategy". The Lancet. 385 (9979): 1799–1801. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60570-0.
  3. Dye, Christopher; Glaziou, Philippe; Floyd, Katherine; Raviglione, Mario (2013). "Prospects for Tuberculosis Elimination". Annual Review of Public Health. 34 (1): 271–286. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114431. ISSN 0163-7525.
  4. Schito, Marco; Hanna, Debra; Zumla, Alimuddin (2017). "Tuberculosis eradication versus control". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 56: 10–13. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.11.007. ISSN 1201-9712.
  5. Sharma, Surendra K.; Mohan, Alladi (2013). "Tuberculosis: From an incurable scourge to a curable disease - journey over a millennium". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 137 (3): 455–493. ISSN 0971-5916.
  6. Shete, Priya B.; Reid, Michael; Goosby, Eric (2018). "Message to world leaders: we cannot end tuberculosis without addressing the social and economic burden of the disease". The Lancet Global Health. 6 (12): e1272–e1273. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30378-4. ISSN 2214-109X.
  7. Bhargava, Anurag; Bhargava, Madhavi; Juneja, Anika (2021). "Social determinants of tuberculosis: context, framework, and the way forward to ending TB in India". Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 15 (7): 867–883. doi:10.1080/17476348.2021.1832469.
  8. Carter, Daniel J; Glaziou, Philippe; Lönnroth, Knut; Siroka, Andrew; Floyd, Katherine; Weil, Diana; Raviglione, Mario; Houben, Rein M G J; Boccia, Delia (2018). "The impact of social protection and poverty elimination on global tuberculosis incidence: a statistical modelling analysis of Sustainable Development Goal 1". The Lancet Global Health. 6 (5): e514–e522. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30195-5.
  9. Adu, Prince A.; Spiegel, Jerry M.; Yassi, Annalee (2021). "Towards TB elimination: how are macro-level factors perceived and addressed in policy initiatives in a high burden country?". Globalization and Health. 17 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00657-1. ISSN 1744-8603. PMC 7802197.
  10. Harding, Emilia (2020). "WHO global progress report on tuberculosis elimination". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 8 (1): 19. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30418-7.
  11. Pai, Madhukar; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Bhuyan, Soumitra S (2017). "India's plan to eliminate tuberculosis by 2025: converting rhetoric into reality". BMJ Global Health. 2 (2): e000326. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000326.
  12. Singh, Sakshi; Kumar, Sandeep (2019). "Tuberculosis in India: Road to elimination". International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 10 (1): 114. doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_492_17. ISSN 2008-7802. PMID 31360361.
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