Einstein family

The Einstein family is the family of physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). Einstein's great-great-great-great-grandfather, Jakob Weil, was his oldest recorded relative, born in the late 17th century, and the family continues to this day. Albert Einstein's great-great-grandfather, Löb Moses Sontheimer (1745–1831), was also the grandfather of the tenor Heinrich Sontheim (1820–1912) of Stuttgart.[1]

Albert Einstein
Current regionWorldwide
Place of originPrince-Bishopric of Augsburg, Duchy of Württemberg, Kingdom of Württemberg, Electorate of Bavaria, Kingdom of Bavaria, Switzerland, German Empire
MembersAlbert Einstein, Maja Einstein, Hermann Einstein, Pauline Koch
Connected familiesKoch, Moos, Overnauer
Hermann Einstein (top); Albert Einstein and Maja Einstein (bottom left); Pauline Koch (bottom right)

Albert's three children were from his relationship with his first wife, Mileva Marić, his daughter Lieserl being born a year before they married. Albert Einstein's second wife was Elsa Einstein, whose mother Fanny Koch was the sister of Albert's mother, and whose father, Rudolf Einstein, was the son of Raphael Einstein, a brother of Albert's paternal grandfather. Albert and Elsa were thus first cousins through their mothers and second cousins through their fathers.[2]

Etymology

Einstein (English: /ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne, German: [ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] (listen)) is either a German habitational surname from various places named with a Middle High German derivative of the verb einsteinen 'to enclose, surround with stone'; or a Jewish (Ashkenazic) adaptation of the German name, or else an ornamental name using the ending -stein 'stone'.[3]

Einstein family table
Einstein Family Tree
Generation Paternal Maternal Comments
1st Emma Tiia from Norway (?) (father of Jüttle Sara)[4]
2nd Juda from Nordstetten (?), Chaja [last name unknown] (?), Hoyna Moses Sontheimer (1705–?), Gölla [last name unknown] (?) Jakob Weil (?), Jüttle Sara Weil (1722–1808),

David Ka Löb Moses Sontheimer (1745–?)

Jakob Simon Bernheimer (1756–1790), Leah Hajm (1753–1833)

Bernard (Beerle) Weil (1750–1840), Rösle Katz (1760–1826)

4th Naphtali Einstein (1733–1801), Hayum Moos, Helene Steppach (1737–1790)
5th Rupert Einstein (1759–1834) Veit Hirsch (1763–1820) Rebekka Overnauer (1770–1843)
Hayum Moos (1788–?), Fanny Schmal (1792–?)		 Zadok Löb Dörzbacher (1783–1852), Blumle Sontheimer (1786–1856)
6th Abraham Einstein (1808–1868). Siblings: Hirsch Einstein (1799–?), Judith Einstein (1802–?), Samuel Rupert Einstein (1804–?), Raphael Einstein (1806–?), David Einstein (1810–?)

Helene Moos (1814–1887, Siblings: None)

 Julius Dörzbacher (1816–1895, Siblings: None),

Jette Bernheimer (1825–1886, Siblings: None)
7th Hermann Einstein (1847–1902). Siblings: August Ignaz Einstein (1841–?), Jette Einstein (1844–?), Heinrich Einstein (1845–?), Jakob Einstein (1850–?), Friederike Einstein (1855–?) Pauline Koch (1858–1920). Siblings: Fanny Koch (1852–1926), Jacob Koch (?), Caesar Koch (?)
8th Albert Einstein (1879–1955). Siblings: Maja Einstein (1881–1951). Albert's wives: Mileva Marić (1875–1948), Elsa Einstein (1876–1936)
9th Albert's children: Lieserl Einstein (1902–1903?), Hans Albert Einstein (1904–1973), Eduard Einstein (1910–1965)
10th Bernhard Caesar Einstein (1930–2008), Klaus Martin (1933–1939); David Einstein (16 October 1939 – 21 November 1939); and Evelyn (1941–2011, adopted child)
11th Thomas Martin Einstein (1955–), Paul Michael Einstein (1959–), Eduard Albert (Ted) Einstein (1961–), Mira Einstein-Yehieli (1965–), Charles Quincy Ascher (Charly) Einstein (1971–)

Pauline Koch (Albert's mother)

Pauline Einstein (née Koch)
Born(1858-02-08)8 February 1858
Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg
Died20 February 1920(1920-02-20) (aged 62)
Berlin, Free State of Prussia, Weimar Republic
SpouseHermann Einstein
ChildrenAlbert Einstein
Maja Einstein
Parent(s)Julius Derzbacher
Jette Bernheimer

Pauline Einstein (née Koch) (8 February 1858 – 20 February 1920) was the mother of the physicist Albert Einstein. She was born in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg.[5] She was Jewish and had an older sister, Fanny, and two older brothers, Jacob and Caesar. Her parents were Julius Doerzbacher, who had adopted the family name Koch in 1842, and Jette Bernheimer. They were married in 1847. Pauline's father was from Jebenhausen, now part of the city of Göppingen, and grew up in modest economic circumstances. Later, he lived in Cannstatt and together with his brother Heinrich, made a considerable fortune in the corn trade. They even became "Royal Württemberg Purveyor to the Court". Their mother was from Cannstatt and was a quiet and caring person.

Early life

At 18 years old, Pauline married the merchant Hermann Einstein who lived in Ulm. They married in Cannstatt on 8 August 1876. After the wedding, the young couple lived in Ulm, where Hermann became joint partner in a bed feathers company. Their son, Albert was born on 14 March 1879.[6] On the initiative of Hermann's brother Jakob the family moved to Munich in the summer of 1880, where the two brothers together founded an electrical engineering company called [7] Einstein & Cie. The second child of Hermann and Pauline, their daughter Maria (called Maja), was born in Munich on 18 November 1881. Pauline Einstein was a well-educated and quiet woman who had an inclination for the arts. She was a talented and dedicated piano player. She made Albert begin violin lessons at the age of five.[8]

Business problems

The factory of Hermann and Jakob was moved to Pavia, Italy, in 1894. Hermann, Maria and Pauline moved to Milan in the same year and one year later, moved to Pavia. Albert stayed with relatives in Munich to continue his education there. Unfortunately, the business was unsuccessful and the brothers had to abandon their factory in 1896. Though Hermann had lost most of his money, he founded (without his brother) another electrical engineering company in Milan. This time business was better. However, Hermann's health had deteriorated, and he died of heart failure in Milan on 10 October 1902.

After Hermann

In 1903, Pauline went to live with her sister Fanny and her husband Rudolf Einstein, a first cousin of Hermann, in Hechingen, Württemberg. Fanny's daughter, Elsa was to become the second wife of Albert in 1919. In 1910, Pauline moved with her sister, Fanny and her family to Berlin. She took on a job as housekeeper in Heilbronn, Kingdom of Württemberg in 1911. She lived with her brother Jacob Koch in Zurich and from 1915 in Heilbronn again.

Death

During World War I, Pauline fell ill with cancer. In 1918, when visiting her daughter, Maria, and son-in-law, Paul Winteler, in Luzern, Pauline was taken to the sanatorium Rosenau, due to her illness. At the end of 1919, Albert took his terminally-ill mother out of the sanatorium in Luzern and brought her to Haberlandstrasse 5, Berlin, to stay with him and his second wife, Elsa, where she later died that year.

Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)

Hermann Einstein
Born(1847-08-30)30 August 1847
Buchau, Kingdom of Württemberg
Died10 October 1902(1902-10-10) (aged 55)
Milan, Kingdom of Italy
NationalitySubject of Kingdom of Württemberg (1847–1894)
Subject of Kingdom of Italy (1894–1902)
OccupationScientific utility salesman, electrician
SpousePauline Koch
ChildrenAlbert Einstein
Maja Einstein
Parent(s)Abraham Einstein
Helene Moos
RelativesHans Albert Einstein (grandson)
Lieserl Einstein (granddaughter)
Eduard Einstein (grandson)

Hermann Einstein (30 August 1847 – 10 October 1902) was the father of Albert Einstein. He was Ashkenazi Jewish.

Early life
Abraham and Helene Einstein

Hermann Einstein (also known as Hermann Moos) was born in Buchau, Kingdom of Württemberg to Abraham Einstein and Helene Moos (3 July 1814 – 20 August 1887).

He had six siblings:[9]

  • Raphael (3 December 1839 – 15 January 1842); male
  • Jette (13 January 1844 – 7 January 1905); female
  • Heinrich (12 October 1845 – 16 November 1877); male
  • August Ignaz (23 December 1849 – 14 April 1911); male
  • Jakob (25 November 1850 – 1912); male
  • Friederike "Rika" (15 March 1855 – 17 June 1938); female

At the age of 14, Hermann attended the secondary school in the regional capital Stuttgart and was academically successful. He had a strong affection for mathematics, and would have liked to study in this or a related area, but as the financial situation of the family precluded further education, he decided to become a merchant and began an apprenticeship in Stuttgart.

Marriage to Pauline

Hermann married 18-year-old Pauline Koch in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg on 8 August 1876. After their wedding, the young couple lived in Ulm, where Hermann became joint partner in the feather bed shop of his cousins, Moses and Hermann Levi. In Ulm, their eldest son Albert was born on 14 March 1879. On the initiative of Hermann's brother Jakob, the family moved to Munich in the summer of 1880. There, the two brothers founded the electrical engineering company Einstein & Cie, with Hermann being the merchant and Jakob the technician. The second child of Hermann and Pauline, their daughter Maria (called Maja), was born in Munich on 18 November 1881.

Work

The Einsteins' electrical firm manufactured dynamos and electrical meters based on direct current. They were instrumental in bringing electricity to Munich. In 1885, they won the contract that provided DC lights to illuminate the Oktoberfest for the first time.

In 1893 the Einstein brothers lost a bid on a contract for the electrification of Munich to Schukert; Hermann and Jakob's small company lacked the capital to convert their equipment over from the direct current (DC) standard to the more efficient alternating current (AC) standard being used by Schukert.[10] Their fortunes took a downward turn from there. They were forced to sell their Munich factory and, in search of business, the two brothers moved their company to Pavia, Italy in 1894. Hermann, Pauline and Maja moved to Milan in the same year and one year later moved to Pavia. Albert stayed with relatives in Munich to continue his education there, though he spent time in Pavia as well.[11]

Due to poor business, Hermann and Jakob had to abandon their factory in 1896.[12] Though Hermann had lost most of their money, he founded another electrical engineering company in Milan, this time without his brother. He was supported financially by his relative Rudolf Einstein in this venture.[13] Though business was better this time, Hermann was preoccupied with "worries due to the vexatious money".

Death

Hermann Einstein died of heart failure in Milan in 1902. His grave is in Civico Mausoleo Palanti inside Cimitero Monumentale di Milano. Hermann Einstein was 55 years old when he died.

Maria "Maja" Einstein (Albert's younger sister)

Maria 'Maja' Einstein
Maria 'Maja' Einstein in the 1900s
Born
Maria Einstein

(1881-11-18)18 November 1881
Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
Died25 June 1951(1951-06-25) (aged 69)
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
NationalityGerman, Swiss, American
OccupationDoctor
PartnerPaul Winteler
Parent(s)Hermann Einstein
Pauline Koch
RelativesAlbert Einstein (brother)

Maria "Maja" Einstein (18 November 1881 – 25 June 1951) and her older brother, Albert, were the two children of Hermann Einstein and Pauline Einstein (née Koch), who had moved from Ulm to Munich in June 1881, when Albert was one.[14] There Hermann and his brother Jakob had founded Einstein & Cie., an electrical engineering company.[15]

Maja and Albert, c. 1886
Maja and Albert, c. 1893

She was born 18 November 1881 in Munich. Maja and Albert got along very well all their lives. She was Albert's only friend during his childhood.

She attended elementary school in Munich from 1887 to 1894. She then moved with her parents to Milan, where she attended the German International School; Albert had stayed behind with relatives in Munich to complete his schooling. From 1899 to 1902, she attended a workshop for teachers in Aarau. After she passed her final exams, she studied Romance languages and literature in Berlin, Bern and Paris. In 1909, she graduated from the University of Bern; her dissertation was entitled "Contribution to the Tradition of the Chevalier au Cygne and the Enfances Godefroi".

In the year following her graduation, she married Paul Winteler, but they were to be childless. The young couple moved to Luzern in 1911, where Maja's husband had found a job. In 1922, they moved to Colonnata near Florence in Italy.[16]

After the Italian leader Benito Mussolini introduced anti-Semitic laws in Italy, Albert invited Maja to emigrate to the United States in 1939 and live in his residence in Mercer Street, Princeton, New Jersey. Her husband was denied entry into the United States on health grounds.[15] Maja spent some pleasant years with Albert, until she had a stroke in 1946, and became bedridden.[17] She later developed progressive arteriosclerosis, and died in Princeton on 25 June 1951 four years before her brother.[17]

Lieserl Einstein (Albert's daughter)

Lieserl Einstein
Born(1902-01-27)27 January 1902
Újvidék, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary
DiedSeptember 1903(1903-09-00) (aged 1)
Parents
RelativesPauline Koch (paternal grandmother)
Hermann Einstein (paternal grandfather)
Hans Albert Einstein
Eduard Einstein

Lieserl Einstein (27 January 1902 – September 1903) was the first child of Mileva Marić and Albert Einstein.

According to the correspondence between her parents, Lieserl was born on 27 January 1902, a year before her parents married, in Novi Sad/Újvidék, Austria-Hungary, present-day Serbia, and was cared for by her mother for a short time while Einstein worked in Switzerland before Marić joined him there without the child.

Lieserl's existence was unknown to biographers until 1986, when a batch of letters between Albert and Mileva Marić was discovered by Hans Albert Einstein's daughter Evelyn.

Marić had hoped for a girl, while Einstein would have preferred a boy. In their letters, they called the unborn child "Lieserl", when referring to a girl, or "Hanserl", if a boy. Both "Lieserl" and "Hanserl" were diminutives of the common German names Liese (short for Elizabeth) and Hans.

The first reference to Marić's pregnancy was found in a letter Einstein wrote to her from Winterthur, probably on 28 May 1901 (letter 36), asking twice about "the boy" and "our little son",[18] whereas Marić's first reference was found in her letter of 13 November 1901 (letter 43) from Stein am Rhein, in which she referred to the unborn child as "Lieserl".[19] Einstein goes along with Marić's wish for a daughter, and referred to the unborn child as "Lieserl" as well, but with a sense of humour as in letter 45 of 12 December 1901 "... and be happy about our Lieserl, whom I secretly (so Dollie[20] doesn't notice) prefer to imagine a Hanserl."[21]

The child must have been born shortly before 4 February 1902, when Einstein wrote: "... now you see that it really is a Lieserl, just as you'd wished. Is she healthy and does she cry properly? [...] I love her so much and don't even know her yet!"[22]

The last time "Lieserl" was mentioned in their extant correspondence was in Einstein's letter of 19 September 1903 (letter 54), in which he showed concern that she had scarlet fever. His asking "As what is the child registered?" adding "We must take precautions that problems don't arise for her later" may indicate the intention to give the child up for adoption.[23]

As neither the full name nor the fate of the child are known, several hypotheses about her life and death have been put forward:

  • Michele Zackheim, in her book on "Lieserl", Einstein's Daughter, states that "Lieserl" had a developmental disability, and that she lived with her mother's family and probably died of scarlet fever in September 1903.[24]
  • Another possibility, favoured by Robert Schulmann of the Einstein Papers Project, is that "Lieserl" was adopted by Marić's close friend, Helene Savić, and was raised by her and lived under the name "Zorka Savić" until the 1990s. Savić did in fact raise a child by the name of Zorka, who was blind from childhood and died in the 1990s. Before his death in 2012, her grandson Milan N. Popović, upon extensive research of the relationship between Einstein and Marić, rejected the possibility that it was "Lieserl", and also favoured the hypothesis that the child died in September 1903.[25]

A letter widely circulated on the Internet on the "universal force" of love, attributed as "a letter from Albert Einstein to his daughter", is a hoax.[26][27]

Hans Albert Einstein (Albert's first son)

Hans Albert Einstein (May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was born in Bern, Switzerland, the second child and first son of Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić. Hans earned his doctorate at ETH Zurich in 1936 and immigrated to the U.S. in 1938. He was a long-time professor of Hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, widely recognized for his research on sediment transport.[28][29]

Eduard "Tete" Einstein (Albert's second son)

Eduard Einstein
Born(1910-07-28)28 July 1910
Zurich, Switzerland
Died25 October 1965(1965-10-25) (aged 55)
Psychiatric Clinic Burghölzli, Zurich
Resting placeCemetery Hönggerberg,
Other names"Tete"
Parent(s)Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić
RelativesHans Albert Einstein, Lieserl

Eduard Einstein (28 July 1910 – 25 October 1965) was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the second son of physicist Albert Einstein from his first wife Mileva Marić. Albert Einstein and his family moved to Berlin in 1914. Shortly thereafter the parents separated, and Marić returned to Zürich, taking Eduard and his older brother Hans Albert with her. His father remarried in 1919 and in 1933 emigrated to the United States under the threat of Germany's rising Nazi regime.

Eduard was a good student and had musical talent. After gymnasium, he started to study medicine to become a psychiatrist, but by the age of twenty one he was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He was institutionalized two years later for the first of several times. Biographers of his father have speculated that the drugs and "cures" of the time damaged rather than aided the young Einstein.[30] His brother Hans Albert Einstein believed that his memory and cognitive abilities had been deeply affected by electroconvulsive therapy treatments Eduard received while institutionalized.[31]

After a breakdown, Eduard had told his father Albert that he hated him, and after the father's emigration to the United States they never saw each other again.[32] The father and son, whom the father fondly referred to as "Tete" (for petit), corresponded regularly before and after Eduard became ill. Their correspondence continued after the father's immigration to the U.S.[33][34]

Eduard remained interested in music and art,[35] wrote poetry,[36] and was a Sigmund Freud enthusiast. He hung a picture of Freud on his bedroom wall.[37]

His mother cared for him until she died in 1948. From then on Eduard lived most of the time at the psychiatric clinic Burghölzli in Zurich, where he died in 1965 of a stroke at age 55. He is buried at Hönggerberg Cemetery in Zurich.[38]

Abraham Einstein (Albert's grandfather)

Abraham Einstein (8 April 1808 – 21 November 1868), the son of Ruppert Einstein and Rebekha Overnauer, is the father of Hermann Einstein and grandfather of Hermann's son, Albert. Abraham married Helene Moos, also a German Jew, in April 1839 in Bad Buchau. Together, they had several children:

  • Raphael (3 December 1839 – 15 January 1842), male
  • Jette (13 January 1844 – 7 January 1905), female
  • Heinrich (12 October 1845 – 16 November 1877), male
  • Hermann (30 August 1847 – 10 October 1902), male
  • August Ignaz (23 December 1849 – 14 April 1911), male
  • Jacob (25 November 1850 – 1912), male
  • Friederikeh "Rikah" (15 March 1855 – 17 June 1938), female

Surnames are Einstein and places are in Germany unless otherwise noted.

Einsteins and Ainsteins

First known is Moses Ainstein (fl. c. 1700). He had two sons: Leopold (born c. 1700); and Baruch Moses E/Ainstein (1665 in Wangen – 1750).

Baruch was married to Borichle (born 1635) and had three sons: Moyses (1689 in Bad Buchau – 1732); Daniel (born 1690 in Fellheim), and Abraham. He may have been married again.

Moyses was married twice. His first marriage produced a son, Abraham Einstein (born c. 1704 in Bad Buchau), a daughter, and possibly another son, David Veit Einstein (1713 in Buchau, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg – 1763). His second marriage was to Judith Haymann. David was either Judith's son or that of Moyses' first wife. Judith also had two biological sons: Daniel (1690 in Fellheim, Duchy of Bavaria – after 1720) and Leopold (1700 – after 1719).

Daniel's children

Daniel had four wives, but despite this he had only one child, either a son or stepson:

  • Leopold (1720 in Ulm, Holy Roman Empire – 6 November 1796 in Laupheim, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg)
  • Descendent families: Einsteins, Bernheins, Bukas, Steiners, Nathans, Noerdlingers, Straussses, Saengers

Leopold's children

Leopold had one wife called Karoline (born 1700 in Buchau, Germany) and had:

  • Abraham (12 January 1718 in Buchau, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg – 16 June 1787)
  • Descendent families: Guggenheims and Einsteins

Abraham's children

Abraham had one unknown wife and a son:

  • Joseph (1726 in Sontheim, Holy Roman Empire – 29 April 1795 in Jebenhausen, Duchy of Württemberg)
  • Descendent families: Lindauer, Rohrbacher, Weils, Einsteins, Lindauers, Kohns, Levis, Fellheimers, Franks, Lindauers, Heumanns Sulzbergs, Katzs and Wormsers

David's children

From marriage with Karoline Ehrlich he had:

  • Moyses
  • Naphatali (1733 in Buchau, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg – 1799) (Einstein's great-great-grandfather), his is grandfather of Abraham above, who had been the Spouse of Greta.

Rupert Einstein (Albert's 1st great-grandfather)

Birthdate: July 21, 1759

Birthplace: Buchau, Biberach, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire

Death: Died April 4, 1834, in Buchau, Biberach, Kingdom of Württemberg

Immediate Family:

Son of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein and Helene Handle Steppach Husband of Rebecca Obernauer Father of Judith Einstein; Raphael Einstein; Abraham Rupert Einstein; Samuel Rupert Einstein; David Einstein and 1 other Brothers of Judith Jetle Einstein; Joseph Einstein;Daniel Einstein; Veit Hirsch Einstein and Helene Rieser

Naphtali Hirsch Einstein (Albert's 2nd great-grandfather)

Also Known As: "Nepthali ben David"

Birthdate: 1733

Birthplace: Bad Buchau, Biberach, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire

Death: Died 1799

Immediate Family:

Son of David Veit Einstein and Caroline Einstein Husband of Helene Handle Steppach Father of Judith Jetle Einstein; Joseph Einstein;Daniel Einstein; Rupert Einstein; Veit Hirsch Einsteinand 1 other Brother of Moyses (Moses) Einstein

David Veit Einstein (Albert's 3rd great-grandfather)

Birthdate: estimated between 1695 and 1729

Birthplace: Buchau, Biberach, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire

Death: Died 1763 in Bad Buchau, Biberach, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire

Immediate Family:

Son of Moyses Einstein and Judith Einstein Husband of Caroline Einstein Father of Moyses (Moses) Einstein and Naphtali Hirsch Einstein Brother of Joseph Einstein; Unknown Einstein;Abraham Einstein; Daniel Einstein and Leopold Einstein

Moyses Einstein (Albert's 4th great-grandfather)

Birthdate: 1690

Birthplace: Fellheim, Bavarian Swabia, Electorate of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire

Death: Died 1732

Immediate Family:

Son of Baruch Moses Ainstein and Borichle Einstein; Husband of Judith Einstein; Father of Joseph Einstein, David Veit Einstein, Abraham Einstein, Daniel Einstein and 1 other.

Baruch Moses Ainstein (Albert's 5th great-grandfather)

Birthdate: estimated between 1615 and 1675

Birthplace: Wangen, Duchy of Württemberg, Holy Roman Empire

Death: Died in Bad Buchau, between 1711 and 1719 Tübingen, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire

Immediate Family:

Son of Moses Ainstein, Husband of Borichle Einstein, Father of Moyses Einstein.

Moses Ainstein (Albert's 6th great-grandfather)

Birthdate: estimated before 1676

Immediate Family:Father of Baruch Moses Einstein

Father of Baruch Moses Einstein

See also
  • Genius, a television series depicting the Einsteins

References
  1. Aron Tanzer (1988). Die Geschichte der Juden in Jebenhausen und Göppingen (The History of Jews in Jebenhausen and Göppingen). Weissenhorn, Germany: Anton H. Konrad Verlag. pp. 220, 301, 334, 378, 383.
  2. "Short life history: Elsa Einstein".
  3. Modified from P. Hanks; F. Hodges (1997). A dictionary of surnames. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  4. Tanzer 1988, p. 220
  5. "Short life history: Pauline Einstein". Albert Einstein In The World Wide Web. ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich. January 2015.
  6. "Albert Einstein – Biography". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  7. Schwartz, Joseph (2005). Introducing Einstein. ISBN 1-84046-667-7.
  8. Botstein, Leon; Galison, Peter; Holton, Gerald James; Schweber, Silvan S. (2008) Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture, Princeton Univ. Press
  9. "Short life history: Hermann Einstein" Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine in Albert Einstein, autobiographic writings, 1946
  10. Barry R. Parker, Einstein: The Passions of a Scientist, Prometheus Books - 2003, page 31
  11. Michaels, Daniel; Sylvers, Eric (26 December 2021). "Italian Tech Startup Revives Einstein's Father's Power Plant". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  12. "Short life history: Hermann Einstein". Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  13. Christof Rieber, Albert Einstein. Biografie eines Nonkonformisten, Thorbecke 2018, page 78 f.
  14. www.einstein-website.de
  15. Short life history: Maria Winteler-Einstein
  16. Highfield & Carter 1993, p. 203
  17. Highfield & Carter 1993, p. 248
  18. The Love Letters, p. 54
  19. The Love Letters, p. 63
  20. the english translation of the german "Doxerl", one of the names Einstein used for Marić
  21. The Love Letters, p. 66
  22. The Love Letters, p. 73
  23. The Love Letters, p. 78
  24. Lieserl Einstein's biography
  25. Milan Popović: In Alberts Shadow. The life and letters of Mileva Marić, Einstein's first wife, Johns Hopkins University Press, London 2003, p.11, ISBN 978-0-8018-7856-5
  26. The Truth Behind Einstein's Letter on the 'Universal Force' of Love
  27. "A Universal Force". Snopes.com. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  28. "University of California In Memoriam". www.lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  29. "Short life history: Hans Albert Einstein". www.einstein-website.de. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  30. Clark, Ronald W. (1971). Einstein: The Life and Times. Avon. ISBN 0-380-44123-3.
  31. Barry Parker (2003): Einstein: The Passions of a Scientist. Prometheus Books. New York. p. 236.
  32. Parker (2003): Einstein, pp. 236-237.
  33. "Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1928". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation.
  34. "Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1944". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation.
  35. "Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, circa 1933". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation.
  36. "Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1933". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation.
  37. "Albert Einstein on Sigmund Freud"
  38. Robert Dünki, Anna Pia Maissen: «... damit das traurige Dasein unseres Sohnes etwas besser gesichert wird» Mileva und Albert Einsteins Sorgen um ihren Sohn Eduard (1910–1965). Die Familie Einstein und das Stadtarchiv Zürich. In: Stadtarchiv Zürich. Jahresbericht 2007/2008. (german)

Works cited
  • Einstein, Albert and Marić, Mileva (1992) The Love Letters. Edited by Jürgen Renn & Robert Schulmann. Translated by Shawn Smith. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. ISBN 0-691-08760-1
  • Highfield; Carter, Paul (1993). The Private Lives of Albert Einstein. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17170-2.
  • Christof Rieber: Albert Einstein. Biografie eines Nonkonformisten. Thorbecke: Ostfildern 2018 ISBN 978-3-7995-1281-7

Further reading
  • Michele Zackheim, Einstein's Daughter: the Search for Lieserl, Riverhead 1999, ISBN 1-57322-127-9.
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