Air France Flight 4590

On 25 July 2000, Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde passenger jet on an international charter flight from Paris to New York, crashed shortly after takeoff, killing all 109 people on board and four on the ground. It was the only fatal Concorde accident during its 27-year operational history.[1]

Air France Flight 4590
Flight 4590 during takeoff
Accident
Date25 July 2000 (2000-07-25)
SummaryCrashed following debris strike and in-flight fire
SiteGonesse, France
48°59′08″N 2°28′20″E
Total fatalities113
Total injuries6
Aircraft
Aircraft typeAérospatiale-BAC Concorde
OperatorAir France on behalf of Peter Deilmann Cruises
IATA flight No.AF4590
ICAO flight No.AFR4590
Call signAIR FRANS 4590
RegistrationF-BTSC
Flight originCharles de Gaulle Airport, Paris, France
DestinationJohn F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City, United States
Occupants109
Passengers100
Crew9
Fatalities109
Survivors0
Ground casualties
Ground fatalities4
Ground injuries6

While taking off from Charles de Gaulle Airport, the aircraft ran over debris on the runway, causing a tyre to blow up and disintegrate. Tyre fragments, flung by the rapidly spinning wheel, violently struck the underside of the wing, damaging parts of the landing gear – thus preventing its retraction – and causing the integral fuel tank to rupture. Large amounts of fuel leaking from the rupture ignited, causing a loss of thrust in the left-hand-side engines 1 and 2. The aircraft lifted off, but the loss of thrust, high drag from the extended landing gear, and fire damage to the flight controls made it impossible to maintain control. The jet crashed into a hotel in nearby Gonesse two minutes after takeoff. All 9 crew and 100 passengers on board were killed, alongside four in the hotel. Six other people in the hotel were critically injured.[2][3]

In the wake of the disaster, the entire Concorde fleet was grounded. It returned to service in November 2001, following the implementation of various modifications to the airframe, but to limited commercial success. The type was finally retired in 2003.

Aircraft and crew
F-BTSC, the Concorde involved in the accident, photographed in 1985

The aircraft involved was a 25-year-old Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde (registration F-BTSC, serial number 203) that had its maiden flight on 31 January 1975 (during testing, the aircraft's registration was F-WTSC). The aircraft was purchased by Air France on 6 January 1976. It was powered by four Rolls-Royce Olympus 593/610 turbojet engines, each of which was equipped with afterburners. The aircraft's last scheduled repair had taken place on 21 July 2000, four days before the accident; no problems were reported during the repair. At the time of the crash, the aircraft had flown for 11,989 hours and had made 4,873 take-off and landing cycles.[3]: 21–35 [4][5]

The cockpit crew consisted of the following:[3]: 18–20 [6]

  • Captain Christian Marty (age 53), who had been with Air France since 1967. He had 13,477 flight hours, including 317 hours on the Concorde. Marty had also flown the Boeing 727, 737, Airbus A300, A320, and A340 aircraft.
  • First officer Jean Marcot (50), who had been with Air France since 1971 and had 10,035 flight hours, with 2,698 of them on the Concorde. He had also flown the Aérospatiale N 262, Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris, Sud Aviation Caravelle and Airbus A300 aircraft.
  • Flight engineer Gilles Jardinaud (58), who had been with Air France since 1968. He had 12,532 flight hours, of which 937 were on the Concorde aircraft. Jardinaud had also flown the Sud Aviation Caravelle, Dassault Falcon 20, Boeing 727, 737, and 747 (including the -400 variant) aircraft.

Crash

The wind at the airport was light and variable that day, and was reported to the cockpit crew as an eight-knot (15 km/h; 9 mph) tailwind as they lined up on runway 26R.[3]: 17, 170 

N13067, the DC-10 involved in the accident sequence, photographed in 1996

Five minutes before the Concorde departed, Continental Airlines Flight 55, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, took off from the same runway for Newark International Airport and lost a titanium alloy strip that was part of the engine cowl, identified as a wear strip about 435 millimetres (17.1 in) long, 29 to 34 millimetres (1.1 to 1.3 in) wide, and 1.4 millimetres (0.055 in) thick.[3]: 17, 107 [7] At 16:42 local time (UTC 14:42), the Concorde ran over this piece of debris during its take-off run, cutting its right-front tyre (tyre No 2) and sending a large chunk of tyre debris (4.5 kilograms or 9.9 pounds) into the underside of the left wing at an estimated speed of 140 metres per second (270 kn; 500 km/h; 310 mph).[3]: 115  It did not directly puncture any of the fuel tanks, but it sent out a pressure shockwave that ruptured the number 5 fuel tank at its weakest point, just above the undercarriage. Leaking fuel gushing out from the bottom of the wing was most likely ignited either by an electric arc in the landing gear bay (debris cutting the landing gear wire) or through contact with hot parts of the engine.[3]: 120–123  Engines 1 and 2 both surged and lost all power, and then engine 1 slowly recovered over the next few seconds.[3]: 17  A large plume of flame developed, and the flight engineer shut down engine 2 in response to a fire warning and the captain's command.[3]: 166 [BEA 1]

Air traffic controller Gilles Logelin noticed the flames before the Concorde was airborne and informed the flight crew.[3]: 17  However, the aircraft had passed V1 speed, at which point takeoff is considered unsafe to abort. The plane did not gain enough airspeed with the three remaining engines as damage to the landing gear bay door prevented the retraction of the undercarriage.[3]: 134–135  The aircraft was unable to climb or accelerate, and its speed decayed during the course of its brief flight.[8]: 33–37  The fire damaged the inner elevon of the left wing and it began to disintegrate,[3]: 164 [9] melted by the extremely high temperatures. Engine number 1 surged again, but did not fully recover, and the right wing lifted from the asymmetrical thrust, banking the aircraft to over 100 degrees. The crew reduced the power on engines three and four in an attempt to level the aircraft, but they lost control due to deceleration and the aircraft stalled, crashing into the Hôtelissimo Les Relais Bleus Hotel.[10][11][12][13] A video of the burning plane on takeoff and the aftermath of the crash was captured by a passing driver.[14]

The crew was trying to divert to nearby Paris–Le Bourget Airport, but accident investigators stated that a safe landing would have been highly unlikely, given the aircraft's flightpath. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) recorded the last intelligible words in the cockpit (translated into English):[15][16]

Co-pilot: "Le Bourget, Le Bourget, Le Bourget."
Pilot: "Too late (unclear)."
Control tower: "Fire service leader, correction, the Concorde is returning to runway zero nine in the opposite direction."
Pilot: "No time, no (unclear)."
Co-pilot: "Negative, we're trying Le Bourget" (four switching sounds).
Co-pilot: "No (unclear)."
Fire service leader: "De Gaulle tower from fire service leader, can you give me the situation of the Concorde?" (two gongs and sound of switch, followed by another switch and sounds likened to objects being moved)
Pilot: (unclear, sounds like exertion)
Pilot: (unclear, sounds like exertion)
Pilot: (unclear, sounds like exertion)
End of recording

Fatalities

The flight was chartered by German company Peter Deilmann Cruises. The passengers were on their way to board the cruise ship MS Deutschland in New York for a 16-day cruise to Manta, Ecuador.[10][17] They included German football manager Rudi Faßnacht and German trade union board member Christian Götz.[18][19][20]

All the passengers and crew, and four employees of the Hotelissimo hotel were killed in the crash.[18][19]

NationalityPassengersCrewGroundTotal
Austria1——1
Denmark2——2
France—8—8
Germany961—97
United States1——1
Algeria——11
Mauritius——11
Poland——22
Total10094113

Aftermath
N13067, the DC-10 involved, was scrapped at Mojave, California, in 2012.[21]

A few days after the crash, all Air France Concordes were grounded, pending an investigation into the cause of the crash and possible remedies.[22]

Air France's Concorde operation had been a money-losing venture, and it is claimed that the aeroplane had been kept in service as a matter of national pride;[23] British Airways claimed to make a profit on its Concorde operations.[24][25] According to Jock Lowe, a Concorde pilot, until the crash of Air France Flight 4590 at Paris, the British Airways Concorde operation made a net average profit of about £30M (equivalent to £44M in 2019) a year.[26] Commercial service was resumed in November 2001 after a £17M (£24M today) safety improvement programme, until the type was retired in 2003.[26]

Despite the accident, the only fatal one of its entire career, Concorde was still considered among the world's safest aircraft.[27]

Investigation

The official investigation was conducted by France's accident investigation bureau, the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA).

Post-accident investigation revealed that the aircraft was over the maximum takeoff weight for ambient temperature and other conditions, and 810 kg (1,790 lb) over the maximum structural weight,[3]: 32, 159 [BEA 2][BEA 3][28][29] loaded so that the centre of gravity was aft of the take-off limit.[3]: 159 [28][29] Fuel transfer during taxiing left the number 5 wing tank 94 percent full.[3]: 118 [BEA 4] A 30-centimetre (12 in) spacer normally keeps the left main landing gear in alignment, but it had not been replaced after recent maintenance; the BEA concluded that this did not contribute to the accident.[3]: 155 [30][BEA 5]

The final report was issued on 16 January 2002.[31]

Conclusions

The BEA concluded that:

  • The aircraft was overloaded by 810 kilograms (1,790 lb) above the maximum safe takeoff weight. Any effect on takeoff performance from this excess weight was negligible.[3]: 159 
  • After reaching takeoff speed, the tyre of the number 2 wheel was cut by a metal strip (a wear strip) lying on the runway, which had fallen from the thrust reverser cowl door of the number 3 engine of a Continental Airlines DC-10 that had taken off from the same runway five minutes previously.[3]: 102 [32] This wear strip had been replaced at Tel Aviv, Israel, during a C check on 11 June 2000, and then again at Houston, Texas, on 9 July 2000. The strip installed in Houston had been neither manufactured nor installed in accordance with the procedures as defined by the manufacturer.[3]: 105–107, 171, 174 
  • The aircraft was airworthy and the crew were qualified. The landing gear that later failed to retract had not shown serious problems in the past. Despite the crew being trained and certified, no plan existed for the simultaneous failure of two engines on the runway, as it was considered highly unlikely.
  • Aborting the takeoff would have led to a high-speed runway excursion and collapse of the landing gear, which also would have caused the aircraft to crash.
  • While two of the engines had problems and one of them was shut down, the damage to the plane's structure was so severe that the crash would have been inevitable, even with the engines operating normally.

Alternative theories

British investigators and former French Concorde pilots re-evaluated two factors that the BEA had found to be of negligible consequence to the crash, the unbalanced weight distribution in the fuel tanks and the loose landing gear. They accused Air France of negligence because they concluded these factors caused the aircraft to veer off course on the runway reducing its takeoff speed to below the critical minimum.[6][33][34]

While examining the wreckage in a warehouse, British investigators noticed that a spacer was missing from the bogie beam on the left-hand main landing gear. (It was later found in an Air France maintenance workshop.)[35] This skewed the alignment of the landing gear because a strut was able to wobble in any direction with 3° of movement. The problem was exacerbated on the left gear's three remaining tyres by the uneven fuel load. Drag marks left on the runway by the left rear landing wheels show the Concorde was veering to the left as it accelerated toward takeoff.[30]

Due to the veer, the Concorde travelled further down the runway than normal because it was failing to gain sufficient takeoff speed. It struck the metal strip from the DC-10 after it had passed its usual takeoff point on the runway.[6]

At one point it drifted toward an Air France Boeing 747 that was carrying then-French President Jacques Chirac (who was returning from the 26th G8 summit meeting in Okinawa, Japan).[28][36]

Previous tyre incidents

In November 1981, the American National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) sent a letter of concern to the French BEA that included safety recommendations for Concorde. This communiqué was the result of the NTSB's investigations of four Air France Concorde incidents during a 20-month period from July 1979 to February 1981. The NTSB described those incidents as "potentially catastrophic", because they were caused by blown tyres during takeoff. During its 27 years in service, Concorde had about 70 tyre- or wheel-related incidents, seven of which caused serious damage to the aircraft or were potentially catastrophic.[37]

  • 13 June 1979: The number 5 and 6 tyres blew out during a takeoff from Washington Dulles International Airport. Fragments thrown from the tyres and rims damaged number 2 engine, punctured three fuel tanks, severed several hydraulic lines and electrical wires, and tore a large hole on the top of the wing over the wheel well area.
  • 21 July 1979: Another blown tyre incident during takeoff from Dulles Airport. After that second incident the "French director general of civil aviation issued an Airworthiness Directive and Air France issued a Technical Information Update, each calling for revised procedures. These included required inspection of each wheel and tyre for condition, pressure, and temperature prior to each takeoff. In addition, crews were advised that landing gear should not be raised when a wheel/tyre problem is suspected."
  • August 1981: British Airways (BA) plane taking off from New York suffered a blow-out, damaging landing gear door, engine, and fuel tank.[37]
  • November 1985: Tyre burst on a BA plane leaving Heathrow, causing damage to the landing gear door and fuel tank. Two engines were damaged as a result of the accident.[37]
  • January 1988: BA plane leaving Heathrow lost 10 bolts from its landing gear wheel. A fuel tank was punctured.[37]
  • July 1993: Tyre burst on a BA plane during landing at Heathrow, causing substantial ingestion damage to the number 3 engine, damaging the landing gear and wing, and puncturing an empty fuel tank.[38]
  • October 1993: Tyre burst on a BA plane during taxi at Heathrow, puncturing wing, damaging fuel tanks, and causing a major fuel leak.[39]

Because it is a tailless delta-wing aircraft, Concorde could not use the normal flaps or slats to assist takeoff and landing, and required a significantly higher air and tyre speed during the takeoff roll than an average airliner. That higher speed increased the risk of tyre burst during takeoff. Analysis of test results revealed the level of kinetic energy necessary to cause the rupture of fuel tank. The analysis of impact energy considered a tyre piece of 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb) with a speed around 140 metres per second (310 mph). The piece could reach this speed by combination of rotation of the tyre on takeoff and the tyre burst.[3]: 115 

Modifications and revival

The accident led to modifications to Concorde, including more-secure electrical controls, Kevlar lining to the fuel tanks, and specially developed burst-resistant tyres.[40]

The crash of the Air France Concorde nonetheless proved to be the beginning of the end for the type.[41] Just before service resumed, the September 11 attacks took place, resulting in a marked drop in passenger numbers, and contributing to the eventual end of Concorde flights.[42] Air France stopped flights in May 2003, followed by British Airways five months later.[43]

In June 2010, two groups attempted, unsuccessfully, to revive Concorde for "Heritage" flights in time for the 2012 Olympics. The British Save Concorde Group, SCG, and French group Olympus 593 were attempting to get four Rolls-Royce Olympus engines at Le Bourget Air and Space Museum.[44]

Criminal investigation

French authorities began a criminal investigation of Continental Airlines, whose plane dropped the debris on the runway, in March 2005,[45] and that September, Henri Perrier, the former chief engineer of the Concorde division at Aérospatiale at the time of the first test flight in 1969 and the programme director in the 1980s and early 1990s, was placed under formal investigation.[46]

In March 2008, Bernard Farret, a deputy prosecutor in Pontoise, outside Paris, asked judges to bring manslaughter charges against Continental Airlines and two of its employees – John Taylor, the mechanic who replaced the wear strip on the DC-10, and his manager Stanley Ford – alleging negligence in the way the repair was carried out.[47] Continental denied the charges,[48] and claimed in court that it was being used as a scapegoat by the BEA. The airline suggested that the Concorde "was already on fire when its wheels hit the titanium strip, and that around 20 first-hand witnesses had confirmed that the plane seemed to be on fire immediately after it began its take-off roll".[35][49]

At the same time, charges were laid against Henri Perrier, head of the Concorde program at Aérospatiale, Jacques Hérubel, Concorde's chief engineer, and Claude Frantzen, head of DGAC, the French airline regulator.[47][50][51] It was alleged that Perrier, Hérubel, and Frantzen knew that the plane's fuel tanks could be susceptible to damage from foreign objects, but nonetheless allowed it to fly.[52]

The trial ran in a Parisian court from February to December 2010. Continental Airlines was found criminally responsible for the disaster. It was fined €200,000 ($271,628) and ordered to pay Air France €1 million. Taylor was given a 15-month suspended sentence, while Ford, Perrier, Hérubel, and Frantzen were cleared of all charges. The court ruled that the crash resulted from a piece of metal from a Continental jet that was left on the runway; the object punctured a tyre on the Concorde and then ruptured a fuel tank.[53][54][55] The convictions were overturned by a French appeals court in November 2012, thereby clearing Continental and Taylor of criminal responsibility.[54]

The Parisian court also ruled that Continental would have to pay 70% of any compensation claims. As Air France had paid out €100 million to the families of the victims, Continental could be made to pay its share of that compensation payout. The French appeals court, while overturning the criminal rulings by the Parisian court, affirmed the civil ruling and left Continental liable for the compensation claims.[54][56]

Legacy
Gonesse memorial

A monument in honour of the crash victims was established at Gonesse. The Gonesse monument consists of a piece of transparent glass with a piece of an aircraft wing jutting through.[57] Another monument, a 6,000-square-metre (65,000 sq ft) memorial surrounded with topiary planted in the shape of a Concorde, was established in 2006 at Mitry-Mory, just south of Charles de Gaulle Airport.[58][59]

Documentaries and other media
  • The Concorde that crashed was the primary aircraft extensively used in The Concorde ... Airport '79.[60]
  • The timeline and causes of the crash were profiled in the premiere episode of the National Geographic documentary series Seconds From Disaster.[61]
  • NBC aired a Dateline NBC documentary on the crash, its causes, and its legacy on 22 February 2009.[62]
  • Channel 4 and Discovery Channel Canada aired a documentary called Concorde's Last Flight.[63]
  • Smithsonian Channel aired a 90-minute documentary in 2010.[64]
  • The accident and subsequent investigation were featured in the 7th episode during Season 14 of the Canadian documentary series Mayday (also known as Air Crash Investigation) titled "Concorde: Up in Flames", first broadcast in January 2015.[65]
  • In 2020, Montreal synth-pop group Le Couleur released an album, Concorde, inspired by the story of this crash.[66][67]

References
  1. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Aérospatiale / BAC Concorde 101 F-BTSC Gonesse". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  2. Barry, Ben (5 September 2019). "How Concorde Pushed the Limits – Then Pushed Them Too Far – Disaster and Aftermath". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  3. "Accident on 25 July 2000 at La Patte d'Oie in Gonesse (95) to the Concorde registered F-BTSC operated by Air France (REPORT translation f-sc000725a)" (PDF). Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety. 16 January 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  4. "F-BTSC Air France Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde". www.planespotters.net. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  5. "Air France F-BTSC (Concorde – MSN 203)". www.airfleets.net. Airfleets aviation. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  6. Rose, David (13 May 2001). "Doomed". The Guardian. London: The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  7. "Metal Part Maybe Came From Continental Jet". ABC News. Associated Press. 24 September 2000. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  8. "Accident on 25 July 2000 at "La Patte d'Oie" in Gonesse (95), to the Concorde, registered F-BTSC, operated by Air France (Preliminary report translation f-sc000725pa)" (PDF). BEA. 1 September 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  9. How the Crash of Flight 4590 Destroyed Concorde's Mystique. Smithsonian Channel (Documentary). 20 January 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  10. "Concorde Crash". thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011.
  11. "Concorde crash kills 113". BBC News. BBC. 25 July 2000. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  12. "The damaged hotel and the scorched field show the impact of the crash, CBS News". CBS News. CBS. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  13. "French police and rescue service workers inspect the debris of the hotel and the crashed jet". CBS News. CBS. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  14. INA Société (23 July 2012). Crash du Concorde à Gonesse (in French). Gonesse: YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  15. "Appendix 2 CVR transcript" (PDF). BEA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  16. "ANNEXE 2 Transcription de l'enregistreur phonique" [APPENDIX 2 Transcription of the voice recorder] (in French). BEA. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  17. "'Black boxes' recovered at Concorde crash site". CNN. Associated Press and Reuters. 25 July 2000. Archived from the original on 16 December 2004. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  18. "2000: Concorde crash kills 113". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  19. "What Went Wrong". Newsweek. 13 March 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  20. "Mori to send messages to Chirac, Schroeder over Concorde Archived 29 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine." The Free Library. 26 July 2000. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
  21. "N13067 Continental Air Lines McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 – cn 47866 / 149". www.airfleets.net. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  22. Lichfield, John (29 July 2000). "Air France grounds Concorde until cause of crash is known". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  23. Scotchmer, Suzanne. Innovation and Incentives, MIT Press, 2004, p. 55.
  24. "The Concorde belies those who foresaw its extinction". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 26 January 1986. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  25. Arnold, James (10 October 2003). "Why economists don't fly Concorde". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  26. Westcott, Richard (24 October 2013). "Could Concorde ever fly again? No, says British Airways". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  27. Ruppe, David (26 July 2000). "Concorde's Stellar Safety Record". ABC News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  28. "Concorde: For the Want of a Spacer". Iasa.com.au. 24 June 2001. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  29. Brookes, Andrew J. (2002). Destination Disaster: Aviation Accidents in the Modern Age. Ian Allan. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7110-2862-3. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  30. Brookes, Andrew, Destination Disaster, page 19, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2862-1
  31. "Press release, 16 January 2002 Issue of the final report into the Concorde accident on 25 July 2000". BEA. 16 January 2012. Archived from the original (English edition) on 6 January 2016.
  32. "'Poor repair' to DC-10 was cause of Concorde crash". Flight Global. 24 October 2000. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  33. "Concorde: For the Want of a Spacer". iasa.com.au. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  34. "Untold Story of the Concorde Disaster". askthepilot.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  35. "Concorde crash remains unresolved 10 years later". digitaljournal.com. 25 July 2010. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  36. Brookes, Andrew, Destination Disaster, page 14, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2862-1
  37. Henley, Jon (17 August 2000). "Concorde crash 'a disaster waiting to happen'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  38. "AAIB Bulletin No: 11/93" (PDF). Air Accidents Investigation Branch, Cabinet Office. 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  39. "AAIB Bulletin No: 3/94" (PDF). Air Accidents Investigation Branch, Cabinet Office. 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  40. "New improved Concorde cleared for take-off". New Scientist. 6 September 2001. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  41. "Perception of Risk in the Wake of the Concorde Accident Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine", Issue 14, Airsafe Journal, Revised 6 January 2001.
  42. "LATEST NEWS Archive". ConcordeSST.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  43. Lawless, Jill (26 October 2003). "Final Concorde flight lands at Heathrow". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  44. "Iconic Concorde Could Return for 2012 Olympics Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine"
  45. "Judge places Continental under investigation in Concorde crash". USA Today. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2010. A French magistrate on Thursday opened a formal investigation of Continental Airlines for manslaughter for the suspected role played by one of its jets in the July 2000 crash of the supersonic Concorde that killed 113 people. Investigating judge Christophe Regnard placed Continental under investigation—a step short of being formally charged—for manslaughter and involuntary injury, judicial officials said.
  46. "Ex-Concorde head quizzed on crash". BBC News. 27 September 2005. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  47. "Prosecutor seeks Concorde charges". BBC News. BBC. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  48. "Continental denies responsibility for crash as Concorde trial begins". Deutsche Welle. 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  49. "Concorde crash manslaughter trial begins in France". BBC News. 2 February 2010. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  50. Bremner, Charles (12 March 2008). "Continental Airlines faces manslaughter charges over Paris Concorde crash". The Times. London.
  51. "Five to face Concorde crash trial". BBC News. BBC. 3 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010. The five accused are: John Taylor, the Continental mechanic who allegedly fitted the metal strip to the DC-10, and Stanley Ford, a maintenance official from the airline; Henri Perrier, a former head of the Concorde division at Aerospatiale, now part of the aerospace company EADS, and Concorde's former chief engineer Jacques Herubel; Claude Frantzen, a former member of France's civil aviation watchdog
  52. Clark, Nicola (1 February 2010). "Trial to Open in Concorde Disaster". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  53. Fraser, Christian (6 December 2010). "Continental responsible for Concorde crash in 2000". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  54. "Concorde crash: Continental Airlines cleared by France court". BBC News. BBC. 29 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  55. "Paris Court Finds Continental Responsible for Concorde Crash". Voice of America. 6 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  56. Clark, Nicola (29 November 2012). "French Court Overturns Convictions in Concorde Crash". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  57. Families mark 10 years since Concorde crash Archived 13 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Associated Press at the USA Today. 25 July 2010. Retrieved on 27 September 2013.
  58. Un mémorial pour les victimes du crash du Concorde La zone commerciale s'agrandit Participez au concours Pep's Star La mairie propose de parler de tout Débattez du logement avec Marie-Noëlle Lienemann Archived 29 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine. [A memorial for the victims of the crash of the Concorde The commercial area is growing Participate in the contest Pep's Star The town hall proposes to talk about everything Debate housing with Marie-Noëlle Lienemann] (in French) Le Parisien. 25 April 2006. Retrieved on 27 September 2013.
  59. "Mémorial AF4590". club-concorde.org. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  60. "The Concorde SST Web Site: History of the aircraft that would become Air France Flight 4590". Concordesst.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  61. "Seconds from Disaster". natgeotv. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  62. Greenberg, Peter (1 February 2010). "What brought down the Concorde?". Dateline NBC. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  63. Bramson, Dara (1 July 2015). "Where Is Today's Supersonic Jet?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  64. "Concorde: Flying Supersonic". Smithsonian Channel. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  65. National Geographic Channel (2016), Air Crash Investigation Archived 29 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 29 October 2016.
  66. Collo-Julin, Salem (14 September 2020). "Synth-pop trio Le Couleur explore beauty through tragedy on Concorde". Chicago Reader.
  67. "Le Couleur Explore Death Through Dance on 'Concorde' | Exclaim!". exclaim.ca. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.

BEA
  1. Section 2.2 "Crew Actions" (page 166): "The exceptional environment described above quite naturally led the FE to ask to shut down the engine. This was immediately confirmed by the Captain's calling for the engine fire procedure".
  2. Page 32: "The maximum structural weight on takeoff being 185,070 kg, it appears that the aircraft was slightly overloaded on takeoff".
  3. Page 159: "14h40m01s... it can be deduced that, for the crew, the aircraft weight at which the takeoff was commenced was 185,880 kg, for a MTOW of 185,070 kg".
  4. Section 1.16.7.3 "The Fuel in Tank 5" (page 118): "Taking into account these calculations, we may consider that the quantity of fuel in tank 5 was practically that which was loaded on the apron, which represents around 94% of the total volume of the tank".
  5. Page 155: "In conclusion, nothing in the research undertaken indicates that the absence of the spacer contributed in any way to the accident on 25 July 2000"
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air France Flight 4590.
External video
"How the Crash of Flight 4590 Destroyed Concorde's Mystique". Smithsonian Channel. 20 January 2017.
"Why the Concorde crashed and what happened next". BBC. 26 March 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.