Cia-Cia language

Cia-Cia (Bahasa Ciacia, 바하사 찌아찌아, بهاس چيا-چيا), also known as Buton or Butonese, is an Austronesian language spoken principally around the city of Baubau on the southern tip of Buton Island off the southeast coast of Sulawesi in Indonesia.

Cia-Cia
Butonese
Bahasa Ciacia
바하사 찌아찌아
بهاس چيا-چيا
Native toIndonesia
RegionBaubau, Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi
Native speakers
79,000 (2005)[1]
Austronesian
Hangul (present)
Latin (present)
Gundhul (historical)
Language codes
ISO 639-3cia
Glottologciac1237

In 2009, the language gained international media attention as the city of Baubau was teaching children to read and write Cia-Cia in Hangul, the Korean alphabet, and the mayor consulted the Indonesian government on the possibility of making the writing system official.[2] However, the project encountered difficulties between the city of Baubau, the Hunminjeongeum Society, and the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2011.[3] The King Sejong Institute which had been established in Baubau in 2011 to teach Hangul to locals abandoned its offices after a year of operation in 2012.[4] As of 2017 it remains in use in schools and on local signs.[5] In 2020, the first Cia-Cia dictionary was announced. Written in Hangul, it is set to be published in 2023.

Demographics

As of 2005 there were 80,000 speakers.[1] Speakers also use Wolio, which is closely related to Cia-Cia, as well as Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia. Wolio is falling into disuse as a written language among the Cia-Cia, as it is written using the Arabic script and Indonesian is now taught in schools with the Latin script.[6]

Geographic distribution
A student is writing on a whiteboard

Cia-Cia is spoken in Southeast Sulawesi, south Buton Island, Binongko Island, and Batu Atas Island.[1]

According to legend, Cia-Cia speakers on Binonko descend from Butonese troops sent by a Butonese Sultan.[7]

Name

The name of the language comes from the negator cia "no". It is also known as Buton, Butonese, Butung, and in Dutch Boetonees, names it shares with Wolio, and as South Buton or Southern Butung.[1]

Dialects

The language situation on the island of Buton is very complicated and not known in great detail.[8]

Dialects include Kaesabu, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula (with its subvarieties), and Masiri.[9] The Masiri dialect shows the greatest amount of vocabulary in common with the standard dialect.[1] The dialect Pedalaman has gh—equivalent to r in other dialects—in native vocabulary, but has r in loan words.[10]

Phonology

Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop voiceless p t t͡ʃ k ʔ
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
implosive ɓ ɗ
Fricative β s h
Approximant l
Trill (r) (ʁ)

Vowels
Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Orthography

Cia-Cia was once written in a Jawi-like script, called Gundhul, based on Arabic with five additional consonant letters but no signs for vowels.

The Cia-Cia Latin alphabet[11]
Consonants gknddhtr~ghlmbv~wbhps’ngjch
IPA/ɡ//k//n//ɗ//d//t//r ~ ʁ//l//m//ɓ//β//b//p//s//ʔ//ŋ//dʒ//tʃ//h/
Vowels aeoui
IPA/a//e//o//u//i/

In 2009, residents of the city of Baubau set about adopting Hangul, the script for the Korean language, as their script for writing Cia-Cia.[12] In January 2020, the publication of the first Cia-Cia dictionary in Hangul was announced. Set to take three years to publish, it is expected to cost ₩15,000,000.[13]

The Cia-Cia Hangul alphabet
Consonants /ɡ//k//n//ɗ//d//t//r//l//m//ɓ//β//b//p//s//ʔ//ŋ//dʒ//tʃ//h//ʁ/
Hangulㄱㄲㄴㄷㅌㄸㄹᄙ*ㅁㅂㅸㅍㅃㅅㅡㅇㅈㅉㅎㅋ
Vowels /a//e//o//u//i/(null)
Hangulㅏㅔㅗㅜㅣㅡ

* ᄙ is not a separate letter. The medial /r/ and /l/ are distinguished by writing a single letter (ㄹ) for /r/ and double (ᄙ) for /l/. Double ㄹ must be written in two syllables. The final /l/ is written with a single letter ㄹ; for the final consonant /r/, the null vowel (ㅡ) is added. Null consonant and vowel letters (으) are added for initial /l/.

An example of the Hangul script followed by Latin alphabet and IPA:[14]

아디

Adi

aɗi

세링

sering

seriŋ

빨리

pali

pali

노논또

nononto

nononto

뗄레ᄫᅵ시.

televisi.

teleβisi

아마노

Amano

amano

노뽀옴바에

nopo'ombae

nopoʔomɓa.e

이아

ia

i.a

나누몬또

nanumonto

nanumonto

뗄레ᄫᅵ시

televisi

teleβisi

꼴리에

kolie

koli.e

노몰렝오.

nomolengo.

nomoleŋo

아디 세링 빨리 노논또 뗄레ᄫᅵ시. 아마노 노뽀옴바에 이아 나누몬또 뗄레ᄫᅵ시 꼴리에 노몰렝오.

Adi sering pali nononto televisi. Amano nopo'ombae ia nanumonto televisi kolie nomolengo.

aɗi seriŋ pali nononto teleβisi amano nopoʔomɓa.e i.a nanumonto teleβisi koli.e nomoleŋo

Words

The numerals 1–10 are:

Numerals 1–10[15]
English onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineten
Romanization dise, iserua, ghuatolupa'alimano'opicuwalu, oalusiuaompulu
Hangul 디세, 이세루아똘루빠아을리마노오삐쭈ᄫᅡᆯ루, 오알루시우아옴뿔루

References

Citations
  1. Cia-Cia at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Lee Tae-hoon, "Hangeul didn’t become Cia Cia’s official writing", Korea Times, 2010-10-06.
  3. "Adoption of Hangeul by Indonesian Tribe Hits Snag". The Chosun Ilbo. 10 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  4. Yi, Whan-woo (8 October 2012). "Sejong Institute withdrawal to leave Cia-Cia out in cold". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  5. "Wow... Ada Kampung Korea di Sulawesi Tenggara!" [Wow... There's a Korean village in Southeast Sulawesi]. Kompas TV (in Indonesian). 7 April 2017 – via YouTube.
  6. Butonese - Orientation
  7. Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 131.
  8. Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 130.
  9. Donohue, Mark. 1999. "A grammar of Tukang Besi". p. 6.
  10. La Yani Konisi; Ahid Hidayat (2001). Analisis kategori kata bahasa cia liwungau (Research report) (in Indonesian). Universitas Terbuka Kendari.
  11. Wright, Tom; Fairclough, Gordon (11 September 2009). "To Save Its Dying Tongue, Indonesian Isle Orders Out for Korean". The Wall Street Journal.
  12. "Southeast Sulawesi Tribe Using Korean Alphabet to Preserve Native Tongue". Agence France-Presse. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2009 – via Jakarta Globe.
  13. Ryu, Il-Hyeong (6 January 2021). "표기문자 '한글' 채택한 인니 찌아찌아족 '언어사전' 첫 편찬" [First dictionary of the language of the Cia-Cia people in Indonesia that adopted Hangul to be compiled]. Yonhap News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 6 January 2020.
  14. Yu, Jae-Yeon (6 August 2009). "印尼 소수민족, '한글' 공식 문자로 채택" [Hangul adopted as official alphabet of Indonesian minority group]. No Cut News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 15 November 2021.
  15. Numbers in Austronesian languages

Sources
  • van den Berg, René. 1991. "Preliminary notes on the Cia-Cia language (South Buton)." In Harry A. Poeze and Pim Schoorl (eds.), Excursies in Celebes: Een bundel bijdragen bij het afscheid van J. Noorduyn als directeur-secretaris van het KITLV, 305-24. Leiden: KITLV.
  • Mustafa Abdullah. 1985. Struktur bahasa Cia-Cia. Proyek Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Sulawesi Selatan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
  • Ho-Young Lee, Hyosung Hwang, Abidin. 2009. Bahasa Cia-Cia 1. Hunmin jeongeum Society of Korea.
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