Climate of Brazil
The climate in Brazil varies considerably from mostly tropical north (the equator traverses the mouth of the Amazon) to temperate zones south of the Tropic of Capricorn (23°26' S latitude).
Temperatures
Temperatures north of the Tropic of Capricorn, especially in low-altitude areas, are high, averaging above 25 °C (77 °F), but not reaching the summer extremes of up to 40 °C (104 °F) in the temperate zones. There is little seasonal variation near the equator other than the rainfall frequency. Average temperatures below the Tropic of Capricorn are mild, ranging from 13 °C (55 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F).
The highest temperature officially registered in Brazil was 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) in Nova Maringá, Mato Grosso state, on 4 and 5 November 2020.[1] The lowest temperature officially recorded in Brazil was −14 °C (7 °F) in Caçador, Santa Catarina state, on 11 June 1952.[2] However, the summit of Morro da Igreja, a mountain situated in the municipality of Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, recorded a temperature of −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) on 30 June 1996 unofficially.[3] There are frosts south of the Tropic of Capricorn during the winter (June–September).
Although most of Brazil lies in the tropics, more than 60 percent of the country's population live in areas which are cooled either by altitude, sea winds or polar fronts. Some coastal cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife and Salvador can get extremely hot, with temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F) in heat waves. For example, Rio reached 43.2 °C (110 °F) on 26 December 2012.[4] However, plateau cities such as São Paulo, Brasília and Belo Horizonte have mild climates, and the southern cities of Porto Alegre and Curitiba have mild winters, but while Curitiba has a warm summer due to the average elevation of 934.6 metres (3,066 ft), Porto Alegre has a hot summer, with an average elevation of only 10 metres (33 ft).
Despite the popular image of the Amazon Rainforest as a region of hot, humid region, temperatures of more than 35 °C (95 °F) are unusual. The annual average temperature in the region is 22 to 26 °C (72 to 79 °F), with not much variation between the warmest and the coldest months. Even so, on occasions polar air massed influence the climate, causing the temperature to drop below 18 °C (64.4 °F).[5] The rainforest town of Cruzeiro do Sul has recorded temperatures below 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) twice.[6]
The hottest part of Brazil is the northeast, where temperatures of more than 38 °C (100 °F) are frequently recorded during the dry season between May and November. Along the Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range from 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F). Inland, on higher ground, temperatures are lower, ranging from 19 to 21 °C (66 to 70 °F). South of Rio the seasons are more defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider, with the annual average falling between 17 and 19 °C (63 and 66 °F). The cities of Belo Horizonte and Brasília have moderate temperatures, usually between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F), because of their elevation of 852 metres (2,795 ft)[7] and 1,172 metres (3,845 ft) respectively. Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and Salvador on the coast have warm climates, with average temperatures of each month ranging from 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F), but enjoy constant trade winds. The cities of São Paulo, Curitiba, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre are known to have a subtropical climate, which is within contrast with central and northern Brazil. Furthermore, it is to note that the winters often are more similar to that of Florida, and temperatures seldom fall below freezing in winter.[8]
Precipitation
.png.webp)
Precipitation levels vary widely throughout Brazil. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 mm (39 and 59 in) a year, with most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April) south of the Equator. The Amazon region is notoriously humid, with rainfall generally more than 2,000 mm (79 in) per year and reaching as high as 3,000 mm (118 in) in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém. It is less widely known that, despite high annual precipitation, the Amazon forest has a three- to five-month dry season, the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator. For example, the dry season in Boa Vista is different to that of Manaus.[9]
High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast, where rainfall is highly erratic and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The Northeast is the driest part of the country, with erratic rainfall and crops struggling to grow. For example Quixeramobim receives only 499 mm of rain annually.[10] The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than 40 °C (104 °F) are common. However, the sertão, a region of semidesert vegetation used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 in) of rain per year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year. For example, Campo Grande has a dry season from June to September and a wet season for the rest of the year.[11][12] In the wet season in cities like Campo Grande, flooding can be a problem because of intense rains that can happen in a short period.[13] Flooding has also been a major issue in cities without a dry season such as Porto Alegre.[14][15][16] The South and areas of the East are without a distinct dry season. Brazil has experienced deadly and devastating droughts in some years.[17][18][19]
Brazil's most intense rain falls around the mouth of the Amazon near the city of Belém, and also in the upper regions of Amazonia where more than 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of rain fall every year. For example, Belém receives 3,084 millimetres (121.4 in) of rainfall annually.[20] The warm weather lets many plants grow here. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 millimetres (39 and 59 in) a year, most of it coming between December and April.
Snowfall
Snow in Brazil often happens in winter in the mountains of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná, and is rarer at lower elevations. It is possible, but very rare, in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Mato Grosso do Sul. The greatest snowfall recorded in the country occurred in Vacaria on 7 August 1879, when more than 2 metres (79 inches) of snow accumulated on the ground.[21] Other significant snowfalls where more than 1 metre (39 inches) of snow accumulated happened on 20 July 1957 in São Joaquim[22] and 15 June 1985, in Pico das Agulhas Negras.[23] São Joaquim has the most snowy days of any settlement in Brazil.[24]
Snow has been recorded in Curitiba during several years,[25][26] but has not accumulated significantly since 1975.[27] In 2013, snow hit several municipalities, including Curitiba.[28][29] Snow has also occurred in Porto Alegre, but is very rare.[30][31]
Extreme weather
Because the South Atlantic basin is generally not a favorable environment for their development, Brazil has only rarely experienced tropical cyclones. The country's coastal population centers are considered less burdened with the need to prepare for cyclones, as are cities at similar latitudes in the United States and Asia. In 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center started assigning official names to tropical and subtropical cyclones that develop within its area of responsibility, which is to the west of 20°W, when they have gained sustained wind speeds of 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph) and over.[32]
Hurricane Catarina is the first and only South Atlantic tropical cyclone to have reached hurricane strength, and impacted Santa Catarina as a Category 2 storm in 2004.[33][34][35] It reached sustained wind speeds of 155 km/h (100 mph) and a pressure of 972 millibars.[36] The hurricane damaged shipyards and several crop fields, and poorer people were affected the most.[37] At least 2,000 people became homeless as a result of the storm.[35]
Other weaker subtropical cyclones can also cause damage. In 2015, Subtropical Storm Cari caused flooding and landslides to some cities in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.[38] In 2020, the front associated with Subtropical Storm Kurumí played a role in damaging floods and mudslides, with heavy rainfall. Large amounts of rain fell in Greater Belo Horizonte, triggering a landslide which killed three people and left one person missing.[39] Later that year, Subtropical Storm Mani affected the state of Espírito Santo, with landslides leaving over 400 people homeless.[40] In 2021, Subtropical Storm Ubá killed fifteen people and caused flooding and damage.[41][42][43] Over 30 municipalities in Bahia decreed a state of emergency because of the storm.[44] In May 2022, Subtropical Storm Yakecan killed two people in Brazil and Uruguay.[45][46] Because of severed power cables, over 220,000 people were affected by power cuts as a result of the storm.[47]
Climate change
Climate change in Brazil is mainly the climate of Brazil getting hotter and drier. The greenhouse effect of excess carbon dioxide and methane emissions makes the Amazon rainforest hotter and drier, resulting in more wildfires in Brazil. Parts of the rainforest risk becoming savanna.
Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions per person are higher than the global average, and Brazil is among countries which emit a large amount of greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gas emissions by Brazil are almost 3% of the annual world total.[48] Firstly due to cutting down trees in the Amazon rainforest, which emitted more carbon dioxide in the 2010s than it absorbed.[49] And secondly from large cattle farms, where cows belch methane. In the Paris Agreement Brazil promised to reduce its emissions, but the incumbent Bolsonaro government has been criticized for doing too little to limit climate change or adapt to climate change.[50]Examples
| Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana, 1991–2020, extremes 1887–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.0 (98.6) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.4 (92.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
30.2 (86.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.9 (96.6) |
35.3 (95.5) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.0 (98.6) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.7 (38.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
0.8 (33.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 292.1 (11.50) |
257.7 (10.15) |
229.1 (9.02) |
87.0 (3.43) |
66.3 (2.61) |
59.7 (2.35) |
48.4 (1.91) |
32.3 (1.27) |
83.3 (3.28) |
127.2 (5.01) |
143.9 (5.67) |
231.3 (9.11) |
1,658.3 (65.29) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 17 | 14 | 13 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 110 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76.9 | 75.0 | 76.6 | 74.6 | 75.0 | 73.5 | 70.8 | 68.2 | 71.3 | 73.7 | 73.7 | 73.9 | 73.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 139.1 | 153.5 | 161.6 | 169.3 | 167.6 | 160.0 | 169.0 | 173.1 | 144.5 | 157.9 | 152.8 | 145.1 | 1,893.5 |
| Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (sun 1981–2010)[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[58] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Rio de Janeiro (Saúde station, 1961—1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 40.9 (105.6) |
41.8 (107.2) |
41.0 (105.8) |
39.3 (102.7) |
36.3 (97.3) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.9 (102.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
42.8 (109.0) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.2 (109.8) |
43.2 (109.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.2 (86.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
25.3 (77.5) |
23.8 (74.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 17.7 (63.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 137.1 (5.40) |
130.4 (5.13) |
135.8 (5.35) |
94.9 (3.74) |
69.8 (2.75) |
42.7 (1.68) |
41.9 (1.65) |
44.5 (1.75) |
53.6 (2.11) |
86.5 (3.41) |
97.8 (3.85) |
134.2 (5.28) |
1,069.4 (42.10) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) | 11 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 93 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 79.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 211.9 | 201.3 | 206.4 | 181.0 | 186.3 | 175.1 | 188.6 | 184.8 | 146.2 | 152.1 | 168.5 | 179.6 | 2,181.8 |
| Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Brasília (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.6 (90.7) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.7 (96.3) |
36.4 (97.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.7 (92.7) |
36.4 (97.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.9 (71.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
3.2 (37.8) |
3.3 (37.9) |
1.6 (34.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.2 (50.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
1.6 (34.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 206.0 (8.11) |
179.5 (7.07) |
226.0 (8.90) |
145.2 (5.72) |
26.9 (1.06) |
3.3 (0.13) |
1.5 (0.06) |
16.3 (0.64) |
38.1 (1.50) |
141.8 (5.58) |
253.1 (9.96) |
241.1 (9.49) |
1,478.8 (58.22) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 16 | 14 | 15 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 17 | 18 | 109 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74.7 | 74.2 | 76.1 | 72.2 | 65.4 | 58.8 | 51.0 | 43.5 | 46.4 | 58.8 | 74.5 | 76.0 | 64.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 159.6 | 158.9 | 168.7 | 200.8 | 237.9 | 247.6 | 268.3 | 273.5 | 225.7 | 191.3 | 138.3 | 145.0 | 2,415.6 |
| Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[68][69][70][71][72][73][74] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[75] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Manaus (1981–2010, extremes 1872–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.0 (98.6) |
37.8 (100.0) |
36.2 (97.2) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.9 (94.8) |
35.7 (96.3) |
37.6 (99.7) |
38.3 (100.9) |
38.1 (100.6) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.3 (99.1) |
38.3 (100.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.9 (87.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
32.1 (89.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.4 (74.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 18.5 (65.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
12.1 (53.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 287.0 (11.30) |
295.1 (11.62) |
300.0 (11.81) |
319.0 (12.56) |
246.9 (9.72) |
118.3 (4.66) |
75.4 (2.97) |
64.3 (2.53) |
76.3 (3.00) |
104.1 (4.10) |
169.2 (6.66) |
245.6 (9.67) |
2,301.2 (90.60) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 19 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 155 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86.4 | 86.0 | 86.9 | 86.8 | 85.6 | 83.1 | 80.2 | 78.4 | 77.2 | 78.1 | 80.7 | 84.2 | 82.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 112.7 | 93.4 | 95.8 | 107.3 | 144.2 | 186.8 | 218.5 | 215.7 | 183.8 | 158.1 | 140.0 | 118.5 | 1,774.8 |
| Source 1: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) (climatological normals from 1981-2010;[76] (temperature extremes: 1961-present).[77][78] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[79] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Fortaleza (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1849–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.7 (99.9) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.8 (92.8) |
36.7 (98.1) |
39.6 (103.3) |
33.8 (92.8) |
34.3 (93.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
39.6 (103.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.4 (81.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 24.5 (76.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
20.2 (68.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 156.4 (6.16) |
187.0 (7.36) |
336.9 (13.26) |
385.0 (15.16) |
229.0 (9.02) |
130.0 (5.12) |
69.7 (2.74) |
20.0 (0.79) |
13.6 (0.54) |
9.5 (0.37) |
9.8 (0.39) |
37.1 (1.46) |
1,584 (62.36) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13 | 14 | 20 | 21 | 16 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 118 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78.4 | 80.4 | 83.0 | 85.1 | 82.6 | 79.9 | 76.9 | 73.3 | 71.7 | 72.0 | 72.7 | 74.4 | 77.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 220.4 | 183.0 | 172.7 | 152.8 | 211.9 | 219.2 | 254.2 | 288.5 | 287.1 | 294.2 | 287.7 | 274.2 | 2,845.9 |
| Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[80][81][82][83][84][85][86] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[87] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Belo Horizonte (1991–2020, extremes 1949–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.4 (95.7) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.5 (92.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
33.8 (92.8) |
36.1 (97.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.8 (94.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.7 (83.7) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.3 (79.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
27.3 (81.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
15.2 (59.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) |
12.8 (55.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.1 (37.6) |
5.4 (41.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 330.9 (13.03) |
177.7 (7.00) |
197.5 (7.78) |
82.3 (3.24) |
28.1 (1.11) |
11.4 (0.45) |
5.4 (0.21) |
10.6 (0.42) |
49.2 (1.94) |
110.1 (4.33) |
236.0 (9.29) |
339.1 (13.35) |
1,578.3 (62.14) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 15 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 17 | 92 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 69.3 | 66.2 | 68.6 | 66.3 | 64.3 | 62.6 | 58.4 | 54.0 | 55.3 | 59.9 | 68.5 | 71.0 | 63.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 182.6 | 190.8 | 190.0 | 201.5 | 215.4 | 223.8 | 236.6 | 244.8 | 211.2 | 204.4 | 164.7 | 162.0 | 2,427.8 |
| Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[88][89][90][91][92][93][94] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[95] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Curitiba (Elevation: 923.5 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1885–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.3 (93.7) |
34.8 (94.6) |
33.9 (93.0) |
32.6 (90.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.2 (82.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.7 (92.7) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.6 (92.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.1 (62.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
9.7 (49.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 218.3 (8.59) |
166.2 (6.54) |
147.0 (5.79) |
95.7 (3.77) |
113.5 (4.47) |
94.1 (3.70) |
108.3 (4.26) |
74.0 (2.91) |
141.4 (5.57) |
138.7 (5.46) |
124.4 (4.90) |
154.2 (6.07) |
1,575.8 (62.04) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 15 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 117 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81.2 | 81.3 | 82.2 | 82.5 | 83.4 | 82.3 | 80.4 | 77.1 | 80.8 | 81.7 | 79.2 | 79.6 | 81.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 160.5 | 151.3 | 163.1 | 155.5 | 148.8 | 141.3 | 162.1 | 173.0 | 124.3 | 136.7 | 163.5 | 164.7 | 1,844.8 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 12 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 9 |
| Source: INMET,[96][97] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[98] and Weather Atlas (UV index)[99] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Porto Alegre (1981–2010, extremes 1949–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39.2 (102.6) |
39.0 (102.2) |
38.1 (100.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
32.7 (90.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.0 (102.2) |
40.3 (104.5) |
40.3 (104.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.5 (86.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.7 (76.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.5 (74.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 110.1 (4.33) |
106.5 (4.19) |
92.2 (3.63) |
107.3 (4.22) |
118.8 (4.68) |
141.3 (5.56) |
141.3 (5.56) |
117.4 (4.62) |
141.5 (5.57) |
138.3 (5.44) |
110.9 (4.37) |
99.6 (3.92) |
1,425.2 (56.11) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 107 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72.9 | 74.8 | 75.3 | 77.6 | 81.0 | 82.7 | 80.7 | 77.8 | 77.0 | 75.0 | 72.1 | 70.9 | 76.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 227.2 | 195.2 | 202.4 | 166.0 | 146.9 | 115.6 | 131.4 | 145.3 | 145.8 | 178.0 | 215.2 | 232.4 | 2,101.4 |
| Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[100][101] | |||||||||||||
See also
- Effects of global warming
- Climate change in Brazil
- Geography of Brazil
- Regional effects of global warming
References
- "Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor". www.terra.com.br. Terra. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- (in Portuguese) Recordes de frio em SC Archived 2012-09-13 at the Wayback Machine, EPAGRI/CIRAM, retrieved May 15, 2013.
- (in Portuguese) Sibéria brasileira no sul do Brasil ("Brazilian Siberia in the South of Brazil"), Fantástico, July 18, 2006.
- "Temperatura desta quarta no Rio é recorde histórico, diz Inmet" (in Portuguese). G1 Rio de Janeiro. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
- "Frente fria deve atingir Manaus e temperatura pode cair para 18°C" (in Portuguese). G1 Amazonas. 24 July 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
- "Station Cruzeiro do Sul" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- "Estudo realiza medição de altitudes em Belo Horizonte". Prefeitura Belo Horizonte. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Brasil - HotelStore.net - Hotel Reservations / Reservas de Hotel, archived from the original on 2013-06-07, retrieved 2018-03-31
- Revista Tocantinense de Geografia. Universidade Federal do Tocantins. doi:10.22241/2317-9430/rtg.
- Wernstadt, Frederick L.; World Climatic Data; published 1972 by Climatic Data Press; p. 102.
- "Análise das precipitações em alguns municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-19.
- "Campo Grande climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Campo Grande weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
- Sant’Anna Neto, João Lima; Andrade, Vicentina Socorro da Anunciação (2012). "Extremo climático e riscos na cidade de Campo Grande-MS/Brasil". Territorium: Revista Portuguesa de riscos, prevenção e segurança (19): 33–42. doi:10.14195/1647-7723_19_4. ISSN 1647-7723. Archived from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
- "Veja como será a primavera no Rio Grande do Sul". GZH Ambiente (in Portuguese). 18 September 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- "Primavera deve ter início chuvoso e temperaturas amenas no Rio Grande do Sul". g1.globo.com. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- "Temporais, enchentes e solidariedade: RS sofreu com chuvas históricas em 2015". sul21.com (in Portuguese). 31 December 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- "Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil" Archived 29 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
- "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History" Archived 12 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Princeton University Press.
- "Inland fishery enhancements". FAO.
- "Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)" (in Portuguese). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1981–2010. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
- Especial A Neve e os gaúchos Zero Hora, visto em 03/08/2011.
- Maior nevasca da história do Brasil faz 50 anos Overmundo, 23 de julho de 2007.
- "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia". Archived from the original on 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
- "São Joaquim é a cidade que mais neva no Brasil, diz autor – CLMais | Correio Lageano". clmais.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-10-11.
- "SYNOP: SUMMARIZED DATA FOR CURITIBA". Mundomanz. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- "METAR: Weather History for Curitiba, Brazil". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- Povo, Gazeta do. "Curitiba amanhecia branca de neve em 17 de julho de 1975. Relembre em fotos". Gazeta do Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
- "Historic snowfall in the cover of main newspapers". METSUL Meteorologia. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
- "Institute confirms snow in Curitiba". 2013-07-23.
- "Porto Alegre registra granizo em dia mais quente de 2014, diz meteorologia". G1.globo.com. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- "Frio se intensifica no RS e Porto Alegre pode ter neve nesta quinta". G1.globo.com. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- "Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Navy. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- Department of Meteorology, e-Education Institute. "Upper-Level Lows". Meteorology 241: Fundamentals of Tropical Forecasting. Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- Pessa, Alexandre B.; Ian Simmonds (April 2006). "Catarina: The First South Atlantic Hurricane and its Association with Vertical Wind Shear and High Latitude Blocking" (PDF). 8th International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography. University of Melbourne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- Jefferson Bernardes (30 March 2004). "First South Atlantic hurricane hits Brazil". USA Today. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
- McTaggart-Cowan, R., Bosart, L. F., Davis, C. A., Atallah, E. H., Gyakum, J. R., and Emanuel, K. A. (November 2006). "Analysis of Hurricane Catarina (2004)". Monthly Weather Review. 134 (11): 3029–53. Bibcode:2006MWRv..134.3029M. doi:10.1175/MWR3330.1.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Marcelino, Emerson Vieira; Isabela Pena Viana de Oliveira Marcelino; Frederico de Moraes Rudorff (2004). "Cyclone Catarina: Damage and Vulnerability Assessment" (PDF). Santa Catarina Federal University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- "Cari é rebaixado ao enfraquecer e ciclone se afasta do continente" (in Portuguese). Metsul. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
- "Heavy rains cause casualties, damage in southeast Brazilian region". Xinhua News. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- Maisa Pereira de Souza (27 October 2020). "TEMPESTADE SUBTROPICAL MANI FAVORECEU A OCORRÊNCIA DE CHUVA NO ESTADO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO NESTE FIM DE SEMANA". portal.inmet.gov.br (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- "Sobe para 32 número de cidades em situação de emergência por causa das fortes chuvas na Bahia" (in Portuguese). g1. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
- "Em 24 horas número de desabrigados pela chuva aumenta quase cinco vezes em MG". g1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- "CICLONE SE FORMA NA COSTA DO SUL DO BRASIL E PROVOCA CALAMIDADE NA BAHIA" (in Portuguese). MetSul Meteorologia. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- "Governo atualiza número de mortes e de pessoas atingidas na Bahia". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). WarnerMedia. 2021-12-13. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
- "No Uruguai, Yakecan provoca transtornos e causa pelo menos uma morte". 17 May 2022.
- "Corpo é encontrado no Guaíba após barco afundar durante passagem de tempestade Yakecan no RS; suspeita é que seja de pescador desaparecido".
- "RS tem pelo menos 226 mil clientes sem energia elétrica; maioria dos casos fica na área da CEEE Equatorial". GZH (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- "Report: China emissions exceed all developed nations combined". BBC News. 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
- "Brazilian Amazon released more carbon than it absorbed over past 10 years". the Guardian. 2021-04-30. Archived from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
- Research, Behavioural and Social Sciences at Nature (2020-12-30). "The threat of political bargaining to climate mitigation in Brazil". Behavioural and Social Sciences at Nature Research. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
- "Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Média Compensada Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Mínima Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Número de dias no mês ou no ano com precipitação maior ou igual a (1 mm) (dias)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Insolação Total Mensal e Anual". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1981-2010 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Station Sao Paulo Mir de Santana" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Mínima (°C)" (in Portuguese). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961–1990. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- "Temperatura Máxima (°C)" (in Portuguese). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961–1990. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- "Temperatura Média Compensada (°C)" (in Portuguese). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961–1990. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- "Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)" (in Portuguese). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961–1990. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- "Temperatura Mínima Absoluta (ºC)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet). Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- "Temperatura Máxima Absoluta (ºC)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet). Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- "Número de Dias com Precipitação Maior ou Igual a 1 mm (dias)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- "Insolação Total (horas)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- "Umidade Relativa do Ar Média Compensada (%)". Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- "Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Média Compensada Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Mínima Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Número de dias no mês ou no ano com precipitação maior ou igual a (1 mm) (dias)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Insolação Total (horas)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Station Brasília" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- "BDMEP - Série Histórica - Dados Diários - Temperatura Mínima (°C) - Manaus". Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
- "BDMEP - Série Histórica - Dados Diários - Temperatura Máxima (°C) - Manaus". Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
- "Station Manaus" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- "Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Média Compensada Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Mínima Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Número de dias no mês ou no ano com precipitação maior ou igual a (1 mm) (dias)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Insolação Total (horas)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Station Fortaleza" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Média Compensada Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Temperatura Mínima Mensal e Anual (°C)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Número de dias no mês ou no ano com precipitação maior ou igual a (1 mm) (dias)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Insolação Total (horas)". Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Station Belo Horizonte" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- "Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- "Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa" (in Portuguese). INMET. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- "Station Curitiba" (in French). Meteo Climat. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Curitiba, Brazil – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
- "Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- INMET. BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura máxima (°C), temperatura mínima (°C) - Porto Alegre. Acesso em 19 ago. 2014.