Corn oil

Corn oil (North American) or maize oil (British) is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize). Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes refined corn oil a valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarines. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils.

Corn oil, five liters
Plastic jugs in cardboard boxes, 15 kg each

Corn oil is also a feedstock used for biodiesel. Other industrial uses for corn oil include soap, salve, paint, erasers, rustproofing for metal surfaces, inks, textiles, nitroglycerin, and insecticides. It is sometimes used as a carrier for drug molecules in pharmaceutical preparations.

Production

Almost all corn oil is expeller-pressed, then solvent-extracted using hexane or 2-methylpentane (isohexane).[1] The solvent is evaporated from the corn oil, recovered, and re-used. After extraction, the corn oil is then refined by degumming and/or alkali treatment, both of which remove phosphatides. Alkali treatment also neutralizes free fatty acids and removes color (bleaching). Final steps in refining include winterization (the removal of waxes), and deodorization by steam distillation of the oil at 232–260 °C (450–500 °F) under a high vacuum.[1]

Some specialty oil producers manufacture unrefined, 100%-expeller-pressed corn oil. This is a more expensive product since it has a much lower yield than the combination expeller and solvent process, as well as a smaller market share.

CountryProduction, 2018
(tonnes)
1  United States1,707,600
2  China483,700
3  Brazil145,548
4  South Africa83,700
5  Japan82,503
6  Italy69,300
7  France67,900
8  Belgium64,700
9  Canada62,300
10  Turkey53,000
11  Argentina46,800
Source : FAOSTAT[2]

Constituents and comparison
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
Properties of vegetable oils[3][4]
TypeProcessing
treatment[5]		Saturated
fatty acids		Monounsaturated
fatty acids		Polyunsaturated
fatty acids		Smoke point
Total[3]Oleic
acid
(ω-9)		Total[3]α-Linolenic
acid
(ω-3)		Linoleic
acid
(ω-6)		ω-6:3
ratio
Avocado[6]11.670.652–66[7]13.5112.512.5:1250 °C (482 °F)[8]
Brazil nut[9]24.832.731.342.00.141.9419:1208 °C (406 °F)[10]
Canola[11]7.463.361.828.19.118.62:1238 °C (460 °F)[10]
Coconut[12]82.56.361.7175 °C (347 °F)[10]
Corn[13]12.927.627.354.715858:1232 °C (450 °F)[14]
Cottonseed[15]25.917.81951.915454:1216 °C (420 °F)[14]
Flaxseed/linseed[16]9.018.41867.853130.2:1107 °C (225 °F)
Grape seed 10.514.314.3  74.7–74.7very high216 °C (421 °F)[17]
Hemp seed[18]7.09.09.082.022.054.02.5:1166 °C (330 °F)[19]
Olive[20]13.873.071.310.50.79.814:1193 °C (380 °F)[10]
Palm[21]49.337.0409.30.29.145.5:1235 °C (455 °F)
Peanut[22]16.257.155.419.90.31819.661.6:1232 °C (450 °F)[14]
Rice bran oil2538.438.436.62.234.4[23]15.6232 °C (450 °F)[24]
High-oleic safflower oil[25]7.575.275.212.8012.8very high212 °C (414 °F)[10]
Sesame[26]14.239.739.341.70.341.3138:1
Soybean[27]partially hydrogenated14.943.042.537.62.634.913.4:1
Soybean[28]15.622.822.657.77517.3:1238 °C (460 °F)[14]
Walnut oil[29]unrefined9.122.822.263.310.452.95:1160 °C (320 °F)[30]
Sunflower[31]8.9963.462.920.70.1620.5128:1227 °C (440 °F)[14]
Cottonseed[32]hydrogenated93.61.50.60.20.31.5:1
Palm[33]hydrogenated88.25.70

See also
  • Corn wet-milling

References
  1. Corn Refiners Association. Corn Oil Archived 2019-04-12 at the Wayback Machine 5th Edition. 2006
  2. "Faostat".
  3. "US National Nutrient Database, Release 28". United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
  4. "Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details"). Example: Avocado oil (user can search for other oils)". Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21. 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2017. Values from Nutritiondata.com (SR 21) may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017.
  5. "USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28, 1996" (PDF).
  6. "Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  7. Feramuz Ozdemir; Ayhan Topuz (May 2003). "Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period" (PDF). Elsevier. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  8. Marie Wong; Cecilia Requejo-Jackman; Allan Woolf (April 2010). "What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?". Aocs.org. The American Oil Chemists’ Society. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  9. "Brazil nut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  10. Katragadda, H. R.; Fullana, A. S.; Sidhu, S.; Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. A. (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry. 120: 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
  11. "Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  12. "Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  13. "Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  14. Wolke, Robert L. (May 16, 2007). "Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  15. "Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  16. "Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  17. Garavaglia J, Markoski MM, Oliveira A, Marcadenti A (2016). "Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health". Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 9: 59–64. doi:10.4137/NMI.S32910. PMC 4988453. PMID 27559299.
  18. Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T (April 2005). "Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis". The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 16 (2): 87–94. doi:10.1080/09546630510035832. PMID 16019622. S2CID 18445488.
  19. "Smoke points of oils" (PDF).
  20. "Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  21. "Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  22. "FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov.
  23. Orthoefer, F. T. (2005). "Chapter 10: Rice Bran Oil". In Shahidi, F. (ed.). Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Vol. 2 (6 ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 465. doi:10.1002/047167849X. ISBN 978-0-471-38552-3.
  24. "Rice bran oil". RITO Partnership. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  25. "Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  26. "Oil, sesame, salad or cooking". FoodData Central. fdc.nal.usda.gov.
  27. "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  28. "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  29. "Walnut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, United States Department of Agriculture.
  30. "Smoke Point of Oils". Baseline of Health. Jonbarron.org.
  31. "FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov.
  32. "Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  33. "Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  34. Daley, C.A.; Abbott, A.; Doyle, P.; Nader, G.; Larson, S. (2004). "A literature review of the value-added nutrients found in grass-fed beef products". California State University, Chico (College of Agriculture). Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  35. Yong Q. Chen; at al (2007). "Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (7): 1866–1875. doi:10.1172/JCI31494. PMC 1890998. PMID 17607361.

Further reading
  • Dupont J; PJ White; MP Carpenter; EJ Schaefer; SN Meydani; CE Elson; M Woods; SL Gorbach (October 1990). "Food uses and health effects of corn oil". J Am Coll Nutr. 9 (5): 438–470. doi:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720403. PMID 2258533.
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