Cornmeal
Cornmeal is a meal (coarse flour) or a cell membrane ground from dried corn. It is a common staple food, and is ground to coarse, medium, and fine consistencies, but not as fine as wheat flour can be.[1][2][3] In Mexico, very finely ground cornmeal is referred to as corn flour.[1][4] When fine cornmeal is made from maize that has been soaked in an alkaline solution, e.g., limewater (a process known as nixtamalization), it is called masa harina (or masa flour), which is used for making arepas, tamales and tortillas.[5][6] Boiled cornmeal is called polenta in Italy and is also a traditional dish and bread substitute in Romania.[7]
Types
There are various types of cornmeal:
- Blue cornmeal is light blue or violet in color. It is ground from whole blue corn and has a sweet flavor. The cornmeal consists of dried corn kernels that have been ground into a fine or medium texture.[8][9]
- Steel-ground yellow cornmeal, which is common mostly in the United States, has the husk and germ of the maize kernel almost completely removed. It is conserved for about a year if stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place.[10][11]
- Stone-ground cornmeal retains some of the hull and germ, lending a little more flavor and nutrition to recipes. It is more perishable, but will store longer if refrigerated. However, it too can have a shelf life of many months if kept in a reasonably cool place.[8][12]
- White cornmeal (mielie-meal), made from white corn, is more common in parts of Africa. It is also popular in the Southern United States for making cornbread.[8][13]
Regional usage
Caribbean
- Cornmeal porridge - a popular meal served for breakfast in Jamaica.[14]
- Cou-cou - part of the national dish of Barbados, "cou-cou and flying fish".[15]
- Funche - a typical breakfast in Puerto Rico cornmeal cooked with coconut milk, milk, raisins, butter, cloves, vanilla, ginger, sugar or honey and topped with fruit and cinnamon. There's also a savory funche made with cornmeal, coconut milk, chicken stock, sofrito and other ingredients. These are usually served with fish.[16][17]
- Funchi also known as fungi/fungee - a cornmeal mush cooked and cooled into a stiff pudding, sometimes eaten with saltfish or pepperpot. It is consumed on the island of Curaçao and is part of the national dish of Antigua and Barbuda.[18][19]
- Mayi moulen - a cornmeal dish in Haiti often cooked with fish or spinach. Can be eaten with avocado.[20]
East Asia
- Tie Bing (貼餅 sticking bread) - This product can either be fluffy like a mantou or more flatbread-like. It is traditionally stuck around the outer rim of a large wok while meat or fish is being cooked. Generally, an alkalizing agent such as baking soda is added to increase the nutrient value. It is also found in northern China.[21]
- Corn congee (棒子麵粥) - A porridge made from plain cornmeal. It is normally thinner than grits or polenta and is often eaten with Chinese pickles.[22][23]
- Wo tou (窩頭 nest head) - Shaped like a hollow cone, this cornbread looks like a bird's nest, after which it is named. It is commonly eaten in northern China, and may contain dried jujubes and other flavoring agents.[24][25][26]
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Tuwo masara - Northern Nigeria[27][28]
- Mielie-meal or maize meal - Southern Africa[29]
- Nomadi - Democratic Republic of the Congo[30]
- Nshima or bwali - Zambia[31][32][33]
- Nsima - Malawi[34][35]
- Oshifima or Oshimbob - Namibia[36][37]
- Sadza - Zimbabwe[38][39][40]
- Ugali - Great Lakes (sima and posho in Uganda)[41]
- Recipes that may use cornmeal as an additional ingredient are fufu (foufou) in Central and West Africa.
Europe
- Arapash or harapash - Albania (similar to the Romanian style but often combined with lamb organs, or/and goat cheese)[42]
- Farina di granturco - Italy (not the same as farina, which is made from wheat)[43]
- G'omi (Georgian: ღომი, romanized: ghomi), mchadi (Georgian: მჭადი), tchvishtari - Georgia (g'omi is similar to polenta, mchadi - cornbread, tshvishtari - cheese cornbread). Known by different names in local languages (Abkhazian: абысҭа abysta, Adyghe: мамрыс mamrys, Ingush: журан-худар juran-hudar, Nogai: мамырза mamyrza, Ossetian: дзыкка dzykka or сера sera), it is also widespread in other Caucasian cuisines.[44][45]
- Kachamak (качамак) - Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Serbia[46][47]
- Mălai - Romania (the cornmeal itself; prepared as mămăligă)[48][49]
- Polenta - southern Europe, especially North Italy[50][51][52]
- Banush - Ukraine (the dish prepared from cornmeal with added śmietana, topped with pork rind or mushrooms and bryndza etc. The dish is popular in the Carpathian region of western Ukraine)[53][54][55]
Horn of Africa
East Africa
Indian Ocean
This is a local dessert dish made from maize flour in which milk, sugar, dried sultanas and cardamon powder are cooked together. The cooked paste is poured on a tray and coconut powder is sprinkled thereon and left to cool. This dessert is often cut into triangular shapes and can be bought from food vendors in the streets of Port Louis and also in market fairs around the island.
South America
North America
- Masa or Masa harina - Nixtamalized corn used for making tamales and tortillas in Central America, Mexico, and South America.[68]
- As a batter for a fried food, such as corn dogs[71][72]
- Made into bread, as in corn fritters, cornbread, hushpuppies, jonnycakes, or spoonbread[73][74][75]
- As breading for fried or baked foods, such as fried fish
- As a breakfast cereal ingredient
- Cheese curl-type snack foods, such as Cheetos and Cheezies
- In corn chips such as Fritos, but not tortilla chips or corn tortillas, which are made from nixtamalized maize flour
- Peameal bacon, back bacon rolled in cornmeal, known colloquially in the U.S.A. as ‘Canadian bacon’
- As a release agent to prevent breads and pizza from sticking to their pans when baking
- As grits[76][77][78]
- As a porridge, such as cornmeal mush, which is often then sliced and grilled[79][80]
- Known as "samp", it was used in colonial times as a kind of porridge.[81]
South Asia
- Makki di roti - a traditional Punjabi bread often eaten with saag in Punjab province of northern India and eastern Pakistan[82][83]
In parts of northern India and Pakistan ground corn flour is used to make thick slabs of bread which can be eaten with a wide variety of curry dishes or it can be coated in clarified butter or ghee and eaten with yogurt or lassi which is a yogurt based drink especially in summer.
See also
- List of maize dishes
- Semolina
References
- Herbst, Sharon, Food Lover's Companion, Third Edition, Pg. 165, Barrons Educational Series Inc, 2001
- Schlette, Jennifer (2021-10-26). "What's the Difference Between Corn Flour and Cornmeal? Solved". Kitchen Substitute. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- "Difference Between Cornmeal and Corn Flour". Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- "What is corn meal in Mexico?". onebigpoint.com. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- "What is Masa Harina?". WebstaurantStore. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- "It's Easy to Make Your Own Tortillas With Masa Harina". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- "Cornmeal". www.chefsteps.com. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- Kilbride, Philip; Goodale, Jane; Ameisen, Elizabeth, eds. (1990). Encounters With American Ethnic Cultures. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama. p. 82. ISBN 0-8173-0471-1. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
- GourmetSleuth. "Cornmeal". Gourmet Sleuth. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- "Section II: Food Commodity Fact Sheets". Commodities Reference Guide. USAID. Archived from the original on 2013-02-17. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
- "Cornmeal". Gourmet Sleuth. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- "Stone-ground Cornmeal vs. Regular Grocery Store Cornmeal: What's the Difference?". Stoney Creek Farm. 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- "Difference Between White and Yellow Cornmeal (With Table) – Ask Any Difference". askanydifference.com. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- Murphy, Winsome (2004-03-14). "Jamaican Cornmeal Porridge Recipe". Jamaicans.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- Sacirbey, Omar (2009-11-11). "Flying fish dish is a taste of Barbados". Boston.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Funche (Puerto Rican Polenta)". Hispanic Kitchen. 2014-03-09. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "8 Best Puerto Rican Breakfast Foods for a True Boricua Breakfast". Amigofoods. 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Fungee and Pepperpot National Dish of Antigua". Jirie Caribbean. 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "National Dish of Antigua and Barbuda – Fungee". Nationalfoody. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- JB, Nathalie (2013-01-17). "Mayi moulen ak Epina e Zaboka (Cornmeal with Spinach and Avocado)". PILON LAKAY. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- Picand, Yann; Dutoit, Dominique. "cornmeal : definition of cornmeal and synonyms of cornmeal (English)". dictionary.sensagent.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- Porter, Todd; Cu, Diane. "Sweet Corn Congee Recipe". Food & Wine. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Porridge vs Congee? Let's stick with Bubur Senopati". UMI SYAM. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- Kasell, Frank. "Cornbread!". Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Royal Steamed Cornbread Recipe". My Chinese Recipes. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Food Folk Tales: Woutou". BITE. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- Eshemokha, Udomoh (2020-07-31). "TUWO MASARA: Health Benefits, How to prepare Tuwo Masara, Tuwo Masara Recipes". Nigerian Health Blog. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Recipe of Ultimate Corn meal swallow (tuwon masara) - cookandrecipe.com". cookandrecipe.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- Heerden, Ingrid van. "Mieliepap (maize meal porridge) and the glycaemic index". Health24. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "About Corn Meal". ifood.tv. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Nshima and Ndiwo – Mwizenge S. Tembo". Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Nshima: A Staple Food in Zambia". The Turquoise Table. 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "What Is Nshima? (with pictures)". www.wise-geek.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Learn to Make Nsima, Malawi's Staple Food". Orant Charities Africa. 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "UNESCO - Nsima, culinary tradition of Malawi". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- "Zea mays (Corn or Maize)". THE WORLDWIDE VEGETABLES. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Cornmeal - Wikipedia". www.no-regime.com (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Sadza | Traditional Porridge From Zimbabwe | TasteAtlas". www.tasteatlas.com. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Sadza - Ugali (African Cornmeal)". Chef Lola's Kitchen. 2020-09-04. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "How to make plain Sadza". ZimboKitchen. 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- chefbrad (2008-05-02). "Ugali Recipe (African cornmeal mush)". Whats4eats. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- "10 Most Popular Southeastern European Porridges". www.tasteatlas.com. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- Etherington, Daniel (2013-06-11). "Italian flour: types and terminology". Bread, Cakes And Ale. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Corn bread with cheese (chvishtari ჭვიშტარი)". Georgiancook. 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "MCHADI (GEORGIAN CORNBREAD)". Georgian Recipes. 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Kachamak Recipe". www.food.com. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Kachamak /Polenta Balkan style/". SooFoodies. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- Reznic, Michal. "Mamaliga (Romanian Polenta)". Jamie Geller. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Mămăligă: A Romanian-Style Cornmeal Porridge Similar to Polenta". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "What Is Polenta?". Food Network. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Smooth and Creamy Polenta Recipe". Serious Eats. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Polenta". BBC Good Food. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Hutsul Dish Banosh/ Banush Recipe". Chef's Pencil. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Hutsul Banush, Ukraine National Cuisine - Recipes, Pictures, Info". ukrainefood.info. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Banush - Recipe With Photo | Recipes 2022". Culinary food recipes. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Somali Corn Grits (Soor Furfur ah) (Zijjo zaa Gelle) Semoule de Maïs Somali | Xawaash.com". Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- Johnson, Alex (2020-12-24). "11 Traditional Somalian Foods Everyone Should Try". Medmunch. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Injera". Immaculate Bites. 2015-10-15. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Lahoh Sana'ani". Sheba Yemeni Food. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- Kristi. "National Dish of Somalia Lahoh". National Dishes of the World. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Ethiopian Flat Bread Injera". Gayathri's Cook Spot. 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "How to Cook Ugali - African Food Network". 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- Wanjala, G. W. (2016). "The diversity of thick (ugali) and thin (uji) porridges consumed in Kenya". Archived from the original on 2019-11-05.
- "Poudine Mais-Mauritian Sweet". Gayathri's Cook Spot. 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Mauritian Polenta Pudding aka "Poudine Maïs"". à table with Aulson. 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Bolo de Fubá - Brazilian Cornmeal Cake". www.goya.com. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "RECIPE: Bolo de Fuba (Brazilian Cornmeal Cake)". Globetrotting with Goway. 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- Blazes, Marian. "Masarepa - - Precooked Corn Flour for Making Arepas". About Food. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
- "Masarepa (Arepa Flour)". My Colombian Recipes. 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "La storia della polenta" [The history of polenta]. I primi d'Italia (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
- Suzzanna. "Corn Dogs". Allrecipes. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- Dobby (2020-08-05). "Corn Dogs Recipe". Dobby's Signature. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "cornbread | Definition, Ingredients, & Variations | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "My Favorite Cornbread Recipe". Sally's Baking Addiction. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- "Corn Fritters". Life Made Simple. 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- Vaughan, Kelly (March 19, 2019). "What Are Grits?". Real Simple. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- "How To Make True Southern-Style Grits". Kitchn. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- "What Are Grits?". Food Network. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- "Fried Cornmeal Mush Recipe". Allrecipes. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- "A Southern Comfort: Fried Cornmeal Mush". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- "Samp - Recipe". www.cooks.com. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- "Makki Ki Roti Recipe - Punjabi Makki Di Roti in 10 Easy Steps". foodviva.com. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- "Makki ki roti". RuchisKitchen. 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2022-05-07.