Courtney Love

Courtney Michelle Harrison was born July 9, 1964, at Saint Francis Memorial Hospital in San Francisco, California,[3] the first child of psychotherapist Linda Carroll (née Risi; born 1944) and Hank Harrison (1941–2022),[4] a publisher and road manager for the Grateful Dead.[5][6] Her parents met at a party held for Dizzy Gillespie in 1963, and the two married in Reno, Nevada after Carroll discovered she was pregnant.[7][8] Carroll, who was adopted at birth,[9] is the biological daughter of novelist Paula Fox.[10][11][12] Love's maternal great-grandmother was Elsie Fox (née de Sola),[13] a Cuban writer who co-wrote the film The Last Train from Madrid with Love's great-grandfather, Paul Hervey Fox, cousin of writer Faith Baldwin and actor Douglas Fairbanks.[14][15] Phil Lesh, the founding bassist of the Grateful Dead, is Love's godfather.[16][17] According to Love, she was named after Courtney Farrell, the protagonist of Pamela Moore's 1956 novel Chocolates for Breakfast.[18] Love is of Cuban, English, German, Irish, and Welsh descent.[19] Through her mother's subsequent marriages, Love has two younger half-sisters, three younger half-brothers (one of whom died in infancy), and one adopted brother.[20][21]

Love spent her early years in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, until her parents divorced in 1970.[12][22] In a custody hearing, her mother, as well as one of her father's girlfriends, testified that Hank had dosed Courtney with LSD when she was a toddler.[12][22][23] Carroll also alleged that Hank threatened to abduct his daughter and flee with her to a foreign country.[7] Though Hank denied these allegations, his custody was revoked.[7] In 1970, Carroll relocated with Love to the rural community of Marcola, Oregon where they lived along the Mohawk River[21] while Carroll completed her psychology degree at the University of Oregon.[1] There, Carroll remarried to schoolteacher Frank Rodríguez, who legally adopted Love.[21] Though Love was baptized a Roman Catholic,[24] her mother maintained an unorthodox home; according to Love, "There were hairy, wangly-ass hippies running around naked [doing] Gestalt therapy", and her mother raised her in a gender-free household with "no dresses, no patent leather shoes, no canopy beds, nothing".[25] Love attended a Montessori school in Eugene, Oregon, where she struggled academically and socially.[26][27] She has said that she began seeing psychiatrists at "like, [age] three. Observational therapy. TM for tots. You name it, I’ve been there."[28] At age nine, a psychologist noted that she exhibited signs of autism, among them tactile defensiveness.[25][29][30][31]

In 1972, Love's mother divorced Rodríguez, remarried to sportswriter David Menely, and moved the family to Nelson, New Zealand.[32] Love was enrolled at Nelson College for Girls,[33] but soon expelled for misbehavior.[34] In 1973, Carroll sent Love back to Portland, Oregon,[35] to be raised by her former stepfather and other family friends.[36][37] At age 14, Love was arrested for shoplifting from a Portland department store[38] and remanded at Hillcrest Correctional Facility, a juvenile hall in Salem, Oregon.[27][39] While at Hillcrest, she became acquainted with records by Patti Smith, the Runaways, and the Pretenders, who later inspired her to start a band.[40] She was intermittently placed in foster care throughout late 1979 until becoming legally emancipated in 1980,[23][41] after which she remained staunchly estranged from her mother.[42] Shortly after her emancipation, Love spent two months in Japan working as a topless dancer, but was deported after her passport was confiscated.[43] She returned to Portland and began working at the strip club Mary's Club,[44][28] adopting the surname Love to conceal her identity; she later adopted Love as her surname.[21] She worked odd jobs, including as a DJ at a gay disco.[45] Love said she lacked social skills,[46] and learned them while frequenting gay clubs and spending time with drag queens.[47] During this period, she enrolled at Portland State University, studying English and philosophy.[48][49] She later commented that, had she not found a passion for music, she would have sought a career working with children.[50]

In 1981, Love was granted a small trust fund that had been left by her maternal grandparents, which she used to travel to Dublin, Ireland, where her biological father was living.[51] She audited courses at Trinity College, studying theology for two semesters.[52][53] She later received honorary patronage from Trinity's University Philosophical Society in 2010.[54] While in Dublin, Love met musician Julian Cope of the Teardrop Explodes at one of the band's concerts.[12] Cope took a liking to Love and offered to let her stay at his Liverpool home in his absence.[12] She traveled to London, where she was met by her friend and future bandmate, Robin Barbur, from Portland.[55] Recalling Cope's offer, Love and Barbur moved into Cope's home with him and several other artists,[12][56] including Pete de Freitas of Echo & the Bunnymen.[57] De Freitas was initially hesitant to allow the girls to stay, but acquiesced as they were "alarmingly young and obviously had nowhere else to go".[58] Love recalled: "They kind of took me in. I was sort of a mascot; I would get them coffee or tea during rehearsals."[59] Cope writes of Love frequently in his 1994 autobiography, Head-On, in which he refers to her as "the adolescent".[60]

In July 1982, Love returned to the United States.[12] In late 1982, she attended a Faith No More concert in San Francisco and convinced the members to let her join as a singer.[61][62] The group recorded material with Love as a vocalist, but fired her; according to keyboardist Roddy Bottum, who remained Love's friend in the years after, the band wanted a "male energy".[63] Love returned to working abroad as an erotic dancer, briefly in Taiwan, and then at a taxi dance hall in Hong Kong.[64][65] By Love's account, she first used heroin while working at the Hong Kong dance hall, having mistaken it for cocaine.[66] While still inebriated from the drug, Love was pursued by a wealthy male client who requested that she return with him to the Philippines, and gave her money to purchase new clothes.[66] She used the money to purchase an airfare back to the United States.[66]

At age 19, through her then-boyfriend's mother, film costume designer Bernadene Mann, Love took a job at Paramount Studios cleaning out the wardrobe department of vintage pieces that had suffered dry rot or other damage.[67] During this time, Love became interested in vintage fashion.[67][68] She subsequently returned to Portland, where she formed short-lived musical projects with her friends Ursula Wehr and Robin Barbur (namely Sugar Babylon, later known as Sugar Babydoll).[lower-alpha 2][70] After meeting Kat Bjelland at the Satyricon nightclub in 1984, the two formed the group the Pagan Babies.[71] Love asked Bjelland to start the band with her as a guitarist, and the two moved to San Francisco in June 1985, where they recruited bassist Jennifer Finch and drummer Janis Tanaka.[72] According to Bjelland, "[Courtney] didn't play an instrument at the time" aside from keyboards, so Bjelland would transcribe Love's musical ideas on guitar for her.[27] The group played several house shows and recorded one 4-track demo before disbanding in late 1985.[72][73] After Pagan Babies, Love moved to Minneapolis, where Bjelland had formed the group Babes in Toyland, and briefly worked as a concert promoter before returning to California.[27] Drummer Lori Barbero recalled Love's time in Minneapolis:

She lived in my house for a little while. And then we did a concert at the Orpheum. It was in 1988. It was called O-88 with Butthole Surfers, Cows & Bastards, Run Westy Run, and Babes in Toyland. And I guess Maureen [Herman] took Courtney to the airport after she stole all the money. She stayed and stayed, and then the next day she wanted me to take her to the airport. And so I drove her to the airport. She had just had some weird fight with the guy at the desk, and then she left. She said, "I'm going to go to L.A. and I'm going to get my face done and I'm going to be famous." And then she did.[74]

Love in a publicity headshot for Straight to Hell, 1986

Deciding to shift her focus to acting, Love enrolled at the San Francisco Art Institute[75] and studied film under experimental director George Kuchar,[76][77] featuring in one of his short films, Club Vatican.[78][79][80] She also took experimental theater courses in Oakland taught by Whoopi Goldberg.[81] In 1985, Love submitted an audition tape for the role of Nancy Spungen in the Sid Vicious biopic Sid and Nancy (1986), and was given a minor supporting role by director Alex Cox.[82][83] After filming Sid and Nancy in New York City, she worked at a peep show in Times Square and squatted at the ABC No Rio social center and Pyramid Club in the East Village.[84][85] The same year, Cox cast her in a leading role in his film Straight to Hell (1987),[86] a Spaghetti Western starring Joe Strummer, Dennis Hopper, and Grace Jones, shot in Spain in 1986.[87] The film was poorly reviewed by critics,[88] but caught the attention of Andy Warhol, who featured Love in an episode of Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes.[89] She also had a part in the 1988 Ramones music video for "I Wanna Be Sedated", appearing as a bride among dozens of party guests.[90][91][92]

Displeased by the "celebutante" fame she had attained, Love abandoned her acting career in 1988 and resumed work as a stripper in Oregon, where she was recognized by customers at a bar in the small town of McMinnville.[93] This prompted Love to go into isolation, so she relocated to Anchorage, Alaska, where she lived for three months to "gather her thoughts", supporting herself by working at a strip club frequented by local fishermen.[94] "I decided to move to Alaska because I needed to get my shit together and learn how to work", she said in retrospect. "So I went on this sort of vision quest. I got rid of all my earthly possessions. I had my bad little strip clothes and some big sweaters, and I moved into a trailer with a bunch of other strippers."[95]

Love performing with Hole, 1989

At the end of 1988, Love taught herself to play guitar and relocated to Los Angeles,[97] where she placed an ad in a local music zine: "I want to start a band. My influences are Big Black, Sonic Youth, and Fleetwood Mac."[98] By 1989, Love had recruited guitarist Eric Erlandson; bassist Lisa Roberts, her neighbor; and drummer Caroline Rue, whom she met at a Gwar concert.[99] Love named the band Hole after a line from Euripides' Medea[100] ("There is a hole that pierces right through me")[101] and a conversation in which her mother told her that she could not live her life "with a hole running through her".[102] On July 23, 1989, Love married Leaving Trains vocalist James Moreland in Las Vegas;[103] the marriage was annulled the same year.[104] She later said that Moreland was a transvestite and that they had married "as a joke".[105] After forming Hole, Love and Erlandson had a romantic relationship that lasted over a year.[106]

In Hole's formative stages, Love continued to work at strip clubs in Hollywood (including Jumbo's Clown Room and the Seventh Veil),[98] saving money to purchase backline equipment and a touring van,[107] while rehearsing at a Hollywood studio loaned to her by the Red Hot Chili Peppers.[108] Hole played their first show in November 1989 at Raji's, a rock club in central Hollywood.[109] Their debut single, "Retard Girl", was issued in April 1990 through the Long Beach indie label Sympathy for the Record Industry, and was played by Rodney Bingenheimer on local rock station KROQ.[27] Hole appeared on the cover of Flipside, a Los Angeles-based punk fanzine.[99] In early 1991, they released their second single, "Dicknail", through Sub Pop Records.[110]

With no wave, noise rock and grindcore bands being major influences on Love,[99] Hole's first studio album, Pretty on the Inside, captured an abrasive sound and contained disturbing, graphic lyrics,[111][112] described by Q as "confrontational [and] genuinely uninhibited".[113] The record was released in September 1991 on Caroline Records, produced by Kim Gordon of Sonic Youth with assistant production from Gumball's Don Fleming; Love and Gordon had met when Hole opened for Sonic Youth during their promotional tour for Goo at the Whisky a Go Go in November 1990.[114] In early 1991, Love sent Gordon a personal letter asking her to produce the record for the band, to which she agreed.[112][115]

Pretty on the Inside received generally positive critical reception from indie and punk rock critics[116] and was named one of the 20 best albums of the year by Spin.[117] It gained a following in the United Kingdom, charting at 59 on the UK Albums Chart,[118] and its lead single, "Teenage Whore", entered the UK Indie Chart at number one.[119] The album's feminist slant led many to tag the band as part of the riot grrrl movement,[120] a movement with which Love did not associate.[121][122] The band toured in support of the record, headlining with Mudhoney in Europe; in the United States, they opened for the Smashing Pumpkins,[123] and performed at CBGB in New York City.[124]

During the tour, Love briefly dated Smashing Pumpkins frontman Billy Corgan[125] and then Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain.[126] There are varying accounts of how Love and Cobain came to know one another.[lower-alpha 3] Journalist Michael Azerrad states that the two met in 1989 at the Satyricon nightclub in Portland, Oregon, though Cobain biographer Charles Cross claimed the date was actually February 12, 1990; Cross said that Cobain playfully wrestled Love to the floor after she said that he looked like Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum.[128] According to Love, she first met Cobain at a Dharma Bums show in Portland,[129][130] while Love's bandmate Eric Erlandson said that both he and Love were introduced to Cobain in a parking lot after a Butthole Surfers/L7 concert at the Hollywood Palladium on May 17, 1991.[106] Sometime in late 1991, Love and Cobain became re-acquainted through Jennifer Finch, one of Love's longtime friends and former bandmates.[131][132] Love and Cobain were a couple by 1992.[133][134]

Shortly after completing the tour for Pretty on the Inside, Love married Cobain on Waikiki Beach in Honolulu, Hawaii, on February 24, 1992.[136] She wore a satin and lace dress once owned by the actress Frances Farmer, and Cobain wore plaid pajamas.[137] During Love's pregnancy, Hole recorded a cover of "Over the Edge" for a Wipers tribute album,[138] and recorded their fourth single, "Beautiful Son", which was released in April 1993. On August 18, the couple's only child, a daughter, Frances Bean Cobain, was born in Los Angeles.[136] They relocated to Carnation, Washington, and then Seattle.[139][140]

Love's first major media exposure came in a September 1992 profile with Cobain for Vanity Fair by Lynn Hirschberg, entitled "Strange Love".[141] Cobain had become a major public figure following the surprise success of Nirvana's album Nevermind.[142] Love was urged by her manager to participate in the cover story.[143] In the year prior, Love and Cobain had developed a heroin addiction; the profile painted them in an unflattering light, suggesting that Love had been addicted to heroin during her pregnancy.[144] The Los Angeles Department of Children and Family Services investigated, and custody of Frances was temporarily awarded to Love's sister, Jaimee.[145] Love claimed she was misquoted by Hirschberg, and asserted that she had immediately quit heroin during her first trimester after she discovered she was pregnant.[143][146][147] Love later said the article had serious implications for her marriage and Cobain's mental state,[148][149][150] suggesting it was a factor in his suicide two years later.[143][151]

Love performing with Hole at Big Day Out, Melbourne, 1995

On September 8, 1993, Love and Cobain made their only public performance together at the Rock Against Rape benefit in Hollywood, performing two acoustic duets of "Pennyroyal Tea" and "Where Did You Sleep Last Night".[152] Love also performed electric versions of two new Hole songs, "Doll Parts" and "Miss World", both written for their upcoming second album.[152] In October 1993, Hole recorded their second album, Live Through This, in Atlanta. The album featured a new lineup with bassist Kristen Pfaff and drummer Patty Schemel. Live Through This was released on Geffen's subsidiary label DGC on April 12, 1994, one week after Cobain's death from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in the Seattle home he shared with Love, who was in rehab in Los Angeles at the time.[153] In the following months, Love was rarely seen in public, holing up at her home with friends and family members. Cobain's remains were cremated and his ashes divided into portions by Love, who kept some in a teddy bear and some in an urn.[154] In June 1994, she traveled to the Namgyal Buddhist Monastery in Ithaca, New York and had his ashes ceremonially blessed by Buddhist monks. Another portion was mixed into clay and made into memorial sculptures.[154] On June 16, 1994, Hole bassist Kristen Pfaff died of a heroin overdose in Seattle.[155] For the band's impending tour, Love recruited Canadian bassist Melissa Auf der Maur.[156]

Live Through This was a commercial and critical success,[157][158][159] hitting platinum RIAA certification in April 1995 and receiving numerous critical accolades.[91] The success of the record combined with Cobain's suicide resulted in a high level of publicity for Love, and she was featured on Barbara Walters' 10 Most Fascinating People in 1995.[160] Simultaneously, her erratic onstage behavior and various legal troubles during Hole's 1994–1995 world tour compounded the media coverage of her.[161]

Hole's performance on August 26, 1994, at the Reading Festival—Love's first public performance following Cobain's death[162][163]—was described by MTV as "by turns macabre, frightening and inspirational".[164] John Peel wrote in The Guardian that Love's disheveled appearance "would have drawn whistles of astonishment in Bedlam", and that her performance "verged on the heroic ... Love steered her band through a set which dared you to pity either her recent history or that of the band ... the band teetered on the edge of chaos, generating a tension which I cannot remember having felt before from any stage."[165] The band performed a series of riotous concerts over the following year, with Love frequently appearing hysterical onstage, flashing crowds, stage diving, and getting into fights with audience members.[162][166] One journalist reported that at the band's show in Boston in December 1994: "Love interrupted the music and talked about her deceased husband Kurt Cobain, and also broke out into Tourette syndrome-like rants. The music was great, but the raving was vulgar and offensive, and prompted some of the audience to shout back at her."[167]

In January 1995, Love was arrested in Melbourne for disrupting a Qantas flight after getting into an argument with a stewardess.[168] On July 4, 1995, at the Lollapalooza Festival in George, Washington, Love threw a lit cigarette at musician Kathleen Hanna before punching her in the face, alleging that Hanna had made a joke about her daughter.[169] She pleaded guilty to an assault charge and was sentenced to anger management classes.[170][171] In November 1995, two male teenagers sued Love for allegedly punching them during a Hole concert in Orlando, Florida in March 1995. The judge dismissed the case on grounds that the teens "weren't exposed to any greater amount of violence than could reasonably be expected at an alternative rock concert".[172] Love later said she had little memory of 1994–1995,[108] as she had been using large quantities of heroin and Rohypnol at the time.[108][173]

After Hole's world tour concluded in 1996, Love made a return to acting, first in small roles in the Jean-Michel Basquiat biopic Basquiat and the drama Feeling Minnesota (1996),[175] and then a starring role as Larry Flynt's wife Althea in Miloš Forman's critically acclaimed 1996 film The People vs. Larry Flynt. Love went through rehabilitation and quit using heroin at the insistence of Forman; she was ordered to take multiple urine tests under the supervision of Columbia Pictures while filming, and passed all of them.[176][177] Despite Columbia Pictures' initial reluctance to hire Love due to her troubled past,[176] her performance received acclaim, earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress,[178] and a New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress.[179] Critic Roger Ebert called her work in the film "quite a performance; Love proves she is not a rock star pretending to act, but a true actress."[180] She won several other awards from various film critic associations for the film.[181][182] During this time, Love maintained what the media noted as a more decorous public image,[183] and she appeared in ad campaigns for Versace[184][185][186] and in a Vogue Italia spread.[187] Following the release of The People vs. Larry Flynt, she dated her co-star Edward Norton, with whom she remained until 1999.[188][189]

In late 1997, Hole released the compilations My Body, the Hand Grenade and The First Session, both of which featured previously recorded material. Love attracted media attention in May 1998 after punching journalist Belissa Cohen at a party; the suit was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum.[190] In September 1998, Hole released their third studio album, Celebrity Skin, which featured a stark power pop sound that contrasted with their earlier punk influences.[191] Love divulged her ambition of making an album where "art meets commerce ... there are no compromises made, it has commercial appeal, and it sticks to [our] original vision."[191] She said she was influenced by Neil Young, Fleetwood Mac, and My Bloody Valentine when writing the album.[191][192] Smashing Pumpkins frontman Billy Corgan co-wrote several songs. Celebrity Skin was well received by critics; Rolling Stone called it "accessible, fiery and intimate—often at the same time ... a basic guitar record that's anything but basic."[193] Celebrity Skin went multi-platinum, and topped "Best of Year" lists at Spin and The Village Voice.[91] It garnered Hole's only number-one single on the Modern Rock Tracks chart with "Celebrity Skin".[194] Hole promoted the album through MTV performances and at the 1998 Billboard Music Awards,[195] and were nominated for three Grammy Awards at the 41st Grammy Awards ceremony.[196]

Before the release of Celebrity Skin, Love and Fender designed a low-priced Squier brand guitar, the Vista Venus.[197] The instrument featured a shape inspired by Mercury, a little-known independent guitar manufacturer,[198] Stratocaster, and Rickenbacker's solid body guitars and had a single-coil and a humbucker pickup, and was available in 6-string and 12-string versions.[198] In an early 1999 interview, Love said about the Venus: "I wanted a guitar that sounded really warm and pop, but which required just one box to go dirty ... And something that could also be your first band guitar. I didn't want it all teched out. I wanted it real simple, with just one pickup switch."[197]

Hole toured with Marilyn Manson on the Beautiful Monsters Tour in 1999, but dropped out after nine performances; Love and Manson disagreed over production costs, and Hole was forced to open for Manson under an agreement with Interscope Records.[199] Hole resumed touring with Imperial Teen.[200][201] Love later said Hole also abandoned the tour due to Manson and Korn's (whom they also toured with in Australia) sexualized treatment of teenage female audience members.[202] Love told interviewers at 99X.FM in Atlanta: "What I really don't like—there are certain girls that like us, or like me, who are really messed up ... they're very young, and they do not need to be taken and raped, or filmed having enema contests ... [they were] going out into the audience and picking up fourteen and fifteen-year-old girls who obviously cut themselves, and then [I had] to see them in the morning ... it's just uncool."[199]

In 1999, Love was awarded an Orville H. Gibson award for Best Female Rock Guitarist.[203] During this time, she starred opposite Jim Carrey as his partner Lynne Margulies in the Andy Kaufman biopic Man on the Moon (1999), followed by a role as William S. Burroughs's wife Joan Vollmer in Beat (2000) alongside Kiefer Sutherland.[204] Love was cast as the lead in John Carpenter's sci-fi horror film Ghosts of Mars, but backed out after injuring her foot.[205] She sued the ex-wife of her then-boyfriend, James Barber, whom Love alleged had caused the injury by running over her foot with her Volvo.[206] The following year, she returned to film opposite Lili Taylor in Julie Johnson (2001), in which she played a woman who has a lesbian relationship; Love won an Outstanding Actress award at L.A.'s Outfest.[207] She was then cast in the thriller Trapped (2002), alongside Kevin Bacon and Charlize Theron.[208] The film was a box-office flop.[209]

In the interim, Hole had become dormant.[196][210] In March 2001, Love began a "punk rock femme supergroup", Bastard, enlisting Schemel, Veruca Salt co-frontwoman Louise Post, and bassist Gina Crosley.[211] Post recalled: "[Love] was like, 'Listen, you guys: I've been in my Malibu, manicure, movie-star world for two years, alright? I wanna make a record. And let's leave all that grunge shit behind us, eh? We were being so improvisational, and singing together, and with a trust developing between us. It was the shit."[212] The group recorded a demo tape, but by September 2001, Post and Crosley had left, with Post citing "unhealthy and unprofessional working conditions".[213][214] In May 2002, Hole announced their breakup amid continuing litigation with Universal Music Group over their record contract.[215]

In 1997, Love and former Nirvana members Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl formed a limited liability company, Nirvana LLC, to manage Nirvana's business dealings.[216] In June 2001, Love filed a lawsuit to dissolve it, blocking the release of unreleased Nirvana material and delaying the release of the Nirvana compilation With the Lights Out. Grohl and Novoselic sued Love, calling her "irrational, mercurial, self-centered, unmanageable, inconsistent and unpredictable".[217] She responded with a letter stating that "Kurt Cobain was Nirvana" and that she and his family were the "rightful heirs" to the Nirvana legacy.[218]

In February 2003, Love was arrested at Heathrow Airport for disrupting a flight and was banned from Virgin Airlines.[219] In October, she was arrested in Los Angeles after breaking several windows of her producer and then-boyfriend James Barber's home, and was charged with being under the influence of a controlled substance;[220] the ordeal resulted in her temporarily losing custody of her daughter.[221]

After the breakup of Hole, Love began composing material with songwriter Linda Perry, and in July 2003 signed a contract with Virgin Records.[222] She began recording her debut solo album, America's Sweetheart, in France shortly after.[223] Virgin Records released America's Sweetheart in February 2004; it received mixed reviews.[224] Charles Aaron of Spin called it a "jaw-dropping act of artistic will and a fiery, proper follow-up to 1994's Live Through This" and awarded it eight out of ten,[225] while Amy Phillips of The Village Voice wrote: "[Love is] willing to act out the dream of every teenage brat who ever wanted to have a glamorous, high-profile hissyfit, and she turns those egocentric nervous breakdowns into art. Sure, the art becomes less compelling when you've been pulling the same stunts for a decade. But, honestly, is there anybody out there who fucks up better?"[226] The album sold fewer than 100,000 copies.[91] Love later expressed regret over the record,[227] blaming her drug problems at the time.[228] Shortly after it was released, she told Kurt Loder on TRL: "I cannot exist as a solo artist. It's a joke."[229]

On March 17, 2004, Love appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to promote America's Sweetheart.[230] Her appearance drew media coverage when she lifted her shirt multiple times,[231] flashed Letterman, and stood on his desk.[230] The New York Times wrote: "The episode was not altogether surprising for Ms. Love, 39, whose most public moments have veered from extreme pathos—like the time she read the suicide note of her famous husband, Kurt Cobain, on MTV—to angry feminism to catfights to incoherent ranting."[232] Hours later, in the early morning of March 18, Love was arrested in Manhattan for allegedly striking a fan with a microphone stand during a small concert in the East Village.[232] She was released within hours and performed a scheduled concert the following evening at the Bowery Ballroom.[232] Four days later, she called in multiple times to The Howard Stern Show, claiming in broadcast conversations with Stern that the incident had not occurred, and that actress Natasha Lyonne, who was at the concert, was told by the alleged victim that he had been paid $10,000 to file a false claim leading to Love's arrest.[233][234]

On July 9, 2004, her 40th birthday, Love was arrested for failing to make a court appearance for the March 2004 charges, and taken to Bellevue Hospital, allegedly incoherent, where she was placed on a 72-hour watch.[235] According to police, she was believed to be a potential danger to herself, but deemed mentally sound and released to a rehab facility two days later.[236][237] Amidst public criticism and press coverage, comedian Margaret Cho published an opinion piece, "Courtney Deserves Better from Feminists", arguing that negative associations of Love with her drug and personal problems (including from feminists) overshadowed her music and wellbeing.[238] Love pleaded guilty in October 2004 to disorderly conduct over the incident in East Village.[239]

Love performing in London, 2007

Love's appearance as a roaster on the Comedy Central Roast of Pamela Anderson in August 2005, in which she appeared intoxicated and disheveled, attracted further media attention.[240] One review said that Love "acted as if she belonged in an institution".[240] Six days after the broadcast, Love was sentenced to a 28-day lockdown rehab program for being under the influence of a controlled substance, violating her probation.[241] To avoid jail time, she accepted an additional 180-day rehab sentence in September 2005.[242] In November 2005, after completing the program, Love was discharged from the rehab center under the provision that she complete further outpatient rehab.[243] In subsequent interviews, Love said she had been addicted to substances including prescription drugs, cocaine, and crack cocaine.[244][245] She said she had been sober since completing rehabilitation in 2007, and cited her Soka Gakkai Buddhist practice (which she began in 1988)[246][247] as integral to her sobriety.[248][249]

In the midst of her legal troubles, Love had endeavors in writing and publishing. She co-wrote a semi-autobiographical manga, Princess Ai (Japanese: プリンセス·アイ物語), with Stu Levy, illustrated by Misaho Kujiradou and Ai Yazawa; it was released in three volumes in the United States and Japan between 2004 and 2006.[250][251] In 2006, Love published a memoir, Dirty Blonde, and began recording her second solo album, How Dirty Girls Get Clean,[252] collaborating again with Perry and Billy Corgan. Love had written several songs, including an anti-cocaine song titled "Loser Dust", during her time in rehab in 2005.[253] She told Billboard: "My hand-eye coordination was so bad [after the drug use], I didn't even know chords anymore. It was like my fingers were frozen. And I wasn't allowed to make noise [in rehab] ... I never thought I would work again."[254] Tracks and demos for the album leaked online in 2006, and a documentary, The Return of Courtney Love, detailing the making of the album, aired on the British television network More4 in the fall of that year. A rough acoustic version of "Never Go Hungry Again", recorded during an interview for The Times in November, was also released. Incomplete audio clips of the song "Samantha", originating from an interview with NPR, were distributed on the internet in 2007.[255]

Love with Patty Schemel (left) at the premiere of Hit So Hard at the Museum of Modern Art, 2011

In March 2009, fashion designer Dawn Simorangkir brought a libel suit against Love concerning a defamatory post Love made on her Twitter account,[256] which was eventually settled for $450,000.[257] Several months later, in June 2009, NME published an article detailing Love's plan to reunite Hole and release a new album, Nobody's Daughter.[258] In response, former Hole guitarist Eric Erlandson stated in Spin magazine that contractually no reunion could take place without his involvement; therefore Nobody's Daughter would remain Love's solo record, as opposed to a "Hole" record.[259] Love responded to Erlandson's comments in a Twitter post, claiming "he's out of his mind, Hole is my band, my name, and my Trademark".[260] Nobody's Daughter was released worldwide as a Hole album on April 27, 2010. For the new line-up, Love recruited guitarist Micko Larkin, Shawn Dailey (bass guitar), and Stu Fisher (drums, percussion). Nobody's Daughter featured material written and recorded for Love's unfinished solo album, How Dirty Girls Get Clean, including "Pacific Coast Highway", "Letter to God", "Samantha", and "Never Go Hungry", although they were re-produced in the studio with Larkin and engineer Michael Beinhorn.[261] The album's subject matter was largely centered on Love's tumultuous life between 2003 and 2007, and featured a polished folk rock sound, and more acoustic guitar work than previous Hole albums.[262]

Love performing with Hole at Afisha Picnic in Moscow, 2011

The first single from Nobody's Daughter was "Skinny Little Bitch", released to promote the album in March 2010.[263] The album received mixed reviews.[264] Robert Sheffield of Rolling Stone gave the album three out of five, saying Love "worked hard on these songs, instead of just babbling a bunch of druggy bullshit and assuming people would buy it, the way she did on her 2004 flop, America's Sweetheart".[265] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine also gave the album three out of five: "It's Marianne Faithfull's substance-ravaged voice that comes to mind most often while listening to songs like 'Honey' and 'For Once in Your Life'. The latter track is, in fact, one of Love's most raw and vulnerable vocal performances to date ... the song offers a rare glimpse into the mind of a woman who, for the last 15 years, has been as famous for being a rock star as she's been for being a victim."[266] Love and the band toured internationally from 2010 into late 2012 promoting the record, with their pre-release shows in London and at South by Southwest receiving critical acclaim.[227] In 2011, Love participated in Hit So Hard, a documentary chronicling bandmate Schemel's time in Hole.[267]

In May 2012, Love debuted an art collection at Fred Torres Collaborations in New York titled "And She's Not Even Pretty",[268] which contained over 40 drawings and paintings by Love composed in ink, colored pencil, pastels, and watercolors.[269][270] Later in the year, she collaborated with Michael Stipe on the track "Rio Grande" for Johnny Depp's sea shanty album Son of Rogues Gallery,[271] and in 2013, co-wrote and contributed vocals on "Rat A Tat" from Fall Out Boy's album Save Rock and Roll, also appearing in the song's music video.[272]

After dropping the Hole name and performing as a solo artist[273] in late 2012,[274] Love appeared in spring 2013 advertisements for Yves Saint Laurent alongside Kim Gordon and Ariel Pink.[275] Love completed a solo tour of North America in mid-2013,[276][277] which was purported to be in promotion of an upcoming solo album; however, it was ultimately dubbed a "greatest hits" tour, and featured songs from Love's and Hole's back catalogue.[278] Love told Billboard at the time that she had recorded eight songs in the studio.[279]

Love was subject of a second landmark libel lawsuit brought against her in January 2014 by her former attorney Rhonda Holmes, who accused Love of online defamation, seeking $8 million in damages.[280] It was the first case of alleged Twitter-based libel in U.S. history to make it to trial.[281] The jury, however, found in Love's favor.[280] A subsequent defamation lawsuit filed by fashion designer Simorangkir in February 2014, however, resulted in Love being ordered to pay a further $350,000 in recompense.[257]

On April 22, 2014, Love debuted the song "You Know My Name" on BBC Radio 6 to promote her tour of the United Kingdom.[282] It was released as a double A-side single with the song "Wedding Day" on May 4, 2014, on her own label Cherry Forever Records via Kobalt Label Services.[283] The tracks were produced by Michael Beinhorn, and feature Tommy Lee on drums.[284] In an interview with the BBC, Love revealed that she and former Hole guitarist Eric Erlandson had reconciled, and had been rehearsing new material together, along with former bassist Melissa Auf der Maur and drummer Patty Schemel, though she did not confirm a reunion of the band.[285] On May 1, 2014, in an interview with Pitchfork, Love commented further on the possibility of Hole reuniting, saying: "I'm not going to commit to it happening, because we want an element of surprise. There's a lot of is to be dotted and ts to be crossed."[286][287]

Love performing in Ventura, California, 2015

Love was cast in several television series in supporting parts throughout 2014, including the FX series Sons of Anarchy,[288] Revenge,[289] and Lee Daniels' network series Empire in a recurring guest role as Elle Dallas.[290] The track "Walk Out on Me", featuring Love, was included on the Empire: Original Soundtrack from Season 1 album, which debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200.[291] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian praised the track, saying: "The idea of Courtney Love singing a ballad with a group of gospel singers seems faintly terrifying ... The reality is brilliant. Love's voice fits the careworn lyrics, effortlessly summoning the kind of ravaged darkness that Lana Del Rey nearly ruptures herself trying to conjure up."[292]

In January 2015, Love starred in a New York City stage production, Kansas City Choir Boy, a "pop opera" conceived by and co-starring Todd Almond.[293] Charles Isherwood of The New York Times praised her performance, noting a "soft-edged and bewitching" stage presence, and wrote: "Her voice, never the most supple or rangy of instruments, retains the singular sound that made her an electrifying front woman for the band Hole: a single sustained noted can seem to simultaneously contain a plea, a wound and a threat."[294] The show toured later in the year, with performances in Boston and Los Angeles.[295] In April 2015, the journalist Anthony Bozza sued Love, alleging a contractual violation regarding his co-writing of her memoir.[296] Love performed as the opening act for Lana Del Rey on her Endless Summer Tour for eight West Coast shows in May and June 2015.[297] During her tenure, Love debuted the single "Miss Narcissist", released on Wavves' independent label Ghost Ramp.[298] She was also cast in a supporting role in James Franco's film The Long Home, based on the novel by William Gay, her first film role in over ten years;[299] as of 2022, it remains unreleased.[300]

Love in 2016

In January 2016, Love released a clothing line in collaboration with Sophia Amoruso, "Love, Courtney", featuring 18 pieces reflecting her personal style.[301] In November 2016, she began filming the pilot for A Midsummer's Nightmare, a Shakespeare anthology series adapted for Lifetime.[302] She starred as Kitty Menendez in Menendez: Blood Brothers, a biopic television film based on the lives of Lyle and Erik Menendez, which premiered on Lifetime in June 2017.[303]

In October 2017, shortly after the Harvey Weinstein scandal made news, a 2005 video of Love warning young actresses about Weinstein went viral.[304][305] In the footage, while on the red carpet for the Comedy Central Roast of Pamela Anderson, Love was asked by Natasha Leggero if she had any advice for "a young girl moving to Hollywood"; she responded, "If Harvey Weinstein invites you to a private party in the Four Seasons [hotel], don't go."[304] She later tweeted, "Although I wasn't one of his victims, I was eternally banned by [Creative Artists Agency] for speaking out."[306][307]

In the same year, Love was cast in Justin Kelly's biopic JT LeRoy, portraying a film producer opposite Laura Dern.[308] In March 2018, she appeared in the music video for Marilyn Manson's "Tattooed in Reverse",[309] and in April she appeared as a guest judge on RuPaul's Drag Race.[310] In December, Love was awarded a restraining order against Sam Lutfi, who had acted as her manager for the previous six years, alleging verbal abuse and harassment.[311] Her daughter, Frances, and sister, Jaimee, were also awarded restraining orders against Lutfi.[311] In January 2019, a Los Angeles County judge extended the three-year order to five years, citing Lutfi's tendency to "prey upon people".[312]

On August 18, 2019, Love performed a solo set at the Yola Día festival in Los Angeles, which also featured performances by Cat Power and Lykke Li.[313] On September 9, Love garnered press attention when she publicly criticized Joss Sackler, an heiress to the Sackler family OxyContin fortune, after she allegedly offered Love $100,000 to attend her fashion show during New York Fashion Week.[314] In the same statement, Love indicated that she had relapsed into opioid addiction in 2018, stating that she had recently celebrated a year of sobriety.[314] In October 2019, Love relocated from Los Angeles to London.[315]

On November 21, 2019, Love recorded the song "Mother", written and produced by Lawrence Rothman, as part of the soundtrack for the horror film The Turning (2020).[316] In January 2020, she received the Icon Award at the NME Awards; NME described her as "one of the most influential singers in alternative culture of the last 30 years".[317] The following month, she confirmed she was writing a new record which she described as "really sad ... [I'm] writing in minor chords, and that appeals to my sadness."[318] In March 2021, Love said she had been hospitalized with acute anemia in August 2020, which had nearly killed her and reduced her weight to 97 pounds (44 kg); she made a full recovery.[319]

In August 2022, Love revealed the completion of her memoir, The Girl with the Most Cake, after a nearly ten-year period of writing.[320]

Love has been candid about her diverse musical influences, the earliest being Patti Smith, The Runaways, and The Pretenders, artists she discovered while in juvenile hall as a young teenager.[40] As a child, her first exposure to music was records that her parents received each month through Columbia Record Club.[321] The first record Love owned was Leonard Cohen's Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967), which she obtained from her mother: "He was so lyric-conscious and morbid, and I was a pretty morbid kid", she recalled.[321] As a teenager, she named Flipper, Kate Bush, Soft Cell, Joni Mitchell, Laura Nyro,[322] Lou Reed, and Dead Kennedys among her favorite artists.[56] While in Dublin at age fifteen, Love attended a Virgin Prunes concert, an event she credited as being a pivotal influence: "I had never seen so much sex, snarl, poetry, evil, restraint, grace, filth, raw power and the very essence of rock and roll", she recalled. "[I had seen] U2 [who] gave me lashes of love and inspiration, and a few nights later the Virgin Prunes fucked–me–up."[323] Decades later, in 2009, Love introduced the band's frontman Gavin Friday at a Carnegie Hall event, and performed a song with him.[323]

Though often associated with punk music, Love has noted that her most significant musical influences have been post-punk and new wave artists.[324] Commenting in 2021, Love said:

There's this idea of "Courtney is punk and stuck in 1995!" but that's not the case. I was more [influenced by] new wave or post-punk. My number one greatest song of all time is "Love Will Tear Us Apart" by Joy Division, and I will take no fucking prisoners in that battle. But the band that affected me more than even Leonard Cohen and Bob Dylan was Echo and the Bunnymen.[324]

Over the years, Love has also named several other new wave and post-punk bands as influences, including The Smiths,[325] Siouxsie and the Banshees,[326] Television,[326] and Bauhaus.[325]

Love's diverse genre interests were illustrated in a 1991 interview with Flipside, in which she stated: "There's a part of me that wants to have a grindcore band and another that wants to have a Raspberries-type pop band."[99] Discussing the abrasive sound of Hole's debut album, she said she felt she had to "catch up with all my hip peers who'd gone all indie on me, and who made fun of me for liking R.E.M. and The Smiths."[322] She has also embraced the influence of experimental artists and punk rock groups, including Sonic Youth, Swans,[327] Big Black, Diamanda Galás,[328] the Germs, and The Stooges.[329] While writing Celebrity Skin, she drew influence from Neil Young and My Bloody Valentine.[191] She has also cited her contemporary PJ Harvey as an influence, saying: "The one rock star that makes me know I'm shit is Polly Harvey. I'm nothing next to the purity that she experiences."[330]

Literature and poetry have often been a major influence on her songwriting; Love said she had "always wanted to be a poet, but there was no money in it."[331] She has named the works of T.S. Eliot and Charles Baudelaire as influential,[332][333] and referenced works by Dante Rossetti,[334] William Shakespeare,[335] Rudyard Kipling, and Anne Sexton in her lyrics.[336]

Musically, Love's work with Hole and her solo efforts have been characterized as alternative rock;[337] Hole's early material, however, was described by critics as being stylistically closer to grindcore and aggressive punk rock.[338] Spin's October 1991 review of Hole's first album noted Love's layering of harsh and abrasive riffs buried more sophisticated musical arrangements.[339] In 1998, she stated that Hole had "always been a pop band. We always had a subtext of pop. I always talked about it, if you go back ... what'll sound like some weird Sonic Youth tuning back then to you was sounding like the Raspberries to me, in my demented pop framework."[191]

Love's lyrical content is composed from a female's point of view,[340] and her lyrics have been described as "literate and mordant"[341] and noted by scholars for "articulating a third-wave feminist consciousness."[342] Simon Reynolds, in reviewing Hole's debut album, noted: "Ms. Love's songs explore the full spectrum of female emotions, from vulnerability to rage. The songs are fueled by adolescent traumas, feelings of disgust about the body, passionate friendships with women and the desire to escape domesticity. Her lyrical style could be described as emotional nudism."[340] Journalist and critic Kim France, in critiquing Love's lyrics, referred to her as a "dark genius" and likened her work to that of Anne Sexton.[343]

Love has remarked that lyrics have always been the most important component of songwriting for her: "The important thing for me ... is it has to look good on the page. I mean, you can love Led Zeppelin and not love their lyrics ... but I made a big effort in my career to have what's on the page mean something."[344] Common themes present in Love's lyrics during her early career included body image, rape, suicide, conformity, pregnancy, prostitution, and death.[345][346] In a 1991 interview with Everett True, she said: "I try to place [beautiful imagery] next to fucked up imagery, because that's how I view things ... I sometimes feel that no one's taken the time to write about certain things in rock, that there's a certain female point of view that's never been given space."[347]

Critics have noted that Love's later musical work is more lyrically introspective.[348] Celebrity Skin and America's Sweetheart are lyrically centered on celebrity life, Hollywood, and drug addiction, while continuing Love's interest in vanity and body image. Nobody's Daughter was lyrically reflective of Love's past relationships and her struggle for sobriety, with the majority of its lyrics written while she was in rehab in 2006.[349]

Love, pictured playing a Fender Mustang in 2012, has often played both Fender and Rickenbacker guitars throughout her career

Love has a contralto vocal range.[350] According to Love, she never wanted to be a singer, but rather aspired to be a skilled guitarist: "I'm such a lazy bastard though that I never did that", she said. "I was always the only person with the nerve to sing, and so I got stuck with it."[332] She has been regularly noted by critics for her husky vocals as well as her "banshee [-like]" screaming abilities.[351][352] Her vocals have been compared to those of Johnny Rotten,[353][354] and David Fricke of Rolling Stone described them as "lung-busting" and "a corrosive, lunatic wail".[353] Upon the release of Hole's 2010 album, Nobody's Daughter, Amanda Petrusich of Pitchfork compared Love's raspy, unpolished vocals to those of Bob Dylan.[355]

She has played a variety of Fender guitars throughout her career, including a Jaguar and a vintage 1965 Jazzmaster; the latter was purchased by the Hard Rock Cafe and is on display in New York City.[356] Between 1989 and 1991, Love primarily played a Rickenbacker 425[357] because she "preferred the 3/4 neck",[197] but she destroyed the guitar onstage at a 1991 concert opening for the Smashing Pumpkins.[123] In the mid-1990s, she often played a guitar made by Mercury, an obscure company that manufactured custom guitars,[198] as well as a Univox Hi-Flier.[358] Fender's Vista Venus, designed by Love in 1998, was partially inspired by Rickenbacker guitars as well as her Mercury.[198] During tours after the release of Nobody's Daughter (post-2010), Love has played a Rickenbacker 360 onstage.[359] Her setup has included Fender tube gear, Matchless, Ampeg, Silvertone and a solid-state 1976 Randall Commander.[197]

Love has referred to herself as "a shit guitar player", further commenting in a 2014 interview: "I can still write a song, but [the guitar playing] sounds like shit ... I used to be a good rhythm player but I am no longer dependable."[360] Throughout her career, she has also garnered a reputation for unpredictable live shows.[166] In the 1990s, her performances with Hole were characterized by confrontational behavior, with Love stage diving, smashing guitars[123] or throwing them into the audience,[361] wandering into the crowd at the end of sets,[361] and engaging in sometimes incoherent rants.[167] Critics and journalists have noted Love for her comical, often stream-of-consciousness-like stage banter.[362][363] Music journalist Robert Hilburn wrote in 1993 that, "rather than simply scripted patter, Love’s comments between songs [have] the natural feel of someone who is sharing her immediate feelings."[364] In a review of a live performance published in 2010, it was noted that Love's onstage "one-liners [were] worthy of the Comedy Store."[363]

• Pretty on the Inside (1991)
• Live Through This (1994)
• Celebrity Skin (1998)
• Nobody's Daughter (2010)

• America's Sweetheart (2004)