Demography of England

The demography of England has since 1801 been measured by the decennial national census, and is marked by centuries of population growth and urbanization. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources, estimates of the population of England for dates prior to the first census in 1801 vary considerably. The population of England at the 2021 census was 56,489,800.[1]

Demographics of England
Population pyramid of England in 2020
Population56,489,800 (2021)
Fertility rate1.61 (2021)
Nationality
Major ethnicEnglish
Map of population density in England as at the 2011 census
The non-metropolitan counties and unitary authorities of England, colour-coded to show population. (Due to the small size of the City of London density is displayed as part of the overall Greater London area)

Population
See also: Population of the countries of the United Kingdom

The population of England in 2021 was estimated to be 56,489,800.[1][2] This is the most recent census.[1] In the previous census, in 2011, the population was 53,012,456.

Data for the 2011 census:

  • Male: 26,069,148
  • Female: 26,943,308
  • Total: 53,012,456[3]
  • Total Fertility Rate: 1.97[4]

Historical population
Population of England over time
See also: Black Death, Domesday Book, Protestation Returns of 1642, and Compton Census
Population 5000–100BC
YearPop.±%
50000BCbelow 6000—    
30000BC100,000—    
18000BC300,000+200.0%
01000BC1,500,000+400.0%
Source: [5]
Population 1100–1700
YearPop.±%
10861,710,000—    
11903,100,000+81.3%
12203,970,000+28.1%
12504,230,000+6.5%
12794,430,000+4.7%
12904,750,000+7.2%
13154,690,000−1.3%
13254,120,000−12.2%
13484,810,000+16.7%
13512,600,000−45.9%
13772,500,000−3.8%
14002,080,000−16.8%
14302,020,000−2.9%
14501,900,000−5.9%
14902,140,000+12.6%
15222,350,000+9.8%
15412,830,000+20.4%
15603,200,000+13.1%
16004,110,000+28.4%
16505,310,000+29.2%
17005,200,000−2.1%
Source: [6] [7]
Population 1801–2021
YearPop.±%
18018,287,907—    
18119,405,342+13.5%
182111,178,050+18.8%
183112,976,329+16.1%
184114,847,888+14.4%
185116,738,495+12.7%
186118,753,390+12.0%
187121,361,235+13.9%
188124,397,385+14.2%
189127,231,229+11.6%
190130,072,180+10.4%
191133,561,235+11.6%
192135,230,225+5.0%
193137,359,045+6.0%
193938,084,321+1.9%
195141,164,356+8.1%
196143,460,525+5.6%
197146,411,700+6.8%
198146,820,800+0.9%
199147,875,000+2.3%
200149,138,831+2.6%
201153,012,456+7.9%
202156,489,800+6.6%
Source: Year(s) 1801–2011[7][8][9][10]

Vital statistics

[11] This is UK wide information.

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1940 567,710 545,952 21,758 14.1 13.6 0.5
1941(c) 539,205 499,343 39,862 13.9 12.9 1.0
1942 608,373 448,777 159,596 15.6 11.5 4.1
1943 641,064 469,916 171,148 16.2 11.9 4.3
1944 704,748 461,189 243,559 17.7 11.6 6.1
1945 638,422 456,216 182,206 15.9 11.4 4.5
1946 773,153 460,543 312,610 19.2 11.4 7.8
1947 829,863 484,324 345,539 20.5 12.0 8.5
1948 728,131 439,803 288,328 17.9 10.8 7.1
1949 686,181 478,627 207,554 16.8 11.7 5.1
1950 654,321 477,006 177,315 15.5 11.3 4.2
1951(c) 636,259 513,375 122,884 15.5 12.5 3.0
1952 632,347 466,479 165,858 15.3 11.3 4.0
1953 642,844 472,137 170,707 15.5 11.3 4.2
1954 633,395 469,074 164,321 15.2 11.3 3.9
1955 628,935 484,926 144,009 15.0 11.7 3.3
1956 659,420 488,893 170,527 15.7 11.7 4.0
1957 681,736 482,174 199,562 16.1 11.5 4.6
1958 698,255 494,201 204,054 16.4 11.7 4.7
1959 706,239 495,517 210,722 16.5 11.6 4.9
1960 740,858 493,553 247,305 17.1 11.5 5.6
1961(c) 766,358 518,047 248,311 17.6 11.9 5.7
1962 793,354 523,855 269,499 18.0 12.0 6.0
1963 807,017 538,105 268,912 18.2 12.2 6.0
1964 828,470 501,991 326,479 18.5 11.3 7.2
1965 816,433 516,317 300,116 18.1 11.5 6.6
1966 804,957 528,981 275,976 17.7 11.8 5.9
1967 788,458 509,356 279,102 17.2 11.2 6.0
1968 775,065 541,862 233,203 16.9 11.9 5.0
1969 754,456 543,425 211,031 16.4 11.9 4.5
1970 741,999 540,196 201,803 16.0 11.6 4.4
1971(c) 46,411,000 740,099 532,445 207,654 15.9 11.5 4.4
1972 46,572,000 685,485 554,251 131,234 14.7 11.9 2.8
1973 46,686,000 638,356 549,876 88,480 13.7 11.8 1.9
1974 46,682,000 603,153 547,980 55,173 12.9 11.7 1.2
1975 46,674,000 568,900 545,444 23,456 12.2 11.7 0.5
1976 46,659,000 550,383 560,317 -9,934 11.8 12.0 -0.2
1977 46,639,000 536,953 538,652 -1,699 11.5 11.5 -0.0
1978 46,638,000 562,589 547,685 14,904 12.1 11.7 0.4
1979 46,698,000 601,316 554,840 46,476 12.9 11.9 1.0
1980 46,787,000 618,371 544,349 74,022 13.2 11.6 1.6
1981(c) 46,820,000 598,163 541,018 57,145 12.8 11.6 1.2
1982 46,777,000 589,711 544,984 44,727 12.6 11.7 0.9 1.76
1983 46,813,000 593,255 542,509 50,746 12.7 11.6 1.1 1.75
1984 46,912,000 600,573 531,314 69,259 12.8 11.3 1.5 1.75
1985 47,057,000 619,301 553,153 66,148 13.2 11.8 1.4 1.78
1986 47,187,000 623,609 544,545 79,064 13.2 11.5 1.7 1.76
1987 47,300,000 643,330 531,150 112,180 13.6 11.2 2.4 1.80
1988 47,412,000 654,353 535,553 118,800 13.8 11.3 2.5 1.82
1989 47,552,000 649,357 539,804 109,553 13.7 11.4 2.3 1.79
1990 47,699,000 666,920 528,920 138,000 14.0 11.1 3.9 1.83
1991(c) 47,875,000 660,806 533,980 126,826 13.8 11.2 2.6 1.81
1992 47,998,000 651,784 522,660 129,124 13.6 10.9 2.7 1.79
1993 48,102,000 636,473 540,904 95,569 13.2 11.2 2.0 1.76
1994 48,228,000 628,956 516,297 112,659 13.0 10.7 2.3 1.75
1995 48,383,000 613,257 529,038 84,219 12.7 10.9 1.8 1.71
1996 48,519,000 614,184 526,650 87,534 12.7 10.9 1.8 1.73
1997 48,664,000 608,202 521,598 86,604 12.5 10.7 1.8 1.73
1998 48,820,000 602,111 518,089 84,022 12.3 10.6 1.7 1.72
1999 49,032,000 589,468 517,119 72,349 12.0 10.5 1.5 1.69
2000 49,233,000 572,826 503,026 69,800 11.6 10.2 1.4 1.65
2001(c) 49,449,000 563,744 497,878 65,866 11.4 10.1 1.3 1.63
2002 49,679,000 565,709 500,792 64,917 11.4 10.1 1.3 1.64
2003 49,925,000 589,851 504,127 85,724 11.8 10.1 1.7 1.72
2004 50,194,000 607,184 480,717 126,467 12.1 9.6 2.5 1.77
2005 50,606,000 613,028 479,678 133,350 12.1 9.5 2.6 1.77
2006 50,965,000 635,748 470,326 165,422 12.5 9.2 3.3 1.83
2007 51,381,000 655,357 470,721 184,636 12.8 9.2 3.6 1.88
2008 51,815,000 672,809 475,763 197,046 13.0 9.2 3.8 1.92
2009 52,196,000 671,058 459,241 211,817 12.9 8.8 4.1 1.91
2010 52,642,000 687,007 461,017 225,990 13.1 8.8 4.3 1.94
2011(c) 53,107,000 688,120 452,862 235,258 13.0 8.5 4.5 1.93
2012 53,493,000 694,241 466,779 227,462 13.0 8.7 4.3 1.94
2013 53,865,000 664,517 473,552 190,965 12.3 8.8 3.5 1.85
2014 54,316,000 661,496 468,875 192,621 12.2 8.6 3.6 1.83
2015 54,786,000 664,399 495,309 169,090 12.1 9.0 3.1 1.82
2016 55,268,000 663,157 490,454 172,703 12.0 8.9 3.1 1.81
2017 55,619,000 646,794 498,882 147,912 11.6 9.0 2.6 1.76
2018 55,977,000 625,651 505,859 119,792 11.2 9.0 2.2 1.70
2019 56,287,000 610,505 488,952 121,553 10.8 8.7 2.1 1.66
2020 56,550,000 585,195 569,700 15,495 10.3 10.1 0.3 1.59
2021(c) 56,489,800 595,948 549,207 46,741 10.5 9.7 0.8 1.62

(c) = Census results.

In 2019 70.5% of all babies were born to UK-born mothers while 29.5% were born to foreign-born mothers of which 10.8% came from the EU and 18.7% from non-EU countries.[12]

Current vital statistics

[13][14]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - September 2021 408,315
January - September 2022 398,030
Difference - 10,285 (-2.52%)
  • Deaths from January - September 2021 = 408,315
  • Deaths from January - September 2022 = 398,030 [15]

Historical percent distribution of the total population by age

[16]

Ages 1901 1931 1951 1961
0–14 years 32 24 22 23
15–64 years 63 69 67 65
65 years and over 5 7 11 12
Total (%) 100 100 100 100

Country of birth

Country of birth given by respondents in the corresponding UK censuses were as follows:

Map showing the percentage of the population born outside England according to the 2011 census.
Country of birth 1971[17] 1981[18] 1991[19] 2001[20]2011[21] 2021[22]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
 United Kingdom 41,951,042 91.3% 42,620,882 93.1% 43,506,411 92.5% 44,588,008 90.74% 45,675,317 86.16% 46,687,017 82.6%
 England 40,374,714 87.9% 41,084,399 89.8% 42,003,211 89.3% 42,968,596 87.44% 44,246,592 83.46% 45,388,724 80.3%
 Scotland 716,499 731,412 743,856 794,577 1.62% 708,872 1.34% 626,443 1.1%
 Wales 632,548 573,014 545,381 609,711 1.24% 506,619 0.96% 478,697
 Northern Ireland 227,281 – – 211,133 215,124 0.44% 206,735 0.39% 190,541
 United Kingdom (not otherwise specified) – – 232,057 2,830 6,499 0.01% 2,612
Europe (non-UK) 1,217,245 2.7% 1,142,182 2.4% 1,221,759 2.6% 1,154,707 2.3% 2,375,441 4.5% 4,042,538 7.1%
 Ireland 647,429 567,021 555,805 459,662 0.94% 395,182 0.75% 314,674 0.6%
Channel Islands & Isle of Man – – – – 26,804
Total born in all EU Member Countries (excluding Ireland) 569,816[note 1] 1.2% 340,113 0% 452,092 1% 695,045 1.41% 1,980,259 3.73% 3,236,799 5.7%
EU Member Countries (joined pre 2001) or EEC Members – – 340,113 452,092 1% – – 894,908 1.69% 1,263,707 2.2%
 Germany – – – – 193,346
 France – – – – 49,947
 Italy – – – – 83,724
Other – – – – 125,075
Other EU Member Countries

(joined post-2001)

 – – – – – – – – 1,085,351 2.04% 1,973,092 3.5%
 Poland – – – – 68,049 0.1%
 Romania – – – – 3,762 –
Other non-EU Europe – – 235,048 0.5% 115,247 0.2% – – – – 491,065 0.9%
 Soviet Union – – – – 25,235
Other – – – – 90,012
Africa 148,473 0.3% 278,678 0.6% 456,396 1% – – – – 1,558,199 2.8%
Middle East and Asia 522,263 1.1% 727,838 1.6% 1,108,529 2.4% – – – – 3,241,701 5.7%
 India 301,862 378,721 395,563
 Pakistan 131,826 179,712 221,776
 Bangladesh 46,873 101,829
Sri Lanka (also known as Ceylon) 15,366 – – – –
Far East 73,209 122,532 – –
 Turkey – – – – 26,016
Other – – – – 363,345
Americas and Carribbean 292,966 0.6% 291,679 0.6% 481,299 1% – – – – 790,002 1.4%
 Canada – – – – 53,195
 United States – – – – 128,337
 Jamaica – – – – 141,352
Other – – – – 158,415
Antarctica and Oceania – – – – 104,141 0.2% 170,023 0.3%
 Australia – – – – 66,279 – – – – – –
 New Zealand – – – – 37,862
Other: Old Commonwealth[note 2] 119,683 0.3% 133,220 0.3% – – – – – – – –
Other: New Commonwealth[note 3] 109,971 0.2% 155,389 0.3% 147,602 0.3% – – – – – –
Other Countries (non Europe or UK for 2001 and 2011) 482,351 1% 421,895 0.9% 3,051 – 3,396,116 6.91% 4,961,698 9.36% 83 –
Total 45,917,667 100% 45,771,763 100% 47,055,204 100% 49,138,831 100.00% 53,012,456 100.00% 56,490,051 100%

Below are the estimates of the largest foreign-born groups in England according to ONS estimates.

Country of birth 2013 2014[23] 2015 2018[24]
 India 698,000 748,000 751,000 832,000
 Poland 561,000 677,000 713,000 832,000
 Pakistan 479,000 499,000 478,000 535,000
 Republic of Ireland 315,000 317,000 318,000 369,000
 Germany 263,000 267,000 253,000 309,000
Population pyramid from 2001 to 2020

Age
Population pyramid in 2020

The data below is based on the 2011 census.[25] In 2001, the mean age of England's population was 38.60, and the median age was 37.00.

Ages attained
(years)		 Population  % of total
population		  % per year
of age band
0–4 3,318,449 6.26 1.25
5–9 2,972,632 5.61 1.12
10–14 3,080,929 5.81 1.16
15–19 3,340,265 6.30 1.26
20–24 3,595,321 6.78 1.36
25–29 3,650,881 6.89 1.38
30–34 3,509,221 6.62 1.32
35–39 3,549,116 6.69 1.34
40–44 3,885,934 7.33 1.47
45–49 3,879,815 7.32 1.46
50–54 3,400,095 6.41 1.28
55–59 2,996,992 5.65 1.13
60–64 3,172,277 5.98 1.20
65–69 2,508,154 4.73 0.95
70–74 2,044,129 3.86 0.77
75–79 1,669,345 3.15 0.63
80–84 1,258,773 2.37 0.47
85–89 776,311 1.46 0.29
90+ 403,817 0.76 –
  • Population pyramids of the regions of England
  • South West
  • South East
  • Greater London
  • East of England
  • East Midlands
  • West Midlands
  • Yorkshire and the Humber
  • North West
  • North East

Ethnicity
Ethnic demographics of England from 1981 - 2011
Estimations of the coloured population (and white) in England and Wales[26]
Ethnic group (reported in 'Area of origin') 1951[note 4] 1961[note 4] 1966 mid-1968
Estimates based solely off of immigrant population[note 4] Total estimated (including estimates of those born in the UK)[note 5]
Population % Population % Population % Population % Population %
White: 43,683,500 99.83% 45,769,000 99.28% 46,540,500 98.73% 46,211,500 98.04% – –
Total coloured 74,500 0.17% 336,000 0.72% 595,000 1.27% 924,000 1.96% 1,123,000 –
India 30,800 81,400 163,600 223,000 – –
Pakistan 5,000 24,900 67,700 199,700 – –
Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 5,800 9,000 12,900 16,100 – –
West Indies 15,300 171,800 267,900 – – – –
Jamaica – – – – – – 278,000 – –
Other Caribbean – – – – – – 180,300 – –
British West Africa (Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone) 5,600 19,800 36,000 50,700 – –
Far East (Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore) 12,000 29,600 47,000 60,000 – –
Total population 43,758,000 100% 46,105,000 100% 47,135,500 100% 47,135,500 100% – –
Demography of England
Ethnic group Year
1981[27][28] 1991[29][note 6] 2001[30] 2011[31]
Population % Population % Population %Population %
White: Total – 95.4% 44,144,339 93.8%44,679,36191%45,281,142

85.4%

White: British – – – –42,747,13687.0%42,279,23679.8%
White: Irish – – – –624,1151.3%517,0011.0%
White: Irish Traveller/White Gypsy – – – –––54,8950.1%
White: Other – – – –1,308,1102.7%2,430,0104.6%
Asian or Asian British: Total – 2.65% 1,762,262 3.7%2,468,9705%4,143,403

7.8%

Asian or Asian British: Indian – 1.32% 823,821 1.8%1,028,5462.1%1,395,7022.6%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – 0.7% 449,646 1.0%706,5391.4%1,112,2822.1%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – 0.18% 157,881 0.3%275,3940.6%436,5140.8%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese[note 7] – 0.22% 141,661 0.3%220,6810.5%379,5020.7%
Asian or Asian British: Asian Other – 0.23% 189,253 0.4%237,8100.5%819,4031.6%
Black or Black British: Total – 1.5% 874,882 1.9%1,132,5082.3%1,846,614

3.5%

Black or Black British: Caribbean – 0.91% 495,682 1.1%561,2461.1%591,0161.1%
Black or Black British: African – 0.3% 206,918 0.4%475,9381.0%977,7411.8%
Black or Black British: Other – 0.3% 172,282 0.4%95,3240.2%277,8570.5%
British Mixed: Total – – – –643,3731.3%1,192,879

2.3%

Mixed: White and Caribbean – – – –231,4240.5%415,6160.8%
Mixed: White and African – – – –76,4980.2%161,5500.3%
Mixed: White and Asian Other – – – –184,0140.4%332,7080.6%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – –151,4370.3%283,0050.3%
Other: Total – 0.44% 273,721 0.6%214,6190.4%548,418

1.0%

Other: Arab[note 6] – – – –––220,9850.4%
Other: Any other ethnic group – 0.44% 273,721 0.6%214,6190.4%327,4330.6%
Total – 100% 47,055,204 100%49,138,831100%53,012,456

100%

Notes for table above

  1. Figure accounts for all of Europe apart from Ireland
  2. Used as main option for when no other options are given, for example in 1971. This group contains all for Canada, Australia and New Zealand
  3. Used as a conglomerate for New Commonwealth for when there are no other options as for example in 1971. This group contains all for remenents of the British Empire after 1945 (if not already indicated).
  4. Estimates taken solely from the immigrant population at the time excluding estimates of those that were White from these areas.
  5. Estimates are taken from a combined estimate of the immigrant population (excluding estimates of Whites), additional coloured people who may not have been enumerated, and estimates of coloured people born in the UK from parents from shown areas
  6. The number of people who answered the census may not equal the estimated population total at the time due to the fact an estimated 1 million people did not answer the form.
  7. In 2001, listed under the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' heading.

Population distribution
  • Population distribution of ethnic groups in 2011
  • Other White (4.6%)
  • Asian/Asian British: Indian (2.6%)
  • Asian/Asian British: Pakistani (2.1%)
  • Asian/Asian British: Bangladeshi (0.8%)
  • Black/Black British: Total (3.5%)
  • Other: Arab (0.4%)
  • Proportion of births in regions of each broad multi-ethnic group
  • White
  • Asian
  • Black
  • Mixed
  • All other ethnic groups
  • Births which did not state an ethnicity

Ethnicity of school pupils
Ethnic group School year[32]
2015/16 2017/18 2019/20 2021/2022
Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 5,258,582 75.6% 6,027,781 74% 6,048,980 72.8% 6,011,045 71.4%
White: British 4,822,332 69.3% 5,454,108 66.9 5,432,991 65.4 5,379,748 63.9%
White: Irish 21,127 0.3 23,110 0.3 22,443 0.3 21,495 0.3
White: Roma 22,092 0.3 26,653 0.3 28,091 0.3 27,359 0.3
White: Irish Traveller 4,975 0.1 6,008 0.1 6,578 0.1 6,903 0.1
White: Other 388,056 5.6 517,902 6.4 558,877 6.7 575,540 6.8
Asian / Asian British: Total 755,817 10.8% 937,983 11.4% 985,795 11.9% 1,040,541 12.3%
Asian / Asian British: Indian 196,351 2.8 247,280 3.0 268,318 3.2 289,179 3.4
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani 293,089 4.2 360,554 4.4 372,699 4.5 380,781 4.5
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi 117,004 1.7 143,379 1.8 148,290 1.8 151,613 1.8
Asian / Asian British: Chinese 28,915 0.4 36,196 0.4 37,732 0.5 48,396 0.6
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians 120,458 1.7 150,574 1.8 158,756 1.9 170,572 2.0
Black / Black British: Total 389,585 5.5% 464,367 5.7% 474,570 5.7% 486,517 5.8%
Black: African 253,781 3.6 311,012 3.8 323,874 3.9 338,614 4.0
Black: Caribbean 85,830 1.2 91,429 1.1 86,543 1.0 82,402 1.0
Black: Other Blacks 49,974 0.7 61,926 0.8 64,153 0.8 65,501 0.8
Mixed / British Mixed 363,730 5.3% 473,305 5.8% 515,061 6.1% 558,184 6.6%
Mixed: White and Caribbean 101,278 1.5 123,873 1.5 128,774 1.5 133,504 1.6
Mixed: White and African 47,472 0.7 63,518 0.8 70,403 0.8 76,262 0.9
Mixed: White and Asian Other 84,133 1.2 111,811 1.4 123,153 1.5 134,821 1.6
Mixed: Other Mixed 130,847 1.9 174,103 2.1 192,731 2.3 213,597 2.5
Other: Total 119,647 1.7% 154,575 1.9% 168,758 2.0% 185,355 2.2%
Unclassified 67,126 1.0% 94,312 1.2% 119,388 1.4% 136,371 1.6%
Total: 6,954,487 100% 8,152,323 100% 8,312,552 100% 8,418,013 100%
  • Ethnicity of school pupils in the school year of 2021/2022
  • White: 71.4%
  • White British: 63.9%

Languages

The most common main languages spoken in England according to the 2011 census are shown below.[33]

RankLanguageUsual residents aged 3+Proportion
1English46,936,78092.02%
2Polish529,1731.04%
3Punjabi271,5800.53%
4Hindi/Urdu266,3300.52%
5Bengali (with Sylheti and Chatgaya)216,1960.42%
6Gujarati212,2170.42%
7Arabic152,4900.30%
8French145,0260.28%
9Portuguese131,0020.26%
10Spanish118,5540.23%
11Tamil99,7730.20%
12Turkish98,0830.19%
13Italian90,5470.18%
14Somali84,3870.17%
15Lithuanian84,3270.17%
16German75,1900.15%
17Persian/Farsi75,1790.15%
18Tagalog/Filipino67,5930.13%
19Romanian66,4960.13%
20Russian66,2710.13%
–Welsh8,2480.02%
–Cornish5540.00%
–Other1,209,6142.37%
Population 51,005,610100.00%

Religion

Religion in England (2011 census)

  Christianity (59.4%)
  Not religious (24.7%)
  Not stated (7.2%)
  Islam (5.0%)
  Other religions (2.2%)
  Hinduism (1.5%)

Respondents to the 2001 and 2011 censuses gave their religions as follows:

Religion 2001[34] 2011[35]
Number % Number %
Christian35,251,24471.74%31,479,87659.38%
Muslim1,524,8873.10%2,660,1165.02%
Hindu546,9821.11%806,1991.52%
Sikh327,3430.67%420,1960.79%
Jewish257,6710.52%261,2820.49%
Buddhist139,0460.28%238,6260.45%
Other religion143,8110.29%227,8250.43%
No religion7,171,33214.59%13,114,23224.74%
Religion not stated3,776,5157.69%3,804,1047.18%
Total population49,138,831100.00%53,012,456100.00%

See also
  • Demographics of the United Kingdom
  • Demography of Scotland
  • Demography of Wales
  • Demography of Northern Ireland
  • Demography of London
  • Demography of Birmingham
  • Demography of Greater Manchester
  • United Kingdom Census 2011
  • National Statistics Socio-economic Classification
  • Census 2001 Ethnic Codes
  • List of English districts by population
  • List of urban areas in England by population
  • List of towns and cities in England by historical population
  • List of major settlements by population in English counties

Notes

    References
    1. "Population and household estimates, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
    2. "Population estimates - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
    3. "2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
    4. "National Statistics Online – Live births". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
    5. Pryor, Francis (2004). Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0007126934.
    6. S. Broadberry et al (2010), "English Medieval Population: Reconciling Time Series and Cross Sectional Evidence", Table 7 (Preprint, p.22); S. Broadberry et al (2010), "British Economic Growth 1270–1870", Table 18 (Preprint, p. 54); see also S. Broadberry et al (2015), British Economic Growth 1270–1870, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 1107070783, Chapter 1, and Table 5.06, pg 205
      See also B. Campbell (1990), "People and Land in the Middle Ages, 1066–1500", in Robert A. Dodgshon and Robin A. Butlin (eds), Historical Geography of England and Wales, 2nd edition. Elsevier. ISBN 1483288412, pp. 69–122 for discussion of drivers and trends underlying the numbers.
    7. Wrigley and Schofield, "The Population History of England, 1541–1871. A reconstruction.", Harvard University Press, 1981, Table 7.8, pgs. 208-9,
    8. At the time of the first census. Census officials estimated that there had been an increase of 77% in the preceding 100 years. In each county women were in the majority. Notes for 1801 taken from Kent 1800–1899 – A Chronicle of the Nineteenth Century Bob Ogley (Froglets Publications 2003) ISBN 1-872337-51-1. Wrigley and Schofield estimate 8,664,000 based on birth and death records.]
    9. Vision of Britain a population through time England, Retrieved 9 August 2013
    10. 2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom, 27 March 2011 (PDF), ONS, 12 December 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2016, retrieved 9 August 2013
    11. "Vital Statistics: Population and Health Reference Tables". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
    12. "Parents' country of birth - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
    13. "Provisional births in England and Wales".
    14. "Deaths registered monthly in England and Wales".
    15. "Deaths registered monthly in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
    16. A. H. Halsey (1972). Trends in British Society since 1900. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-349-00780-6.
    17. Taken from Casweb UK Data Service from the 1971 UK wide Census. SAS08 of Country of Birth of England.
    18. Taken from Casweb UK Data Service from the 1981 UK wide Census. Table 4 of Country of Birth in England.
    19. Data taken from 1991 census data query on NOMIS
    20. Census 2001 Key Statistics – Local Authorities KS05 Country of birth, Accessed 6 September 2014
    21. 2011 Census: KS202EW National identity, local authorities in England and Wales, Accessed 22 December 2012
    22. "Demography and migration data, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
    23. "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2014 to December 2014". Office for National Statistics. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2016. Figures given are the central estimates. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
    24. https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2fpopulationandmigration%2finternationalmigration%2fdatasets%2fpopulationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality%2fjanuarytodecember2018/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjan18todec18.xls
    25. UK Statistics (27 March 2011). "2011 Census: Usual resident population by five-year age group and sex, United Kingdom and constituent countries". UK Statistics. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
    26. Rose, E. J. B. (Eliot Joseph Benn); Institute of Race Relations (1969). Colour and citizenship : a report on British race relations. Internet Archive. London ; New York : Published for the Institute of Race Relations by Oxford U.P. ISBN 978-0-19-218182-4.
    27. Rees, Phil; Butt, Faisal (2004). "Ethnic Change and Diversity in England, 1981-2001". Area. 36 (2): 174–186. doi:10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00213.x. ISSN 0004-0894. JSTOR 20004380.
    28. Please note that these are estimations as the question on Ethnicity was not asked in the United Kingdom's censuses till 1991. Work in this table has been taken from Table 4 of source used.
    29. Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England (Table 6)
    30. "Key Statistics for local authorities; Ethnic Statistics for England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    31. "Key Statistics for England and Wales: Ethnic statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    32. "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic Year 2021/22". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
    33. "View:England". NOMIS. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
    34. "Religion (2001 Census)". data.gov.uk. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
    35. "2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
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