Hironobu Sakaguchi

During his time at Square, he was first involved in an unlicensed adaptation of the television game show Torin-ingen, then later became part of the team for The Death Trap. There was no formal reassignment, only an informal restructure that led Sakaguchi to take on a more senior role.[3] Following the success of The Death Trap, he took a leave of absence from university work to continue his work with Square.[5] His first few titles including The Death Trap were for PCs, with his first Nintendo Entertainment System title being King's Knight (1986).[7] Many of these projects, while keeping the company afloat, were not hugely successful and focused on action titles that Sakaguchi disliked.[3][5] He also earned the reputation of being a hard person to work under.[8] When Square became an independent company in 1986, Sakaguchi was appointed as a full-time employee as Director of Planning and Development.[9][10] That year, following the release and success of Enix's role-playing video game (RPG) Dragon Quest for the NES, he persuaded Miyamoto to allow production of an RPG by Square. This RPG drew inspiration from multiple fantasy titles of the time including The Legend of Zelda, and Origin Systems's Ultima series.[3][8][11]

Sakaguchi described the production as happening in "fits and starts" with a small staff as most of the company did not believe in his project. Production gained momentum during its second half and getting help from Tanaka's team. Initially titled Fighting Fantasy, he changed it to Final Fantasy to both avoid trademark conflicts with the roleplaying gamebook series of the same name and to represent his feelings at the time. Had the title failed commercially, he would have quit Square and completed his university education.[8][12][13] In fact, Final Fantasy was an impressive commercial success, selling 400,000 units in Japan, and kickstarting the Final Fantasy series as Square's leading series. Sakaguchi acted as director for the four subsequent entries between 1988 and 1992.[3][8] He was promoted in 1991 to the position of Executive Vice President, which eventually lessened his creative role in titles, with Final Fantasy V (1992) being his final directorial role with the Final Fantasy series.[9][14][15] He notably spearheaded the creation of Chrono Trigger (1995), forming one third of the core "Dream Team" staff alongside Dragon Quest creator Yuji Horii, and Dragon Ball and Dragon Quest artist Akira Toriyama.[16]

He acted as the producer for the company's PlayStation debut Final Fantasy VII (1997), which proved to be a massive financial and critical success.[14] The greater production requirements of the PlayStation meant Sakaguchi became less involved in the creative process, giving greater creative control to Yoshinori Kitase, who had worked with Sakaguchi beginning with Final Fantasy V. For Final Fantasy VIII (1999), he took on the role of executive producer.[17] He acted as producer for some projects including Final Fantasy Tactics (1997) and Parasite Eve (1998).[18][19] He attempted to outsource development of a Tactics sequel, but the project was cancelled.[20] For Final Fantasy IX (2000), a nostalgic entry which was mainly produced by a team in Honolulu, Hawaii where Sakaguchi was based at the time, he took a greater creative role including producing the title and writing the scenario.[21]

Through this period, Sakaguchi was creating a CGI feature film based on the Final Fantasy franchise called Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, establishing the in-house studio Square Pictures in 1997 to produce it and other CGI projects.[14][22][23] Sakaguchi intended The Spirits Within, his debut as a film director, to be the first of multiple film projects, with lead Aki Ross becoming a virtual actress whose model would be reused in other CGI movies.[24] Due to cost overruns towards the end of production to ensure staff payments amid rising production costs, The Spirits Within cost Square and co-producer Columbia Pictures $137 million.[25][22] Sakaguchi himself made a cameo appearance in the film.[26] The commitment to The Spirits Within contributed to his less involved role in the main Final Fantasy series.[17] He also planned to create an interactive movie, further bridging the gap between films and video games.[27]

Upon its release in cinemas The Spirits Within grossed just over $85 million, being labelled a box office bomb. The film's failure damaged Square financially, delayed a planned merger between Square and Enix, and prompted the closure of Square Pictures.[22][28][29][30] Following the failure of The Spirits Within, Sakaguchi was left in a state of low morale, and he decided to step away from active involvement in Square's projects. He was also growing tired of his administrative role within Square.[22][14] In 2001, Sakaguchi resigned from his position at Square along with two other senior executives, signing an agreement to be credited as executive producer on future Final Fantasy projects.[29] While still receiving credits on Final Fantasy, Sakaguchi spent the next three years at his home in Hawaii in a demoralized state, describing himself as "doing nothing" and feeling guilty over his lack of contributions to the industry.[31][32] He eventually found the motivation to make a return to game production after talking with Toriyama and fellow artist Takehiko Inoue.[31] Sakaguchi officially left Square in 2003, with his last major credited role being on Final Fantasy X-2.[15]

Sakaguchi at the 2006 Tokyo Game Show.

Sakaguchi became reinvested in making games again after his talks with Toriyama and Inoue, deciding to create his own studio.[31] His independent studio Mistwalker was established in 2004 with funding help from Microsoft, although the Mistwalker trademark had existed since 2001.[28][33] Mistwalker is based between Honolulu, Hawaii, and Tokyo, Japan.[34] By this point, Sakaguchi had settled in Honolulu, travelling between there and Japan for game production.[22][35] Many early Mistwalker titles were for the Xbox 360, a console struggling to find commercial success in Japan. He did not choose the PlayStation 3 due to its difficult production architecture and earlier disagreements with Sony president Ken Kutaragi.[36]

Four titles were announced in 2005. These were Blue Dragon (2006), with whom he collaborated with Toriyama and spawned sequels and media spin-offs;[31][33] ASH: Archaic Sealed Heat (2007), a tactical RPG on which he worked with staff from Final Fantasy XII;[37][38] Lost Odyssey (2007), which featured artwork from Inoue and narrative elements by Japanese novelist Kiyoshi Shigematsu;[31][39] and Cry On, a title intended to evoke emotion that was ultimately cancelled in 2008.[40][41] Sakaguchi returned to a directorial role for The Last Story (2011), which he took as an opportunity to adjust his gameplay approach based on feedback from his earlier titles and to keep up with gaming trends of the time.[15][42]

Following The Last Story, Sakaguchi wanted Mistwalker to focus on smaller mobile projects they could produce in-house on a small intimate team.[35][43] His first project was Party Wave, a surfing simulator inspired by Sakaguchi's love of surfing, though this ended up being a commercial disappointment.[35][44] Inspired by this failure, Sakaguchi re-evaluated the mobile market and began production on Terra Battle, a card-based RPG with a storyline inspired by western television.[44][45] Terra Battle was a commercial success for the company, prompting Sakaguchi to make plans to release eight games over six years, leading up to his possible retirement age.[46] He created a sequel and spin-off for Terra Battle, and had been planning a third entry and a console version.[47] Eventually all three Terra Battle entries were shut down for various reasons by 2019.[48][49][50] During this period, Sakaguchi replayed Final Fantasy VI (1994), rediscovering his love of creating compelling worlds and narratives. With this in mind, he began development of Fantasian (2021), a two-part RPG modelled on Final Fantasy VI with Sakaguchi producing and writing the title for the Apple Arcade service.[51][52] He created Fantasian on the principle that it might be his last major game project due to his advancing age.[51]

Within Square, Sakaguchi helped support the careers of several notable staff members including SaGa creator Akitoshi Kawazu, artist Tetsuya Nomura, Xeno creator Tetsuya Takahashi and Tactics creator Yasumi Matsuno.[22][59] In an interview, Nomura credited a suggestion by Sakaguchi with the complex narrative direction taken by the Kingdom Hearts series, as Nomura's original plan was for a simple narrative to fit with the demographics of development partner Walt Disney.[60] He also proposed the concept for what would become Final Fantasy XI (2002), which was led by Mana creator Koichi Ishii.[61]

Following his departure and the merger with Enix, the upper management of Square Enix apparently instructed its staff not to communicate with Sakaguchi, severing ties with him and apparently ostracising staff within the company who were identified as protegees including Matsuno.[3][22] Sakaguchi disliked the creative direction Final Fantasy took under its new management, particularly citing Final Fantasy XIII as indicative of this change.[56] In later years, the position softened on both sides, though Sakaguchi did not describe it as a true reconciliation.[3][56] Kitase and Nomura described the aftermath, saying that Sakaguchi provided a singular creative voice for the company which was never reclaimed after he left.[14]

In May 2000, Sakaguchi received the Hall of Fame Award of the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.[9] At the 2015 Game Developers Choice Awards, Sakaguchi was given the Lifetime Achievement award.[62] The event's general manager Meggan Scavio spoke positively of Sakaguchi's contribution to narratives in gaming, saying his work on Final Fantasy "helped pave the way for game stories that dealt with death, regret, and character development in a mature and significant way".[63] At the 2017 CEDEC Awards, Sakaguchi was given the Special Award, with his extensive contributions to the gaming industry and strong following in Japan and overseas being cited as reasons.[64]