Korean drama

Korean dramas (Korean: 한국 드라마; RR: Hanguk deurama), more popularly known as K-dramas, are television series in the Korean language, made in South Korea.

They are popular worldwide, especially in Asia, partially due to the spread of Korean popular culture (the "Korean Wave"), and their widespread availability via streaming services which often offer subtitles in multiple languages. Many K-dramas have been adapted throughout the world, and some have had great impact in other countries. Some of the most famous dramas have been broadcast via traditional television channels in other countries. For example, Dae Jang Geum (2003) was sold to 150 countries.[1]

Korean dramas have attracted international attention for their fashion, style and culture. Their rise in popularity has led to a great boost to fashion lines.

Format
Yongin Daejanggeum Park, a filming site where historical dramas for Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation are produced

A single director usually leads Korean dramas, which are often written by a single screenwriter. This often leads to each drama having distinct directing and dialogue styles. This differs from American television series, which can rely on multiple directors and writers working together.[2]

The 19:00 to 21:00 evening time slot usually have been reserved for daily dramas, which run every night from Monday through Friday. Dramas in these slots are in the telenovela format, rarely running over 150 episodes. Unlike American soap operas, these daily dramas are not broadcast during the daytime. Instead, the daytime schedule often includes reruns of the flagship dramas. The night time dailies can achieve very high ratings. During the late 2000s, for example, the weekend series First Wives' Club recorded 41.3%, according to TNS Korea,[3] and the evening series Temptation of Wife peaked at 40.6%, according to TNS Korea.[4]

Plots and storylines

K-dramas have a multitude of different genres such as action dramas, historical dramas, school dramas, medical dramas, legal dramas, or even horror comedies. While most dramas carry romantic elements and deep emotional themes, some even carry a tragedy and slice of life theme. there are various styles and tones.[5]

The main themes of Korean television dramas are friendship, family values, and love, blending traditional values of Confucianism with Western materialism and individualism.[6]

However, it is an emerging trend amongst Korean dramas to showcase ongoing societal issues of Korean society such as stigma of mental illness,[7] gender inequality, suicide, classism, bullying, spy cameras, corruption, homophobia or racism.[8]


Historical

The term sageuk refers to any Korean television or film drama that is either based on historical figures, incorporates historical events, or uses a historical backdrop. While sageuk literally translates to "historical drama", the term is typically reserved for dramas taking place throughout the course of Korean history.[9]

Since the mid-2000s, some sageuks have achieved major success outside of Korea, in places such as Asia-Pacific, Central Asia, Greater Middle East, Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America.[10] Sageuks including Dae Jang Geum (Jewel in the Palace), Yi San (Lee San, Wind of the palace) and Jumong enjoyed strong ratings in countries such Vietnam, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Fiji and Iran. Jumong, which aired on IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) in 2008, had 85% viewership.[11]

Romance

Often centered around a love story, series set in contemporary times often focus on family ties and romantic relationships. Characters are mostly idealized with Korean male protagonists described as handsome, intelligent, rich, and in search of "one true love". This has also been a contributing factor to the popularity of Korean dramas among women.[2][12][13][14]

History

Early years

Radio broadcasting, including the broadcasting of radio dramas in Korea, began in 1927 under Japanese rule, with most programming in Japanese and around 30% in Korean.[15] After the Korean War, radio dramas such as Cheongsilhongsil (1954) reflected the country's mood.[16]

Television broadcasting began in 1956 with the launch of an experimental station, HLKZ-TV, which was shut down a few years later due to a fire. The first national television channel was Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), which started up in 1961.[17] The first Korean television film was a 15-minute piece titled The Gate of Heaven (천국의 문, Cheongugui mun), on HLKZ-TV.[18]

The first television series was aired by KBS in 1962. Their commercial competitor, Tongyang Broadcasting (TBC), had a more aggressive program policy and aired controversial dramas as well.[19] The first historical TV series aired was Gukto manri (국토만리), directed by Kim Jae-hyeong (김재형), depicting the Goryeo era.[20][21] In the 1960s, television sets were of limited availability, thus dramas could not reach a larger audience.[22]

In the 1970s, television sets started to spread among the general population, and dramas switched from portraying dramatic historical figures to introducing national heroes like Yi Sun-shin or Sejong the Great.[22] Contemporary series dealt with personal sufferings, such as Kim Soo-hyun's influential Stepmother (새엄마, Saeeomma), aired by MBC in 1972 and 1973.[23] As technology and funding was limited, Korean channels could not make series in resource-heavy genres like action and science fiction; American and other foreign series were imported instead.[24]

1980s–2010s
Chae Shi-ra, the leading actress of Eyes of Dawn (1991)
Actress Lee Young-ae played the titular Dae Jang Geum in the series of the same name.

The 1980s saw a change in Korean television, as color TV became available. Modern dramas tried to evoke nostalgia from urban dwellers by depicting rural life. Kim Soo-hyun's first real commercial success, Love and Ambition (사랑과 야망, Saranggwa yamang), aired on MBC in 1987 and is regarded as a milestone of Korean television,[25] having recorded a 78% viewership. "Streets became quiet at around the airing time of the drama as 'practically everyone in the country' was at home in front of the TV", according to The Korea Times.[16] The most outstanding classical historical series of the era is considered to be 500 Years of Joseon (조선왕조500년, Joseonwangjo 500 nyeon), a serial that ran for eight years, consisting of 11 separate series. The serial was produced by Lee Byung-hoon, who later directed one of the biggest international successes of Korean drama, Dae Jang Geum.[20][22][25]The 1990s brought another important milestone for Korean television. As technology developed, new opportunities arose, and the beginning of the decade marked the launch of a new commercial channel; Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS), which facilitated and re-initiated a race for catching viewers' attention.[26] The first real commercial success among Korean television series was Eyes of Dawn (여명의 눈동자, Yeomyeongui nundongja), aired in 1991 by MBC, starring Chae Shi-ra and Choi Jae-sung. The series led the viewers through turbulent times from the Japanese rule to the Korean War.[26] New channel SBS also produced successful series, one of them being Sandglass in 1995. Sandglass was a "trendy drama", which the Korean Culture and Information Service considers an important milestone, having changed the way Korean dramas are made by introducing a new format.[26] In this decade, the new miniseries format became widespread, with 12 to 24 episodes.[27] This era marked the start of export for Korean dramas, setting off the Korean Wave.

The beginning years of the 2000s gave birth to famous Korean dramas and also marked the period of overseas distribution. Some popular ones are Full House, Autumn in my heart and Winter Sonata. It marks the birth of a new genre, called "fusion sageuk", essentially changing the ways to produce historical series, with successful pieces such as Hur Jun, Damo and Dae Jang Geum.[20]

It started to take over the popularity of conventional dramas among 10s and 20s because the shorter runtime, and often feature trendy contents which teenagers are easy to sympathize with.[28]

2020s-present

The late 2010s and 2020s saw newfound attention of K-dramas from international markets.[29] Netflix had begun seeking productions from South Korea and other countries since around 2018 to expand offerings for their service with a growing international audience. These efforts came to fruition when Hwang Dong-hyuk's Squid Game drew in more than 111 million viewers within 17 days of its released in September 2021, becoming the service's most-watched program.[29]

In the 2020s, several production companies began to produce dramas even before the first season was aired, keeping in mind the season system. The most representative series is The Penthouse: War in Life series, which gained sensational popularity as it aired over three seasons. The biggest reason why Korean dramas introduced the season system is interpreted as changes in the industry due to the 52-hour workweek, viewers' rejection of feature-length dramas, and excessive supply of dramas.[30] At the same time, MBC and tvN's anomalous organization began to be criticized a lot. tvN extended one episode of the drama to 2 hours and 20 minutes. delaying it to the late night of another drama. In particular, the running time of the last episode of Hospital Playlist was close to three hours, but even though it was reduced after editing, it delayed the formation of the next The Road: The Tragedy of One to late night as it passed two hours.[31] and MBC canceled telenovela The Second Husband and reran the thriller The Veil at that time.[32][33][34][35]

Controversy

Snowdrop, a Disney+ Korean drama set against the backdrop of the 1987 June Democratic Struggle, has been accused of whitewashing the military dictatorship period of South Korea. (see also: Gwangju Uprising)[36] As they constitute an important aspect of South Korea's soft power projection to "brand and publicize" the country, .[37]

Production

Korean series were originally produced in-house by the television channels themselves, but have been outsourced to independent companies since the 2000s. In 2012, as much as 75% of all K-dramas were produced this way. Competition is fierce among these companies; out of 156 registered firms, only 34 of them produced dramas that were actually aired in 2012.[38]

In the late 2010s, a typical Korean drama may cost as much as ₩700 million per episode. Historical dramas have a bigger budget; one episode of the historical romance The Red Sleeve cost as much as ₩950 million.[39] Recently, factors such as improving the work environment, along with whether to sign contracts with domestic and foreign OTT companies such as Netflix have served as variables. For example, Kingdom had a budget of ₩2 billion per episode, while ₩3 billion were spent on each episode of Sweet Home.[38][40][41][42]

Often, production companies overrun their budgets and cannot pay salaries. In 2012, actors held a demonstration in front of the headquarters of KBS, expressing their concerns. Actors are usually paid after the last episode is aired. In series made by smaller production companies, there have been cases where the companies went bankrupt and could not pay their actors and crew, while the channel denied all responsibility, claiming all liability was with the bankrupt production firm.[43] Producer Kim Jong-hak spent ₩10 billion on Faith, which was considered a commercial failure, resulting in the inability of Kim to pay crew salaries and other overheads. Kim, who had produced iconic dramas such as Eyes of Dawn and Sandglass, committed suicide after he was accused of embezzlement.[44][45]

The biggest stars may earn more than ₩200 million per episode, with Kim Soo-hyun, the lead of hit dramas Moon Embracing the Sun (2012), My Love from the Star (2013) and It's Okay to Not Be Okay (2020) reportedly receiving ₩500 million per episode for One Ordinary Day in 2021.[46]

Filmmaking process
Song Joong-ki of Descendants of the Sun and Vincenzo is considered a top star.
Kim Soo-hyun in costume for the historical series Moon Embracing the Sun. He is one of the most popular Korean actors.[47][48]

As producing a series involves high expenses, production companies seek to shoot the episodes in the shortest time possible. In contrast to practices elsewhere, the first four episodes of Korean series are usually shot in advance, but the rest are shot continuously as the series is being aired. Scripts are not finished in advance, and may change according to viewer feedback and viewership ratings, where popular characters receive increased screen time and plotlines are changed to match audience expectations.[49] These changes may occur a few hours before daily shooting, and the crew might receive only a few ready pages. The production usually works with three camera crews, who work in a rotating manner to speed up filming. Because of unregulated script changes and tight shooting schedules, actors are almost continuously on standby, and have no time to leave the set or sleep properly. The Korean media have a separate word to describe irregular, short sleeps that actors resort to, in often uncomfortable positions, or within the set: jjok-jam (쪽잠), or "side-sleeping". Dramas usually air on two days every week, with following episodes having to be shot within the intervening five days. Some Korean actors have admitted to receiving IV therapy during filming, due to extreme schedules and exhaustion.[43][50][51] Nonetheless, the live-shoot model remains widely used since the production team can react to real time audience feedback.[49]

Production teams originally sent two tapes to the channels; a primary copy and a backup copy. However, due to the tight filming schedules, a 70-minute episode might arrive at the broadcasting station on seven separate tapes in ten-minute installments. It happened that while the episode is being broadcast, the crew would be still shooting the last minutes or cutting the rest of the episode. During the airing of the nineteenth episode of Man from the Equator, screens countrywide went black for 10 minutes. Actor Kwon Sang-woo was openly complaining that he was still shooting King of Ambition 30 minutes before the last episode began airing.[43] In South Korea, some production teams still do planning and scheduling manually, instead of using dedicated software.[52]

In 2016, dramas such as Descendants of the Sun, Uncontrollably Fond, Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo and Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth were all pre-produced before airing. Nonetheless, some pre-produced episodes are often re-edited or even reshot the day of airing, due to audience feedback.[49]

The larger broadcasting companies have their own dedicated shooting locations for historical dramas, with extensive and elaborate sets. MBC's series are shot at the Yongin Daejanggeum Park in Gyeonggi Province,[53] while KBS dramas utilize the Mungyeongsaejae Studio (문경새재 KBS촬영장) in North Gyeongsang Province[54] and their studio in Suwon.[55]

Production companies

Independent production companies are classified as follows:

  • Those founded and/or owned by industry veterans (e.g. Kim Jong-hak Production, Logos Film, iWill Media)
  • Owned by the broadcast companies (e.g. Studio S, Monster Union, MBC C&I, JTBC Studios)
  • Owned by entertainment companies (e.g. Studio Dragon, LOTTE CULTUREWORKS, SM Life Design Group, YG STUDIOPLEX, studio&NEW, Studio Santa Claus Entertainment)
  • Big-tier (e.g. Pan Entertainment, Chorokbaem Media)
  • Small-tier

Crew

Actors and actresses

In the 2000s, it became customary to cast popular K-pop idols in dramas. Initially, this generated mixed reactions. Their appearance had provoked predominantly negative reactions outside their fandom because singers and dancers acting outside of their musical circle was regarded as unprofessional. Also, some idols were criticized for poor acting. Nowadays, this has become much more common feature in Korean dramas, as the public has been getting more used to the concept of "idol actors" and some idols have become known for their excellent acting skills.[56] Their critical reception is still mixed, however, some of them, like Bae Suzy, IU, Seo In-guk, Blackpink's Jisoo, Ok Taec-yeon, Park Jin-young, Doh Kyung-soo and Im Yoon-ah, became successful as actors and actresses.[57][58][59]

There were also instances of children taking up careers as child actors or actresses, usually portraying either the younger versions of some characters or the children of the adult characters from dramas. Subsequently, there were some child actors and actresses who continue pursuing acting careers even after reaching adulthood, and with some achieving success even after adulthood. Notably, such people include actors like Yoon Chan-young, Park Solomon, Yoo Seung-ho and Yeo Jin-goo; and actresses like Kim So-hyun, Lee Se-young, Nam Ji-hyun, Kim Hyang-gi, Moon Geun-young, Park Shin-hye, Kim Sae-ron and Kim Yoo-jung.[60]

Scriptwriters and directors

Scriptwriters and directors of Korean dramas are often as well known as actors are. An overwhelming majority of scriptwriters (90% according to the Beijing Metro Reader) are women, who not only write love stories but action series as well.[61] Compared to Korean cinema, television is more appealing for scriptwriters as contract conditions are better, acknowledgment is greater, and the salary is higher.

Famous scriptwriters tend to have a say in their field.[62] The most well-known scriptwriters include the Hong sisters, who wrote popular series such as My Girl, You're Beautiful and My Girlfriend Is a Gumiho; Kim Soon-ok, the screenwriter of The Penthouse: War in Life, The Last Empress, Band of Sisters, Jang Bo-ri is Here! and Temptation of Wife; Kim Eun-sook, the screenwriter of Lovers in Paris, Secret Garden, The Heirs, Descendants of the Sun and Guardian: The Lonely and Great God; Lee Kyung-hee, famous for I'm Sorry, I Love You and The Innocent Man; male writer Choi Wan-kyu of Midas and Triangle; Noh Hee-kyung, the author of That Winter, the Wind Blows; and It's Okay, That's Love; and Park Ji-eun, who wrote My Husband Got a Family, My Love from the Star, The Producers, Legend of the Blue Sea and Crash Landing on You.[63] In particular, writer Kim Soon-ok is famous for captivating male viewers who did not watch dramas well.[64] In 2021, an article called "Kim Soon-ok, Kim Eun-sook, and Kim Eun-hee" was also published, referring to star writers.[65]

Acknowledged TV directors include Lee Byung-hoon, who directed Hur Jun, Dae Jang Geum and Yi San;[20] Kim Jong-hak, the director of Eyes of Dawn, Sandglass, The Legend and Faith;,[66] Pyo Min-soo, the director of Full House, Worlds Within and Iris II[67] and Jang Tae-yoo who directed War of Money, Painter of the Wind, Deep Rooted Tree , My Love from the Star and Hyena.[68] In recent years, director Jo Hyun-tak was also propelled to fame through his works Sky Castle, which became one of the highest rated dramas in Korean cable television history,[69] and Snowdrop, which, despite its alleged historical distortions, was ranked first among the most-watched series on Disney+ in Asian countries like Singapore and South Korea.[70]

While scriptwriters are mostly women, directors are usually men.[71] Some female directors have risen to prominence, such as Lee Na-jeong (이나정), who directed The Innocent Man,[72] and Lee Yun-jeong (이윤정), whose most famous works are Coffee Prince and Heart to Heart. The latter director is also the first female television producer employed by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC).[73]

Music
Balladeer Baek Ji-young has been named "OST Queen" after providing the songs for several hit dramas such as Secret Garden (2010) and Love in the Moonlight (2016).

Music plays an important role in Korean dramas. Original soundtracks, abbreviated OST's, are explicitly made for each series, and in contrast to American series, fans have a need to buy the soundtrack album of dramas. This trend started in the 1990s, when producers swapped purely instrumental soundtracks for songs performed by popular K-pop singers. Tom Larsen, director of YA Entertainment, a distributor of Korean TV series, thinks that Korean soundtracks are polished enough musically to be considered standalone hits.[74]

During the 2000s, it became customary for lead actors to participate in original soundtracks, also partially due to the employment of K-pop stars as actors. Actor Lee Min-ho, and leader of boy band SS501, Kim Hyun-joong both recorded songs for Boys Over Flowers, while the actors of You're Beautiful formed a fictional band and held concerts, where they perform the soundtracks live.[75][76][77]

OST songs of popular K-dramas can also become hits on regular music charts, with good sales of both physical and digital albums. The chart performance of the OST songs usually co-relate to the popularity of the drama. Songs from the OST of Secret Garden for example, had high digital sales and high rankings on music charts.[78] My Destiny, performed by Lyn for My Love from the Star, led music charts in Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and other Asian countries.[79] It also won the Best OST award at the 2014 Baeksang Arts Awards.[80] The soundtrack album of You're Beautiful sold 57,000 physical copies.[81] Performers of OST songs for action series Iris held two concerts in Japan in front of an audience of 60,000 people.[82]

Although the songs in Korean dramas may have only a selective few or are repetitive, the choosing of the songs are not that easy of a process. An example of this can be found in the OST for the Korean drama: Guardian: The Lonely and Great God. Songs usually are made to convey emotions or scenes especially in dramas and the emotion was assigned to be conveyed by Rocoberry was suffering and beauty. Rocoberry is a Korean indie pop duo with the members of Roco and conan and they are famous for composing songs in Korean dramas. Even though they had quite the experience with composing songs, for Guardian: The Lonely and Great God, they had to create 12 different compositions for this drama until finally one of their most famous songs I Will Go to You Like the First Snow was chosen. Not only did it take 12 compositions for this song to be chosen but after the approval of this songs, there had to be 7 rewrites until it was finally complete and met the satisfaction standards of the production team. link The song was used in only two episodes despite the hard process. The song was placed in two scenes that later on were shown to be connected to each other and also became some of the most important scenes in the drama. This is only the beginning of understanding how much time and effort goes into the choosing of songs for these types of dramas and how they can enhance a scene in many different ways.[83]

OST composers usually look for singers who have previously had success in the genre. Songs are written to reflect the mood of the series and their structure. Sometimes performers give their own songs for a series. For example, Baek Ji-young thought her song That Man, originally written for her own album, would fit Secret Garden. There are popular OST singers who are often employed, like Baek Ji-young, Lyn, and Lee Seung-cheol.[84] Sometimes, foreign singers are invited to perform songs for Korean OST. For instance, Swedish artist Lasse Lindh sang several songs for series like Angel Eyes, Soul Mate, I Need Romance, and Guardian: The Lonely and Great God.

Rating system
Further information: Television content rating systems § South Korea

The television rating system is regulated by the Korea Communications Commission, and was implemented in 2000. According to the system, programs, including Korean dramas, are rated according to the following principles (ratings irrelevant to dramas are omitted):[85]

  • : programs that may be inappropriate for children under 12, such as mild violence, suggestive themes or language.
  • : programs that may be inappropriate for children under 15. Most dramas and talk shows are rated this way. These programs may include moderate or strong adult themes, language, sexual inference, and violence.
  • : programs intended for adults only. These programs might include adult themes, sexual situations, frequent use of strong language and disturbing scenes of violence.

Reception
Princess Hours teddy bear exhibition at N Seoul Tower, 2012

According to a researcher at the University of Vienna, popularity of Korean dramas have their foundation in Confucian values they transmit, which Asian viewers can easily identify with. Respect for elders, filial piety, family-orientedness, and the display of perceived "Asian moral values" play an important role in Korean series.[86] YA Entertainment, the American distributor of Korean dramas, believes that part of the attractiveness of these series come from the quality of camera work, scenic locations, and spectacular costumes, which make the "final product very stylish and attractive, with arguably some of the highest TV production values in the world."[87] Korean series follow their own formula, are innovative and don't conform to Western television productions.[87] Stephan Lee from Entertainment Weekly called Korean dramas "fascinating and weirdly comforting".[88]

Exports of Korean series yielded US$37.5 million in 2003, which was three times higher than the amount reached in 1999.[89] According to data from Korea Creative Content Agency, in 2013 K-dramas constituted 82% of the culture content export of South Korea, with an income of $167 million, which is four times more than a decade before.[52]

A driving force behind the rising popularity is the intense involvement of fans. Because of the live-shooting production of K-dramas, Korean-speaking fans have the opportunity to participate in their creation[90]—a unique phenomenon in the mass media world. They can influence the content of later shows in the series through complaints and suggestions, which are frequently adopted by the production teams.[91]

The global community of non-Korean-speaking fans, on the other hand, is more involved in the consumption aspects: Fans share their opinions through tweets and comments on newsgroups (for example, the Soompi discussion forum) as well as reviews and recaps on websites and blogs. However, the impact of their social media activity goes beyond the fan community. It spreads the word about the K-drama genre to social connections like acquaintances, friends and family (e.g. Facebook friends or followers on Twitter) and thereby generally raises its popularity. But it also has an effect on the creation of new dramas. It influences the popularity of certain dramas, leading to higher demand for those videos from streaming sites and additional income for broadcasters. When a substantial profit results, it raises not only the prestige of people involved in the production[92] but also provides feedback for production teams and indirectly influences future productions.

East Asia
Won Bin gained wide popularity in 2000 after starring in the television drama Autumn in My Heart and has since gained critical acclaim for his performances in the films Taegukgi, Mother and The Man from Nowhere.[93][94][95][96]
China

In China, South Korean programs on Chinese government TV networks accounted for more than all other foreign programs combined in 2006.[97] Hong Kong has its own channel for airing Korean dramas, TVB J2, but ATV also airs Korean series in prime-time slots.[98] My Love from the Star received enthusiastic feedback from China. It was viewed 40 billion times on numerous Chinese video sites.[99] The drama also spurred interest about Korea, shown by China's increased consumption of Korean products such as Chi Maek (chicken and beer) and Korean cosmetics.[100] Due to the success of Korean dramas in China, some dramas have been compiled to create feature-length films by combining all episodes into one film. The prodigious popularity of Korean dramas in the country has, on some occasions, been caught in the crossfire over diplomatic issues between China and South Korea. Most notable being the THAAD deployment in South Korea which resulted in the blocking of Korean dramas on streaming services across the country in late February 2017.[101] Following the block, Chinese TV shows showcasing Chinese culture and other similar content replaced Korean content on TV networks' prime time schedules in the country.[102] In November 2017, the ban was lifted unannounced following the appearance of Kpop groups on national TV and the move to resume importation of Korean dramas by Chinese streaming services.[103] In China, apps like IQiyi, which is currently also available in Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and some other countries in multiple different subtitles, are available to stream and download Korean dramas for viewing.

Japan

The first Korean drama to gain widespread popularity in Japan was Winter Sonata, which was broadcast on the NHK satellite channel NHK BS2 in 2003. The program was aired twice in the same year due to high demand from viewers.[14] NHK also hosted a classical concert featuring Winter Sonata's tunes performed by Korean musicians.[14] Korean dramas boost tourism between Korea and Japan,[14] and is considered a possible way of improving strained relationships between the two countries, as series have become increasingly popular with Japanese viewers.[104][105] Conversely, the series Iris had several pivotal scenes shot in Akita, Japan, which led to an increase of Korean tourists in that part of Japan.[106][107]

Mongolia

In Mongolia, Korean dramas have become popular and are broadcast at prime time. Dae Jang Geum achieved success in the country and was broadcast five times due to this. Autumn in My Heart, Winter Sonata and Stairway to Heaven were other popular dramas. Popularity in Korean dramas has resulted in interest in the learning of the Korean language as well as Mongolians travelling to South Korea. It has also led to increased mutually cooperative relations between Mongolia and South Korea.[108]

North Korea

Watching films or TV dramas from South Korea is a serious offence in North Korea, punishable by execution,[109] but people still manage to acquire them on CDs and DVDs.[110]

In 2021, there was an article that young people who were watching the popular drama The Penthouse: War in Life were caught in Pyeongseong, Pyeongnam Province, and will have to serve more than 10 years. Later, the residents of Yanggang Province began to imitate the famous lines from the Penthouse series, and the residents were also unable to avoid punishment.[111][112]

Taiwan

In Taiwan, interest in Korean dramas began when Star in My Heart aired in 1999. Since then Korean dramas have become very popular and according to the South Korean mission 120 K-dramas had been broadcast in Taiwan in the first half of 2011.[113][114]

Brunei

In recent times Korean dramas have experienced growing popularity in Brunei. The growing impact of Korean culture in Brunei led to the hosting of the ninth Korea Forum in the country at Universiti Brunei Darussalam in 2010. Korean television dramas, movies, music, and clothing have had a great impact on the people of Brunei.[115]

Cambodia

The first Korean drama to be broadcast in Cambodia was Winter Sonata; it was, however, Full House that launched the interest in Korean dramas and entertainment in the country. Following the success of Full House, more Korean dramas have been dubbed into the Khmer language. Korean dramas have become popular particularly amongst youth in Cambodia.[116]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, Korean dramas have gained popularity and the popular Korean dramas Winter Sonata and Endless Love were aired on Surya Citra Media in 2002. Some Korean dramas have also been remade into Indonesian versions such as Demi Cinta in 2005 which was a remake of the popular drama Autumn in My Heart and Cinta Sejati, a remake of Stairway to Heaven. RCTI and Indosiar are examples of Indonesian television networks that air Korean dramas in the early times, but later Trans TV airing some of popular Korean dramas until today.[117][118]

Laos

The popularity of Korean dramas and pop culture in Laos has led to many Laotian tourists travelling to South Korea. Korean pop culture has gained popularity in Laos through the Thai TV channels broadcasting Korean dramas and K-pop bands in the country.[119]

Malaysia

In Malaysia, Winter Sonata began airing on TV3 in 2003, which started an interest in Korean pop culture in the country. Dae Jang Geum and Autumn In My Heart were also aired in Malaysia. The popularity of Korean dramas have resulted in a positive reception of Korean expatriates in Malaysia.[120]

Myanmar

In Myanmar, the K-drama Autumn in My Heart was broadcast in the country in 2001, which led to interest in Korean entertainment. When Dae Jang Geum was on air, the drama sparked an interest in Korean cuisine in the country.[121] The rising popularity of Korean dramas and music in Myanmar has led to the Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange (KOFICE) distributing Korean dramas in the country for free.[122]

Philippines

In the Philippines, Korean dramas are politically popular on free-to-air television since 2003.[123] In the past two decades, GMA Network has the highest number of Korean dramas broadcast in the Philippines.[124]

Singapore
Actor Lee Min-ho achieved pan-Asia popularity with his hit dramas Boys Over Flowers (2009), The Heirs (2013) and The Legend of the Blue Sea (2016).

In Singapore, Prime 12 (now known as Suria) originally aired the Korean drama Sandglass on a weekly basis in 1996 and aired Asphalt Man in 1997. Since 2001, they are shown on Chinese language channel MediaCorp Channel U daily.[125] The launch of KBS World, ONE TV ASIA, Oh!K, Channel M and streaming app, Viu in Singapore allows viewers to watch Korean dramas with a variety of subtitles in a matter of hours after the original South Korean telecast.[126] Currently, Singaporeans also get access to Korean dramas through China-originated online platform IQIYI, which first soft-launched its app in 2019 and planned to expand its international bases in Singapore.[127][128]

Thailand

When Dae Jang Geum was on air in Thailand, Korean food started gaining wide popularity.[129] Due to the lop-sided nature of entertainment exports favoring South Korea, the Thai government requested increased introduction of popular Thai films to South Korean media outlets. This led to the signing of an Agreement of Cultural Cooperation between the two countries in August 2004.[130]

Vietnam

Korean dramas have also gained popularity in Vietnam, particularly among women and young people. The fashion and hairstyles presented in Korean dramas have become very popular among the youth of the country.[131]

Bangladesh

Korean dramas have gained popularity in Bangladesh in recent years.[132] Their rising popularity in the country has led to the Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange (KOFICE), an organisation which aims to distribute Korean dramas for free to countries, cooperating with broadcasters to distribute Korean dramas for free in the country.[133] With the growing number of K-drama fans in Bangladesh, more and more Facebook groups are popping up, giving them a platform to share their love of the shows with fellow K-drama enthusiasts and take part in events and activities hosted by the groups. One of the largest Bangladeshi K-Drama groups, BD K-Family, arranges a yearly get together for its members. Other popular Facebook K-Drama groups include K-Drama Archive BD, Korean Lovers Bangladesh, and BD Korean Drama Fam- all of which create opportunities for both local and international fans to participate in discussions about their favourite shows.[134]

Bhutan

In the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan, Korean dramas and entertainment have gained popularity particularly amongst youth. Prior to interest in Korean entertainment, Bollywood had largely been the most popular form of entertainment in the country. When the Bhutanese film industry launched in the mid-1990s, Bollywood was the only form of influence on the industry. However, in recent years Korean entertainment has made significant inroads in the country and influence the entertainment industry alongside Bollywood. Korean entertainment has managed to influence fashion, and many video shops now sell Korean dramas and movies alongside Bollywood films. The interest in Korean entertainment has also led to controversy with older generations voicing their concern that Korean entertainment will deteriorate Bhutanese culture and traditions.[135][136]

Hyun Bin has starred in Highest Rated K-Dramas in Korean Television history like My Lovely Samsoon, Secret Garden, Memories of the Alhambra and Crash Landing on You and is considered one of the most influential South Korean actor
India

In India, after the late 1990s and around 2000 Korean dramas started becoming popular through piracy particularly in north-eastern states such as Manipur, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Mizoram and Nagaland as well as parts of eastern state like West Bengal and more recently in southern states like Kerala, Telangana, Tamil Nadu.[137][138] Hindi films and TV serials were banned in Manipur in 2000, as a result local television stations began broadcasting subtitled Korean dramas instead from Arirang TV and KBS World.[139][140] Many young people in north-eastern, eastern, northern and southern parts of India mimic the hairstyles, clothes of Korean actors while Korean fashion became very popular in the region.[141][142][143] As part of cultural exchange, public broadcaster Doordarshan telecast Emperor of the Sea and Dae Jang Geum.[144] Korean dramas are dubbed in Tamil on Puthuyugam TV such as 'Boys over flowers', 'My love from another star', 'Playful Kiss' and many more.[145] Full House and Hwang Jini started airing on Firangi channel in 2008. Reliance Big TV offered KBS World to its subscribers from 2009 on satellite television. Local fan clubs got help from Consul-General of the Republic of Korea while Korean Cultural Centre in India (KCCI) under South Korean embassy started mapping popularity of K-dramas.[146] As per KCCI, the motivation to understand Korean drama properly without subtitles is driving the uptake of Korean language classes among the youth with females outnumbering males.[147] DD Bharati broadcast period drama Hur Jun in 2014 that received highest viewer ratings of 34 million from January to October 2014. Online streaming platform ZEE5 launched Descendants of the Sun to test the Indian market from 8 February to 1 March 2017 and found overwhelming positive response for Korean content with viewership ran close to 56 million.[140] The telecast of Korean drama on Cable TV in 2017 stopped as Korean Broadcasting System Network wanted to raise syndication charges due to accumulation of large viewer-ship base in India that included pockets of Bihar, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh due to short 16 to 20 episodes format that are easier for binge-watching.[148][149] With increasing interest in Korean content among younger generation from tier-1 cities, Samsung through its My Galaxy mobile application is partnering with Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) in 2019 to bring exclusive content for 20 million Indian users.[150] With COVID-19 pandemic, Dish TV started premium K-dramas dubbed in Hindi and Tamil.[151] Korean dramas are also driving highest viewer-ship on Netflix with second season of TV series Kingdom attained the Top 10 series row as of March 2020. It's Okay to Not Be Okay is on Netflix Top 10 list in India for several weeks in August 2020 which has jumped to number 3 position. Netflix is increasing investment on Korean content to capture the Indian market.[152] Over-the-top media service (OTT) MX Player confirmed rising popularity and demand of Korean dramas among millennial population especially the women audience and is now making deals with South Korean television and radio network company Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS) to bring more content in India. Korean dramas and films became most visited category for ShortsTV in India.[153] As per media experts, the relatable themes in Korean content is fast catching the imagination of general public of almost every age group that is going mainstream and driving highest viewing especially after 92nd Academy Awards winning movie Parasite due to the shared Asian cultural heritage and societal values.[154][155][156] As per Parrot Analytics report, k-drama series 'Crash Landing on You', is on demand 1.2 times than an average TV series that is 89.8% more than all drama titles shown in India forcing broadcasters to make extra slots as women are at the forefront of consumer demand in Korean content category.[157][158] The COVID-19 lockdown in India proved to be an inflection point in 2020–2021 when Korean drama moved from a niche sub-culture segment to mainstream due to services like Netflix, Rakuten Viki and YouTube. It penetrated to every age group and social background. The popularity of Korean drama forced many over-the-top media service in India such as MX Player, Viu and ZEE5 to bring the dubbed versions in local language that will help cater to large non English speaking audience.[159][160][161]

Nepal

Interest for Korean dramas in the Nepal began when Winter Sonata aired on Kantipur Television Network in the mid-2000s. This led to the popularity of other K-dramas such as Boys Over Flowers, Autumn In My Heart, You Are Beautiful and Full House to name a few. Popularity of Korean media products has also led to interest of learning the Korean language and has resulted in the emergence of Korean language tutorials that air on ABC Television in the country. Korean dramas have become popular among Nepali youth and markets are often frequented by teenagers looking to buy the latest dramas. The hairstyles and fashion of Korean actors have influenced the fashion sense of Nepali youth. Fascinated by the lifestyle and food of Korea, restaurants serving Korean cuisine have also been established in the country.[162][163]

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, the Independent Television Network aired Full House in 2009 and it proved popular. Dae Jang Geum aired on Rupavahini in 2012 and was dubbed in Sinhala under the title Sujatha Diyani (සුජාත දියණී), meaning "The Pure, Valuable Daughter" and received a viewer rate of over 90%.[164] The Independent Television Network, Rupavahini, TV Derana, Sirasa TV, Swarnavahini and TV1 air Korean dramas dubbed in the Sinhalese language.[165][166] Streaming service, Iflix also streams many Korean dramas with English and Sinhalese subtitles in the country, some as early as 24 hours after their original Korean broadcast.[167] Additionally, the popularity of Korean pop culture in the country has led to an increasingly warm reception towards Korean people.[168]

Middle East and North Africa

Since the mid-2000s, Israel, Iran, Morocco and Egypt have become major consumers of Korean culture.[169][170] Following the success of Korean dramas in the Middle East & North Africa, the Korean Overseas Information Service made Winter Sonata available with Arabic subtitles on several state-run Egyptian television networks. According to Youna Kim (2007), "The broadcast was part of the government's efforts to improve the image of South Korea in the Middle East, where there is little understanding and exposure towards Korean culture" (p. 31).[171] The New York Times reported that the intent behind this was to contribute towards positive relations between Arab & Berber audiences and South Korean soldiers stationed in northern Iraq.[172]

MBC4 (Middle East Broadcasting Channel) played a major role in increasing the Korean wave's popularity in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa). This broadcasting channel hosted a series of Korean drama starting 2013 such as "Boys Over Flowers" (أيام الزهور), "You're Beautiful" (أنت جميلة), "Dream High" (حلم الشباب ), "Coffee Prince" ( مقهى الأمير). Some Arab countries opposed Korean content (dramas, reality show) out of fear that their youth would abandon Islamic traditions in order to adopt Western modernity.[173] However, this did not stop the Korean industries from exporting more Korean Dramas to the Arab world in the following years such as "The Heirs" ( الورثة). The popularity of Korean dramas in the MENA region-and its continuous growth- originates from the content of these dramas. As the majority of the plots of Korean dramas focus on social issues (love between different social classes or family problems for instance),[174] the Arab audiences fit themselves and could relate to the Korean socio-cultural values as they seem appealing to them. So Korean dramas play the role of an equilibrium point where two, somehow, different cultures could create a new cultural space where these two different cultures could meet.

Iran

Iran's state broadcaster, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), aired several Korean dramas during prime time slots in recent years, with this decision attributed by some to their Confucian values of respect for others, which are "closely aligned to Islamic culture",[175] while in contrast, Western productions often fail to satisfy the criteria set by Iran's Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.[176] In October 2012, the Tehran Times reported that IRIB representatives visited South Korea to visit filming locations in an effort to strengthen "cultural affinities" between the two countries and to seek avenues for further cooperation between KBS and IRIB.[177][178] According to Reuters, until recently audiences in Iran have had little choice in broadcast material and thus programs that are aired by IRIB often attain higher viewership ratings in Iran than in South Korea; for example, the most popular episodes of Jumong attracted over 90% of Iranian audience (compared to 40% in South Korea), propelling its lead actor Song Il-gook to superstar status in Iran.[179]

Iraq

In the early 2000s, Korean dramas were aired for South Korean troops stationed in northern Iraq as part of coalition forces led by the United States during the Iraq War. With the end of the war and the subsequent withdrawal of South Korean military personnel from the country, efforts were made to expand availability of K-dramas to the ordinary citizens of Iraq.[180] In 2012, the Korean drama Hur Jun reportedly attained a viewership of over 90% in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.[180] Its lead actor Jun Kwang-ryul was invited by the federal government of Iraq to visit the city of Sulaymaniyah in Kurdistan, at the special request of the country's First Lady, Hero Ibrahim Ahmed.

Egypt

Autumn in My Heart, one of the earliest Korean dramas brought over to the Middle East, was made available for viewing after five months of "persistent negotiations" between the South Korean embassy and an Egyptian state-run broadcasting company. Shortly after the series ended, the embassy reported that it had received over 400 phone calls and love letters from fans from all over the country.[181] According to the secretary of the South Korean embassy in Cairo Lee Ki-seok, Korea's involvement in the Iraq War had significantly undermined its reputation among Egyptians, but the screening of Autumn in My Heart proved "extremely effective" in reversing negative attitudes.[182]

Romania

The first Korean drama in Romania was aired on TVR in August 2009 with Dae Jang Geum, and in the following month it became the third most popular television program in the country.[183] Since then, Korean dramas have seen high ratings and further success.[183][184]

USA

The Asian American-targeted cable TV channels AZN Television and ImaginAsian aired Korean dramas alongside content from China, Japan, India, Thailand and other parts of Asia. The dramas were aimed at the Asian American community before the channels dissolved in 2008 and 2011 respectively.[185][186]

In November 2008, Netflix[187] began offering several Korean dramas as part of its video selection. In August 2009, DramaFever began offering free subtitled video streaming service, with video advertisements, in the United States.[188][189]

Singapore-based Viki streams popular Korean dramas across the world including North America, with subtitles in 70 languages.[190] Companies in Asia have also designed streaming services available online and as mobile apps targeted towards overseas Asian communities. "MobiTV" created by the Sri Lankan company, Bhasha is a streaming service and mobile app aimed at the Sri Lankan community and streams Korean dramas dubbed in the Sinhalese language alongside other content aired in Sri Lanka.[191] "Roopa", created by the same company, is another service available as a mobile app also aimed at the Sri Lankan community, it too streams Korean dramas dubbed in the Sinhalese language.[192] Chinese company PPTV is another example, a mobile app, "PPTV网络电视HD" streams Korean dramas aimed at the Chinese community alongside content that is primarily available in Mandarin, Cantonese and Korean but also increasingly in English.[193][194]

Additionally, Korean dramas are available at online DVD retailers. Some Korean dramas, however, are not available for region 1 (North America) encoding and NTSC video format. Amazon offers streaming of Winter Sonata for a fee.[195]

KBFD-DT in Honolulu, Hawaii broadcasts a majority of Korean dramas on its daily schedule, as well as offering the programs on sale at its website and on demand through its K-Life channel on Oceanic Time Warner Cable. Another Honolulu outlet, KHII-TV devotes three hours of its Sunday afternoon schedule to Korean dramas.

KTSF, a channel aimed at the Asian American community in San Francisco, California airs Korean dramas as part of its schedule alongside content in Mandarin, Tagalog, Hindi, Korean, Vietnamese, Japanese, Taiwanese and Cantonese.[196]

South America

Between 2001 and 2002, South America began to absorb Korean programming. The 1997 series Star in My Heart began its successful broadcast in Chile, Peru and other countries in the area, but these last two were where More had repercussions, including an Ahn Jae-wook fan club founded.[197] In 2002, Winter Sonata, produced by KBS 2TV, became the first series in the region to match the success of Meteor Garden, attracting a cult following in Asia. Marketing sales, including DVD sets and novels, exceeded $3.5 million in Japan. In 2004, then-Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi noted that the series' male lead was "more popular than I am in Japan."[198] Other Korean dramas released in later years such as Jewel in the Palace (2003) and Full House (2004) had comparable levels of success.[199]

Chile

In Chile, which was one of the first countries on a global level, the phenomenon of Korean wave, which is also known as hallyu, began with the first drama aired that was the original 1997 MBC series Star in My Heart in 2001 by Chilevisión past midnight[200] and later years later in 2003 it was retransmitted by Canal 21 (Chillán) in Chillán, but it was not until 2006, when Stairway to Heaven was broadcast at 1:00 pm on the public television channel Televisión Nacional de Chile, which achieved notoriety of this genre being compared to La madrastra—an old very successful Chilean soap opera—due to the high audience figures in its schedule competing directly with other channels, it was also broadcast by TV Chile to other continents dubbed into Spanish.[201][202]

Ratings and viewership

Viewership ratings are provided by two companies in South Korea: Nielsen Korea and TNmS.[203] Originally, Media Service Korea (MSK) was the sole company providing TV viewership ratings using people meter since 1992, but was only limited to Seoul Capital Area.[203][204] In 1998, TNS Media Korea began as a rival company in partnership with Taylor Nelson Sofres (TNS) which extended the service to five major cities; it was officially launched in June 1999 with a more sophisticated viewership rating survey technique.[203] While, in August 1999, AC Nielsen acquired MSK and rebranded it as AC Nielsen Korea and expanded the audience rating survey to the whole country with the aim to increase the credibility of the ratings.[203] In 2005, AC Nielsen Korea signed a merger with AGB Group and AGB Nielsen Media Research was established.[205] AGB Nielsen Media Research merged with KADD Nielsen Media Research in January 2013, and the official name was changed to Nielsen Korea.[203][206]

In 2010, TNS Media Korea was renamed to TNmS (Total National Multimedia Statistics).[207][203] Since late 2018, TNmS stopped providing data to the public through their websites, and instead occasionally releases the ratings through news agencies such as BreakNews.[208]

List of highest-rated series on terrestrial television

The list was compiled from data by Nielsen Korea, based on the episode of the highest viewership since 1992.[209]

By household rating
  • Top 50 series per nationwide household rating
    #SeriesNetworkNationwide
    household rating
    (Nielsen)    		 Final episode date Ref
    1You and IMBC66.9%26 April 1998 [210]
    2First LoveKBS265.8%20 April 1997 [211][212]
    3What Is LoveMBC64.9%31 May 1992 [213][214]
    4SandglassSBS64.5%16 February 1995
    5Hur JunMBC63.5%27 June 2000 [215]
    6A Sunny Place of the YoungKBS262.7%12 November 1995 [216]
    7Sons and DaughtersMBC61.1%9 May 1993 [211][212]
    8Taejo Wang GeonKBS160.2%24 February 2002 [217]
    9Eyes of DawnMBC58.4%6 February 1992 [218][219]
    10Dae Jang Geum57.8%23 March 2004 [217]
    11See and See Again57.3%2 April 1999 [220]
    12Truth56.5%24 February 2000
    13Lovers in ParisSBS56.3%15 August 2004 [221]
    14JealousyMBC56.1%21 July 1992 [222][223]
    15Blowing of the WindKBS255.8%29 March 1996
    16Men of the Bath House53.4%1 September 1996 [216]
    17Gook HeeMBC53.1%16 November 1999 [224][225]
    Trap of YouthSBS15 April 1999 [224][225]
    19Tomato (토마토)52.7%10 June 1999
    20MMBC52.2%30 August 1994 [226][227]
    21Season of the Storm52.1%30 December 1993 [228][229]
    22Rustic PeriodSBS51.8%30 September 2003
    23My Mother's SeaMBC51.6%26 December 1993 [230][231]
    24Legend of AmbitionKBS250.2%25 October 1998 [212]
    25Ladies of the PalaceSBS49.9%22 July 2002 [217]
    26My Son's WomanMBC49.7%13 April 1995 [232][233]
    Jumong6 March 2007 [234][217]
    28Tears of the DragonKBS149.6%31 May 1998 [217]
    29My Only OneKBS249.4%17 March 2019 [235]
    30Star in My HeartMBC49.3%29 April 1997 [236][237]
    Bread, Love and DreamsKBS216 September 2010 [238]
    32My Lovely Sam SoonMBC49.1%21 July 2005 [239]
    33Ambition49.0%13 October 1994 [240]
    34The Moon of Seoul48.7%16 October 1994 [241][242]
    35The Last Match48.6%22 February 1994 [243][244][245][246]
    36All About EveMBC48.3%6 July 2000 [247][248]
    Wang's FamilyKBS29 February 2014 [249]
    38How is Your Husband?SBS48.2%19 October 1993 [note 1]
    39CinderellaMBC48.0%13 July 1997 [254]
    40All InSBS47.7%3 April 2003
    41Seoyoung, My DaughterKBS247.6%3 March 2013 [255]
    42Until We Can Love47.1%28 February 1997
    43My Rosy Life47.0%10 November 2005 [256]
    44PilotMBC46.2%2 November 1993 [257]
    45Autumn in My HeartKBS246.1%7 November 2000
    46Daughters of a Rich Family KBS245.9%30 April 1995
    47My Husband Got a FamilyKBS245.3%9 September 2012 [258]
    48Brilliant Legacy SBS45.2%26 July 2009 [259]
    49My Golden LifeKBS245.1%11 March 2018 [260]
    50Dear HeavenSBS44.9%2 July 2006 [261]

    • By viewers

  • Top 50 series per nationwide viewers (million) since 2018[note 2]
    #SeriesNetworkNationwide viewers
    number in million
    (Nielsen)    		 Final episode date Ref
    1My Only OneKBS29.24617 March 2019[262]
    2My Golden Life8.36611 March 2018[263]
    3Young Lady and Gentleman6.95627 March 2022[264]
    4Once Again6.89313 September 2020[265]
    5Marry Me Now6.6699 September 2018[266]
    6Mother of Mine6.24722 September 2019[267]
    7Homemade Love Story6.1457 March 2021[268]
    8Revolutionary Sisters5.82318 September 2021[269]
    9Beautiful Love, Wonderful Life5.69322 March 2020[270]
    10The Penthouse: War in Life 2SBS5.6012 April 2021[271]
    11The Penthouse: War in Life5.3545 January 2021[272]
    12It's Beautiful NowKBS25.30018 September 2022[273]
    13Dr. Romantic 2SBS5.21025 February 2020[274]
    14When the Camellia BloomsKBS24.49121 November 2019[275]
    15The Fiery PriestSBS4.32520 April 2019[276]
    16Money FlowerMBC4.0853 February 2018[277]
    17Unasked FamilyKBS13.95017 April 2020[278]
    18Hot Stove LeagueSBS3.92114 February 2020[279]
    19Three Bold SiblingsKBS23.919(ongoing)[280]
    20Home for SummerKBS13.89725 October 2019[281]
    21Brilliant Heritage3.8529 October 2020[282]
    22The Penthouse: War in Life 3SBS3.77810 September 2021[283]
    23Liver or DieKBS23.69214 March 2019[284]
    24The Red SleeveMBC3.6681 January 2022[285]
    25No Matter WhatKBS13.59926 March 2021[286]
    26Man in a VeilKBS23.50210 February 2021[287]
    27The Secret of My Love3.4809 February 2018[288]
    28Sunny Again TomorrowKBS13.4782 November 2018[289]
    29It's My Life3.45926 April 2019[290]
    30Bravo, My Life3.38230 September 2022[291]
    31Love Returns3.3304 May 2018[292]
    32The Last EmpressSBS3.28221 February 2019[293]
    33The All-Round WifeKBS13.2458 April 2022[294]
    34One the WomanSBS3.2356 November 2021[295]
    35Taxi Driver3.11729 May 2021[296]
    36A Pledge to GodMBC3.11216 February 2019[297]
    37Man in the Kitchen3.08218 March 2018[298]
    38Gracious RevengeKBS23.08027 March 2020[299]
    39Red Shoes3.07410 December 2021[300]
    40Gold Mask2.9987 October 2022[301]
    41Be My Dream FamilyKBS12.9511 October 2021[302]
    42One Dollar LawyerSBS2.933(ongoing)[303]
    43Doctor PrisonerKBS22.83215 May 2019[304]
    44ReturnSBS2.81722 March 2018[305]
    45Miss Monte-CristoKBS22.8082 July 2021[306]
    46HyenaSBS2.78911 April 2020[307]
    47The Love in Your EyesKBS12.781(ongoing)[308]
    48A Place in the SunKBS22.7541 November 2019[309]
    49Love Twist2.70820 May 2022[310]
    50VIPSBS2.68824 December 2019[311]

List of highest-rated series on cable television
  • The following dramas air on a cable channel/pay TV which normally has a relatively smaller audience compared to free-to-air TV/public broadcasters (KBS, SBS, MBC and EBS).

By household rating
  • Top 50 series per nationwide household rating
    #SeriesNetworkNationwide
    household rating
    (Nielsen)    		 Final episode date Ref
    1The World of the MarriedJTBC28.371%16 May 2020 [312]
    2Sky Castle23.779%1 February 2019 [313]
    3Crash Landing on YoutvN21.683%16 February 2020 [314]
    4Reply 198818.803%16 January 2016 [315][316]
    5Guardian: The Lonely and Great God18.680%21 January 2017 [317]
    6Mr. Sunshine18.129%30 September 2018 [318]
    7Extraordinary Attorney WooENA17.534%18 August 2022 [319]
    8Mr. QueentvN17.371%14 February 2021[320]
    9Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce) 2TV Chosun16.582%8 August 2021[321]
    10Itaewon ClassJTBC16.548%21 March 2020 [322]
    11VincenzotvN14.636%2 May 2021 [323]
    12Our Blues14.597%12 June 2022[324]
    13100 Days My Prince14.412%30 October 2018 [325]
    14Hospital Playlist14.142%28 May 2020 [326]
    15Hospital Playlist 214.080%16 September 2021 [327]
    16Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha12.665%17 October 2021 [328]
    17Signal12.544%12 March 2016 [329]
    18The Lady in DignityJTBC12.065%19 August 2017 [330][331]
    19Hotel del LunatvN12.001%1 September 2019 [332]
    20Twenty-Five Twenty-One11.513%3 April 2022 [333]
    21Reply 199411.509%28 December 2013 [334]
    22Under the Queen's Umbrella11.285%(ongoing)[335]
    23Prison Playbook11.195%18 January 2018 [336]
    24Little Women11.105%9 October 2022[337]
    25The Uncanny CounterOCN10.999%24 January 2021[338]
    26The Crowned ClowntvN10.851%4 March 2019 [339]
    27My Kids Give Me a HeadacheJTBC10.715%17 March 2013 [340][341]
    28JirisantvN10.663%12 December 2021 [342]
    29Mine10.512%27 June 2021[343]
    30Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce) 3TV Chosun10.395%1 May 2022[344]
    31Show Window: The Queen's HouseChannel A10.335%18 January 2022[345]
    32EncountertvN10.329%24 January 2019 [346]
    33Military Prosecutor Doberman10.081%26 April 2022 [347]
    34Memories of the Alhambra10.025%20 January 2019 [348]
    35Another Miss Oh9.991%28 June 2016 [349]
    36Bossam: Steal the FateMBN9.759%4 July 2021 [350]
    37The Light in Your EyesJTBC9.731%19 March 2019 [351]
    38Strong Girl Bong-soon9.668%15 April 2017 [352]
    39Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce)TV Chosun9.656%14 March 2021[353]
    40Stranger 2tvN9.408%4 October 2020 [354]
    41UncleTV Chosun9.329%30 January 2022[355]
    42Alchemy of SoulstvN9.295%28 August 2022[356]
    43Lawless Lawyer8.937%1 July 2018 [357]
    44Record of Youth8.740%27 October 2020[358]
    45What's Wrong with Secretary Kim8.665%26 July 2018 [359]
    46Graceful FamilyMBN8.478%17 October 2019 [360][361]
    47MistyJTBC8.452%24 March 2018 [362]
    48Misaeng: Incomplete LifetvN8.240%20 December 2014 [363]
    49Familiar Wife8.210%20 September 2018 [364]
    50Lie After LieChannel A8.203%24 October 2020[365]

    • By viewers

  • Top 50 series per nationwide viewers (million) since 2018[note 2]
    #SeriesNetworkNationwide viewers
    number in million
    (Nielsen)    		 Final episode date Ref
    1Sky CastleJTBC6.5081 February 2019[366]
    2Crash Landing on YoutvN6.33716 February 2020[367]
    3The World of the MarriedJTBC6.24816 May 2020[368]
    4Mr. QueentvN4.74914 February 2021[369]
    5Mr. Sunshine4.63130 September 2018[370]
    6Extraordinary Attorney WooENA4.44918 August 2022 [371]
    7Itaewon ClassJTBC4.42521 March 2020[372]
    8Hospital Playlist 2tvN3.85316 September 2021 [373]
    9Vincenzo3.8412 May 2021 [374]
    10Hotel del Luna3.6741 September 2019[375]
    11Hospital Playlist3.57928 May 2020[376]
    12Our Blues3.41912 June 2022[377]
    13Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce) 2TV Chosun3.3448 August 2021[378]
    14100 Days My PrincetvN3.26430 October 2018[379]
    15The Uncanny CounterOCN3.25724 January 2021[380]
    16Hometown Cha-Cha-ChatvN3.23717 October 2021 [381]
    17Prison Playbook3.06318 January 2018[382]
    18Twenty-Five Twenty-One3.0473 April 2022 [383]
    19Memories of the Alhambra2.85320 January 2019[384]
    20Under the Queen's Umbrella2.690(ongoing)[385]
    21Little Women2.6189 October 2022 [386]
    22Jirisan2.58612 December 2021 [387]
    23Encounter2.47324 January 2019[388]
    24The Crowned Clown2.4474 March 2019[389]
    25Mine2.42927 June 2021[390]
    26Alchemy of Souls2.41028 August 2022[391]
    27What's Wrong with Secretary Kim2.38326 July 2018[392]
    28Military Prosecutor Doberman2.27926 April 2022 [393]
    29The Light in Your EyesJTBC2.22319 March 2019[394]
    30Show Window: The Queen's HouseChannel A2.19518 January 2022[395]
    31Stranger 2tvN2.1864 October 2020[396]
    32Arthdal Chronicles2.12022 September 2019[397]
    33A Korean Odyssey2.1154 March 2018[398]
    Lawless Lawyer1 July 2018[399]
    35It's Okay to Not Be Okay2.0659 August 2020[400]
    36Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce) 3TV Chosun2.0601 May 2022[401]
    37Uncle2.04230 January 2022[402]
    38Familiar WifetvN2.03920 September 2018[403]
    39Record of Youth1.99927 October 2020[404]
    40The Devil Judge1.99422 August 2021[405]
    41Voice 2OCN1.95716 September 2018[406]
    42Ghost DoctortvN1.94722 February 2022 [407]
    43Bossam: Steal the FateMBN1.9404 July 2021 [408]
    44Hi Bye, Mama!tvN1.91519 April 2020[409]
    45Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce)TV Chosun1.91314 March 2021[410]
    46Forecasting Love and WeatherJTBC1.8443 April 2022[411]
    47LivetvN1.8236 May 2018[412]
    48MistyJTBC1.82024 March 2018[413]
    49Lie After LieChannel A1.78424 October 2020[414]
    50The Good Detective 2JTBC1.77418 September 2022[415]

See also
  • Chinese television drama
  • List of South Korean television series
  • History of Korean animation
  • Japanese television drama
  • Manhwa
  • Mass media in South Korea
  • Taiwanese television drama
  • Television in South Korea
  • Webtoon

Footnotes
  1. As of 2010 it remained 38th in ranking,[250] as of January 2013, it remained 41st in ranking,[251] as of May 2015, it remained around 40th in ranking,[252] as of June 2018, it remained 39th in ranking.[253]
  2. The number of viewers was released by Nielsen Korea starting January 2018.

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  286. "March 1, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (KBS1) 일일드라마(누가뭐래도) 3,599
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  289. "November 1, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (KBS1) 일일연속극(내일도맑음) 3,478
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  299. "March 26, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 2nd (KBS2) 일일드라마(우아한모녀) 3,080
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  308. "October 3, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (KBS1) 일일드라마(내눈에콩깍지) 2,781
  309. "October 2, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (KBS2) 일일드라마(태양의계절) 2,754
  310. "March 31, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 2nd (KBS2) 저녁일일드라마(사랑의꽈배기) 2,708
  311. "December 24, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (SBS) 월화드라마(VIP) 2,688
  312. "May 16, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(부부의세계) 28.371%
  313. "February 1, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(SKY캐슬) 23.779%
  314. "February 16, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(사랑의불시착<본>) 21.683%
  315. "Reply 1988 Writes Cable Television History". Stoo Asaie.
  316. "January 16, 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 응답하라1988<본> 18.803%
  317. "January 21, 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 쓸쓸하고찬란하신도깨비<본> 18.680%
  318. "September 30, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 미스터션샤인<본> 18.129%
  319. "August 18, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (ENA) 이상한변호사우영우<본> 17.534%
  320. "February 14, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(철인왕후조선중전영혼가출스캔들<본>) 17.371%
  321. "August 8, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (TV CHOSUN) 주말미니시리즈(결혼작사이혼작곡2) 16.582%
  322. "February 29, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(이태원클라쓰) 16.548%
  323. "May 2, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(빈센조<본>) 14.636%
  324. "June 12, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(우리들의블루스<본>) 14.597%
  325. "October 30, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 월화드라마(백일의낭군님<본>) 14.412%
  326. "May 28, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 슬기로운의사생활<본> 14.142%
  327. "September 16, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 슬기로운의사생활2<본> 14.080%
  328. "October 17, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(갯마을차차차<본>) 12.665%
  329. "March 12, 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 시그널<본> 12.544%
  330. "종영 '품위녀' 12.1%로 자체 최고 기록..무서운 뒷심". Star News (in Korean). 20 August 2017.
  331. "August 19, 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(품위있는그녀) 12.065%
  332. "September 1, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(호텔델루나<본>) 12.001%
  333. "April 3, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 스물다섯스물하나<본> 11.513%
  334. "December 28, 2013 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 응답하라1994 11.509%
  335. "October 30, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 슈룹<본> 11.285%
  336. "January 18, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 수목드라마(슬기로운감빵생활<본>) 11.195%
  337. "October 9, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 작은아씨들<본> 11.105%
  338. "January 24, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 2nd (OCN) 경이로운소문<본> 10.999%
  339. "March 4, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 월화드라마(왕이된남자<본>) 10.851%
  340. Kim, Tong-hyung (25 February 2013). "Childless Comfort looks like TV game-changer". The Korea Times. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  341. "February 24, 2013 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) JTBC특별기획드라마(무자식상팔자) 10.715%
  342. "October 24, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 특별기획지리산<본> 10.663%
  343. "June 27, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 마인<본> 10.512%
  344. "May 1, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (TV CHOSUN) 주말미니시리즈(결혼작사이혼작곡3) 10.395%
  345. "January 18, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (채널A) 채널A특별기획월화드라마(쇼윈도여왕의집) 10.335%
  346. "November 29, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 수목드라마(남자친구<본>) 10.329%
  347. "April 26, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 군검사도베르만<본> 10.081%
  348. "January 13, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(알함브라궁전의추억<본>) 10.025%
  349. "June 28, 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 월화드라마(또오해영<본>) 9.991%
  350. "July 4, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (MBN) 종편특별기획드라마(보쌈운명을훔치다) 9.759%
  351. "March 19, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 월화드라마(눈이부시게) 9.731%
  352. "March 25, 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(힘쎈여자도봉순) 9.668%
  353. "February 14, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (TV CHOSUN) 주말미니시리즈(결혼작사이혼작곡) 9.656%
  354. "October 4, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(비밀의숲2<본>) 9.408%
  355. "January 23, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (TV CHOSUN) 토일미니시리즈(엉클) 9.329%
  356. "August 21, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(환혼<본>) 9.295%
  357. "July 1, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 무법변호사<본> 8.937%
  358. "October 27, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 월화드라마(청춘기록<본>) 8.740%
  359. "July 11, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 수목드라마(김비서가왜그럴까<본>) 8.665%
  360. "October 17, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (MBN) 우아한가 8.478%
  361. 황소영 (18 October 2019). "[종영] '우아한가', MBN 역대 최고, 최고, 최고". 일간스포츠 (in Korean). Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  362. "March 24, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(미스티) 8.452%
  363. "December 20, 2014 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 미생<본> 8.240%
  364. "August 30, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 수목드라마(아는와이프<본>) 8.210%
  365. "October 24, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (채널A) 채널A금토드라마(거짓말의거짓말) 8.203%
  366. "February 1, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(SKY캐슬) 6,508
  367. "February 16, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(사랑의불시착<본>) 6,337
  368. "May 16, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(부부의세계) 6,248
  369. "February 14, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(철인왕후조선중전영혼가출스캔들<본>) 4,749
  370. "September 30, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 미스터션샤인<본> 4,631
  371. "August 18, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (ENA) 이상한변호사우영우<본> 4,449
  372. "February 29, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(이태원클라쓰) 4,425
  373. "September 16, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 슬기로운의사생활2<본> 3,853
  374. "May 2, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(빈센조<본>) 3,841
  375. "September 1, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(호텔델루나<본>) 3,674
  376. "May 28, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 슬기로운 의사생활<본> 3,579
  377. "June 12, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(우리들의블루스<본>) 3,419
  378. "August 8, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (TV CHOSUN) 주말미니시리즈(결혼작사이혼작곡2) 3,344
  379. "October 30, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 월화드라마(백일의낭군님<본>) 3,264
  380. "January 24, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 2nd (OCN) 경이로운소문<본> 3,257
  381. "October 17, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(갯마을차차차<본>) 3,237
  382. "January 18, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 수목드라마(슬기로운감빵생활<본>) 3,063
  383. "April 3, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 스물다섯스물하나<본> 3,047
  384. "January 13, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(알함브라궁전의추억<본>) 2,853
  385. "October 30, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 슈룹<본> 2,690
  386. "October 9, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 작은아씨들<본> 2,618
  387. "October 24, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 특별기획지리산<본> 2,586
  388. "November 29, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 수목드라마(남자친구<본>) 2,473
  389. "March 4, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 월화드라마(왕이된남자<본>) 2,447
  390. "June 27, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 마인<본> 2,429
  391. "August 28, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(환혼<본>) 2,410
  392. "July 11, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 수목드라마(김비서가왜그럴까<본>) 2,383
  393. "April 26, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 군검사도베르만<본> 2,279
  394. "March 19, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 월화드라마(눈이부시게) 2,223
  395. "January 18, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (채널A) 채널A특별기획월화드라마(쇼윈도여왕의집) 2,195
  396. "October 4, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(비밀의숲2<본>) 2,186
  397. "June 9, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 아스달연대기<본> 2,120
  398. "March 4, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 화유기<본> 2,115
  399. "July 1, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 무법변호사<본> 2,115
  400. "August 9, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(사이코지만괜찮아2부<본>) 2,065
  401. "May 1, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (TV CHOSUN) 주말미니시리즈(결혼작사이혼작곡3) 2,060
  402. "January 23, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (TV CHOSUN) 토일미니시리즈(엉클) 2,042
  403. "August 30, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 수목드라마(아는와이프<본>) 2,039
  404. "October 27, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 월화드라마(청춘기록<본>) 1,999
  405. "August 22, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 악마판사<본> 1,994
  406. "September 16, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 2nd (OCN) 놓치지말아야할소리보이스2<본> 1,957
  407. "February 22, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 월화드라마(고스트닥터<본>) 1,947
  408. "July 4, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (MBN) 종편특별기획드라마(보쌈운명을훔치다) 1,940
  409. "March 1, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(하이바이마마<본>) 1,915
  410. "February 14, 2021 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (TV CHOSUN) 주말미니시리즈(결혼작사이혼작곡) 1,913
  411. "March 13, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 토일드라마(기상청사람들사내연애잔혹사편) 1,844
  412. "April 22, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (tvN) 토일드라마(라이브<본>) 1,823
  413. "March 17, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 금토드라마(미스티) 1,820
  414. "October 24, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (채널A) 채널A금토드라마(거짓말의거짓말) 1,784
  415. "September 18, 2022 Nationwide Cable Ratings". Nielsen Korea. 1st (JTBC) 토일드라마(모범형사2) 1,774

Bibliography
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