Nadia Comăneci

Nadia Elena Comăneci Conner[lower-alpha 1] (born November 12, 1961) is a Romanian retired gymnast and a five-time Olympic gold medalist, all in individual events. In 1976, at the age of 14, Comăneci was the first gymnast to be awarded a perfect score of 10.0 at the Olympic Games.[5] At the same Games (1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal) she received six more perfect 10s for events en route to winning three gold medals. At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow Comăneci won two more gold medals and achieved two more perfect 10s. During her career Comăneci won nine Olympic medals and four World Artistic Gymnastics Championship medals.

Nadia Comăneci
Comăneci at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Personal information
Full nameNadia Elena Comăneci
Nickname(s)Nana
Country represented Romania
Born (1961-11-12) November 12, 1961
Onești, Romania[1]
ResidenceNorman, Oklahoma, U.S.[2]
Spouse
Bart Conner
​
(m. 1996)​
Height5 ft 3.5 in (1.61 m)[1]
DisciplineWomen's artistic gymnastics
LevelSenior Elite
Years on national team1970–1984 (ROU)
GymNational Training Center
College teamPolitehnica University of Bucharest
Former coach(es)Béla Károlyi
Márta Károlyi
ChoreographerGeza Pozsar
Eponymous skillsComăneci salto (uneven bars)
RetiredMay 7, 1984 (official)
Medal record
International gymnastics competitions
Representing  Romania
Olympic Games
1976 MontréalAll-Around
1976 MontréalUneven Bars
1976 MontréalBalance Beam
1980 MoscowBalance Beam
1980 MoscowFloor Exercise
1976 MontréalTeam
1980 MoscowTeam
1980 MoscowAll-Around
1976 MontréalFloor Exercise
World Championships
1978 StrasbourgBalance Beam
1979 Ft. WorthTeam
1978 StrasbourgTeam
1978 StrasbourgVault
European Championships
1975 SkienAll-Around
1975 SkienUneven Bars
1975 SkienBalance Beam
1975 SkienVault
1977 PragueAll-Around
1977 PragueUneven Bars
1979 CopenhagenAll-Around
1979 CopenhagenVault
1979 CopenhagenFloor Exercise
1975 SkienFloor Exercise
1977 PragueVault
1979 CopenhagenBalance Beam
World Cup
1979 TokyoVault
1979 TokyoFloor Exercise
1979 TokyoBalance Beam
Summer Universiade
1981 BucharestTeam
1981 BucharestAll-Around
1981 BucharestUneven Bars
1981 BucharestVault
1981 BucharestFloor Exercise

Comăneci is one of the world's best-known gymnasts and is credited with popularizing the sport around the globe.[6] In 2000 she was named one of the Athletes of the 20th Century by the Laureus World Sports Academy.[7] She has lived in the United States since 1989, when she defected from then-Communist Romania before its revolution in December that year. She later worked with and married American Olympic gold-medal gymnast Bart Conner, who set up his own school. In 2001 she became a naturalized United States citizen and has dual citizenship, having maintained her Romanian citizenship.

Early life
Onești (Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej between 1965 and 1989), the town where Comăneci was born

Nadia Elena Comăneci was born on November 12, 1961, in Onești, a small town in the Carpathian Mountains, in Bacău County, Romania, in the historical region of Western Moldavia.[8][9] She was born to Gheorghe (1936–2012) and Ștefania Comăneci, and has a younger brother.[10] Her parents separated in the 1970s and her father later moved to Bucharest, the capital.[11] She and her brother, Adrian, were raised in the Romanian Orthodox Church.[12] In a 2011 interview Nadia's mother said that she enrolled her daughter into gymnastics classes because as a child she was so full of energy and active that she was difficult to manage.[13] After years of top-level athletic competition Comăneci graduated from Politehnica University of Bucharest with a degree in sports education, which qualified her to coach gymnastics.[14]

Early gymnastics career
Nadia Comăneci during the European Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia in May 1977

Comăneci began gymnastics in kindergarten with a local team called Flacăra ("The Flame"), with coaches Duncan and Munteanu.[15][16] At age 6, she was chosen to attend Béla Károlyi's experimental gymnastics school after Károlyi spotted her and a friend turning cartwheels in a schoolyard.[17][18] Károlyi was looking for gymnasts he could train from a young age. When recess ended, the girls quickly went inside and Károlyi went around the classrooms trying to find them; he eventually spotted Comăneci. (The other girl, Viorica Dumitru, developed in a different direction and became one of Romania's top ballerinas.)

By 1968, when she was seven, Comăneci started training with Károlyi. She was one of the first students at the gymnastics school established in Onești by Béla and his wife, Márta. As a resident of the town, Comăneci was able to live at home for many years; most of the other students boarded at the school.

In 1970 Comăneci began competing as a member of her home town team and, at age nine, became the youngest gymnast ever to win the Romanian Nationals. In 1971 she participated in her first international competition, a dual junior meet between Romania and Yugoslavia, winning her first all-around title and contributing to the team gold. For the next few years she competed as a junior in numerous national contests in Romania and dual meets with countries such as Hungary, Italy and Poland.[19] At the age of 11, in 1973, she won the all-around gold, as well as the vault and uneven bars titles, at the Junior Friendship Tournament (Druzhba), an important international meet for junior gymnasts.[19][20]

Comăneci's first major international success came at the age of 13, when she nearly swept the board at the 1975 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Skien, Norway. She won the all-around and gold medals in every event but the floor exercise, in which she was placed second. She continued to enjoy success that year, winning the all-around at the ‘Champions All’ competition and coming first in the all-around, vault, beam and bars at the Romanian National Championships. In the pre-Olympic test event in Montreal Comăneci won the all-around and the balance beam golds as well as silvers in the vault, floor and bars. Accomplished Soviet gymnast Nellie Kim won the golds in those events and was one of Comăneci's greatest rivals for the next five years.[19]

1976

American Cup
Comăneci wearing her medals in 1976

In March 1976, Comăneci competed in the inaugural edition of the American Cup at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. She received rare scores of 10, which signified a perfect routine without any deductions, for her vault in the preliminary stage and for her floor exercise routine in the final of the all-around competition, which she won.[21] During this competition, Comăneci met American gymnast Bart Conner for the first time. While he remembered this meeting, Comăneci noted in her memoirs that she had to be reminded of it later in life. She was 14 and Conner was celebrating his 18th birthday.[22] They both won a silver cup and were photographed together. A few months later, they participated in the 1976 Summer Olympics that Comăneci dominated, while Conner was a marginal figure. Conner later said, "Nobody knew me, and [Comăneci] certainly didn't pay attention to me."[23]

Summer Olympics in Montreal
Comăneci at the 1976 Olympics
Nadia Comăneci in Montreal. Stamp of Romania, 1976

At Montreal [Comăneci] received four of her seven 10s on the uneven bars. The apparatus demands such a spectacular burst of energy in such a short time—only 23 seconds—that it attracts the most fanfare. But it is on the beam that her work seems more representative of her unbelievable skill. She scored three of her seven 10s on the beam. Her hands speak there as much as her body. Her pace magnifies her balance. Her command and distance hush the crowd.

— Sports Illustrated, 1976[18]

On July 18, 1976, Comăneci made history at the Montreal Olympics. During the team compulsory portion of the competition, she was awarded the first perfect 10 in Olympic gymnastics for her routine on the uneven bars.[24][25][26] Omega SA, the official Olympics scoreboard manufacturer, had been led to believe that competitors could not receive a perfect ten, and had not programmed the scoreboard to display this score.[27] Comăneci's perfect 10 thus appeared as "1.00," the only means by which the judges could indicate that she had received a 10.[28][26]

During the remainder of the Montreal Games, Comăneci earned six additional "10s". She won gold medals for the individual all-around, the balance beam and uneven bars. She also won a bronze for the floor exercise and a silver as part of the team all-around.[29] Soviet gymnast Nellie Kim was her main rival during the Montreal Olympics; Kim became the second gymnast to receive a perfect ten, in her case for her performance on the vault.[30] Comăneci took over the media spotlight from gymnast Olga Korbut, who had been the darling of the 1972 Munich Games.

Comăneci's achievements are pictured in the entrance area of Madison Square Garden in Manhattan, where she is shown presenting her perfect beam exercise.

Comăneci was the first Romanian gymnast to win the Olympic all-around title. She also holds the record as the youngest ever Olympic gymnastics all-around champion [14]. The sport has revised its age-eligibility requirements. Gymnasts must be at least 16 in the same calendar year of the Olympics in order to compete during the Games. When Comăneci competed in 1976, gymnasts had only to be 14 by the first day of the competition.[31] As a result of changes to age eligibility, Comăneci's record cannot be broken.

She was ranked as the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year for 1976[32] and the Associated Press's 1976 "Female Athlete of the Year".[33] Back home in Romania, Comăneci was awarded the Sickle and Hammer Gold Medal for her success,[34] and she was named a Hero of Socialist Labor. She was the youngest Romanian to receive such recognition during the administration of Nicolae Ceaușescu.[15]

"Nadia's Theme"

"Nadia's Theme" refers to an instrumental piece that became linked to Comăneci shortly after the 1976 Olympics. It was part of the musical score of the 1971 film Bless the Beasts and Children and originally titled "Cotton's Dream". It was also used as the title theme music for the American soap opera The Young and the Restless.

Robert Riger used it in association with slow-motion montages of Comăneci on the television program ABC's Wide World Of Sports. The song became a top-10 single in the fall of 1976, and composers Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin, Jr. renamed it as "Nadia's Theme" in Comăneci's honor.[35] Comăneci never performed to "Nadia's Theme", however. Her floor exercise music was a medley of the songs "Yes Sir, That's My Baby" and "Jump in the Line," arranged for piano.[18]

1977–1979

Comăneci successfully defended her European all-around title at the championship competition in 1977. When questions were raised at the competition about the scoring, Ceaușescu ordered the Romanian gymnasts to return home. The team followed orders amid controversy and walked out of the competition during the event finals.[15][36]

Following the 1977 Europeans, the Romanian Gymnastics Federation removed Comăneci from her longtime coaches, the Károlyis, and sent her to Bucharest on August 23 to train at the sports complex. She did not find this change positive and was struggling with bodily changes as she grew older. Her gymnastics skills suffered, and she was unhappy to the point of losing the desire to live.[15][37] After surviving a suicide attempt,[38] Comăneci competed in the 1978 World Championships in Strasbourg "seven inches taller and a stone and a half [21 pounds] heavier" than she was in the 1976 Olympics.[27] A fall from the uneven bars resulted in a fourth-place finish in the all-around behind Soviets Elena Mukhina, Nellie Kim, and Natalia Shaposhnikova. Comăneci did win the world title on beam, and a silver on vault.[27]

After the 1978 "Worlds", Comăneci was permitted to return to Deva and the Károlyis' school.[39] In 1979, Comăneci won her third consecutive European all-around title, becoming the first gymnast, male or female, to achieve this feat. At the World Championships in Fort Worth that December, Comăneci led the field after the compulsory competition. She was hospitalized before the optional portion of the team competition for blood poisoning, which had resulted from a cut in her wrist from her metal grip buckle. Against doctors' orders, she left the hospital and competed on the beam, where she scored a 9.95. Her performance helped give the Romanians their first team gold medal. After her performance, Comăneci spent several days recovering in All Saints Hospital. She had to undergo a minor surgical procedure for the infected hand, which had developed an abscess.[40][41][42]

1980–1984

1980 Summer Olympics
Comăneci in Moscow, 1980

Comăneci was chosen to participate in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. As a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Jimmy Carter declared that the United States would boycott the Olympics (several other countries also participated in the boycott, though their reasons varied). According to Comăneci, the Romanian government "touted the 1980 Olympic games as the first all-Communist Games." However, she also noted in her memoir, "in Moscow, we walked into the mouth of a lion's den; it was the Russians' home turf."[43] She won two gold medals, one for the balance beam and one for the floor exercise (in which she tied with Soviet gymnast Nellie Kim, against whom she had also competed in the 1976 Montreal Olympics and other events). She also won two silver medals, one for the team all-around and one for individual all-around. Controversies arose concerning the scoring in the all-around and floor exercise competitions.[27] As of the 2020 Summer Games, she is the only gymnast to defend her Olympic gold medal in the balance beam apparatus.

Her coach, Bela Károlyi, protested that she was scored unfairly. His protests were captured on television. According to Comăneci's memoir, the Romanian government was upset about Károlyi's public behavior, feeling that he had humiliated them. Life became very difficult for Károlyi from that point on.[44]

"Nadia '81"
Comăneci on the balance beam, 1980

In 1981, the Gymnastics Federation contacted Comăneci and informed her that she would be part of an official tour of the United States named "Nadia '81" and her coaches Béla and Márta Károlyi would lead the group. During this tour, Comăneci's team shared a bus trip with American gymnasts; it was the third time she had encountered Bart Conner. They had earlier met in 1976. She later remembered thinking, "Conner was cute. He bounced around the bus talking to everyone—he was incredibly friendly and fun."[45]

Her coaches Béla and Márta Károlyi defected on the last day of the tour, along with the Romanian team choreographer Géza Pozsár. Prior to defecting, Károlyi hinted a few times to Comăneci that he might attempt to do so and indirectly asked if she wanted to join him. At that time, she had no interest in defecting, and said she wanted to go home to Romania. After the defection of the Károlyis, life changed drastically for Comăneci in Romania, as she could not have predicted. Officials feared that she would also defect. Feeling she was a national asset, they strictly monitored her actions, refusing to allow her to travel outside the country.

1984 Summer Olympics

The government did allow Comăneci to participate in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles as part of the Romanian delegation. Although a number of Communist nations boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in a tit-for-tat against the U.S.-led boycott of the Olympics in Moscow four years before, Romania chose to participate. Comăneci later wrote in her memoir that many believed Romania went to the Olympics because an agreement had been made with the United States not to accept defectors. But Comăneci did not participate in the Games as a member of the Romanian team; she served as an observer. She was able to see Károlyi's new protégé, American gymnast Mary Lou Retton, who dominated the Olympics. The Romanian delegation did not allow her to talk with Károlyi and closely watched her the entire time.[46]

1984–1990
A 2016 Romanian postage stamp showing Comăneci on the balance beam at the 1979 European Gymnastics Championships

The Romanian government continued to restrict Comăneci from leaving Romania, aside from a few select trips to Moscow and Cuba. She had started thinking about retiring a few years earlier, but her official retirement ceremony took place in Bucharest in 1984. It was attended by the chairman of the International Olympic Committee.[28]

Comăneci later wrote in her memoir:

Life took on a new bleakness. I was cut off from making the small amount of extra money that had really made a difference in my family's life. It was also insulting that a normal person in Romania had the chance to travel, whereas I could not…. when my gymnastics career was over, there was no longer any need to keep me happy. I was to do as I was instructed, just as I'd done my entire life…. If Bela hadn't defected, I would still have been watched, but his defection brought a spotlight on my life, and it was blinding. I started to feel like a prisoner.[47]

On the night of November 27, 1989, a few weeks before the Romanian Revolution, Comăneci defected with a group of other Romanians, crossing the Hungary–Romania border around Cenad. They were guided by Constantin Panait, a Romanian who later became an American citizen after defecting. Their journey was mostly on foot and at night. They traveled through Hungary and Austria and finally were able to take a plane to the United States.[15][29][48][49]

1990–present
Comăneci and her husband Bart Conner meeting First Lady Michelle Obama, 2009

Comăneci moved to Oklahoma in 1991 to help her friend Bart Conner, another Olympic gold medalist, with his gymnastics school. She lived with the family of Paul Ziert and eventually hired him as her manager.[50] Comăneci and Conner initially were just friends. They were together for four years before they became engaged.[51]

For every year since 1994, the Nadia Comăneci International Invitational has welcomed gymnasts ranging from USAG level 4 to level 10. The competition has also hosted international elite competition in the mid-2010s, with Rebeca Andrade being a notable attendee in 2013 among others.[52][53]

She returned to Romania for their 1996 wedding, which was held in Bucharest. This was after the fall of the Communist regime and the establishment of a democratic Romania; the government welcomed her as a national hero. The wedding was televised live throughout Romania, and the couple's reception was held in the former presidential palace.[29][54]

On May 18, 1997, Nadia Comaneci and Bart Conner guest-starred on the Season 3 finale of Touched by an Angel where they performed a brief floor exercise within a montage scene.[55]

Comăneci became a naturalized US citizen in 2001, while retaining her Romanian citizenship.[56] In 2006, the couple's son Dylan was born.[57][58]

She was the featured speaker at the 50th annual Independence Day Naturalization Ceremony on July 4, 2012, at Monticello, the first athlete invited to speak in the history of the ceremony.[59] In October 2017, an area in the Olympic Park in Montreal was renamed "Place Nadia Comaneci" in her honor.[60][61]

Leadership roles
Comăneci at the BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy, April 2012

Comăneci is a well-known figure in the world of gymnastics; she serves as the honorary president of the Romanian Gymnastics Federation, the honorary president of the Romanian Olympic Committee, the sports ambassador of Romania, and as a member of the International Gymnastics Federation Foundation. She and Conner own the Bart Conner Gymnastics Academy, the Perfect 10 Production Company, and several sports equipment shops, and are the editors of International Gymnast Magazine.

She is also still involved with the Olympic Games. During the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, one of her perfect-10 Montreal uneven bars routines was featured in a commercial for Adidas.[62] In addition, both Comăneci and her husband Bart Conner provided television commentary for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.[63] A few years later, on July 21, 2012, Comăneci, along with former basketball star John Amaechi, carried the Olympic torch to the roof of the O2 Arena as part of the torch relay for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.[64] Prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Comăneci appeared in a TIDE advertisement called "The Evolution of Power" with Simone Biles and three-time Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes.[65][66] She also offered daily analysis of the 2016 games (along with other Olympic champions such as Mark Spitz, Carl Lewis, and Conner), for the late-night show É Campeão, broadcast on Brazil's SporTV.[67]

In addition, Comăneci is highly involved in fundraising for a number of charities. She personally funded the construction and operation of the Nadia Comăneci Children's Clinic in Bucharest that provides low-cost and free medical and social support to Romanian children.[28] In 2003, the Romanian government appointed her as an honorary consul general of Romania to the United States to deal with bilateral relations between the two nations.[68] In addition, both Comăneci and Conner are involved with the Special Olympics.[69][70]

To raise money for charity, Comăneci participated in Donald Trump's reality show, The Celebrity Apprentice, season seven. Comăneci was a member of "The Empresario" team (all women), which lost to "The Hydra" team (all men) in the second episode. Trump responded to this loss by firing Comăneci,[71] thwarting her plan for raising money.[72] Comăneci later commented on her participation in the show, saying she "had great fun. I only did it because it was all for charity."[73]

Honors and awards
  • 1975 and 1976: The United Press International Athlete of the Year Award[74]
  • 1976: Hero of Socialist Labour[75]
  • 1976: Associated Press Athlete of the Year[76]
  • 1976: BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year[32]
  • 1983: The Olympic Order[77]
  • 1990: International Women's Sports Hall of Fame[78]
  • 1993: International Gymnastics Hall of Fame[79]
  • 1998: Marca Leyenda[80]
  • 1998: Flo Hyman Award[81]
  • 2004: The Olympic Order[82]
  • 2016: Great Immigrant Honoree: Carnegie Corporation of New York[83]
  • 2021: Order of the Star of Romania, Grand Officer[84]

Skills

Comăneci was known for her clean technique, innovative and difficult original skills, and her stoic, cool demeanor in competition.[18][85][86] On the balance beam, she was the first gymnast to successfully perform an aerial cartwheel-back handspring series. She is also credited as being the first gymnast to perform a double-twist dismount.[18][85] Her skills on the floor exercise included a tucked double back salto and a double twist.[85]

Comăneci has two eponymous uneven bars skills listed in the Code of Points, the Comăneci salto and the Comăneci dismount.[87][88][89]

Apparatus Name Description Difficulty[lower-alpha 2]
Uneven barsComăneciFront support on high bar - cast with salto forward straddled to hang on high barE
Uneven barsComăneciUnderswing with ½ turn (180°) to salto backward tucked or pickedC
  1. UK: /ˌkɒməˈnɛtʃ(i)/, US: /ˈkoʊməniːtʃ, ˌkoʊməˈniːtʃ/,[3][4] Romanian: [ˈnadi.a koməˈnet͡ʃʲ] (listen)
  2. Valid for the 2022–2024 Code of Points

Competitive History[90]
Year Event Team AA VT UB BB FX
Junior
1971Championships of the Republic, Category III4
Cup of the Romanian Gymnastics Federation (Category IV)
Junior ROM-YUG Dual Meet
1972Championships of the Republic, Category III
Championships of the Republic for Juniors
Cup of the ROM Gymnastics Federation (Category II)
Junior BUL-ROM Dual Meet
Junior Friendship Tournament (Druzhba)46
Junior ROM-GDR Dual Meet
Junior ROM-RSFSR Dual Meet
Junior ROM-HUN Dual Meet
1973International Championships of Romania
Junior Friendship Tournament (Druzhba)
Junior ITA-ROM Dual Meet
Junior ROM-URS Dual Meet
Romanian Senior Team Championships
Romanian Schools Championships (Senior Category)
1974Junior Romanian Championships
Junior ROM-POL-Denver (USA) Tri-Meet
Senior
1975Champions All
Skien European Championships
FRG-ROM Dual Meet
Pre-Olympics
Romanian National Championships
ROM-CAN Dual Meet
ROM-ITA Dual Meet
1976American Cup
Balkan Championships
CAN-ROM Dual Meet
Chunichi Cup
FRG-ROM Dual Meet
GBR-ROM Dual Meet
NED-ROM Dual Meet
Montreal Olympic Games4
Romanian National Championships
USA-ROM Dual Meet
1977Balkan Championships
ESP-ROM Dual Meet (Barcelona)
ESP-ROM Dual Meet (Madrid)
Prague European Championships
FRA-ROM Dual Meet
International Championships of Romania
Orleans International
ROM-CAN Dual Meet
USA-ROM Dual Meet
1978ITA-ROM Dual Meet
Milan International
Strasbourg World Championships58
1979Balkan Championships
Champions All
Copenhagen European Championships4
International Championships of Romania
Fort Worth World Championships
Tokyo World Cup Final4
1980International Championships of Romania
ITA-ROM Dual Meet
Moscow Olympic Games5
1981Daciada
Bucharest Summer Universiade

Book and films
  • Comăneci's 2004 memoir, Letters to a Young Gymnast, is part of the Art of Mentoring series by Basic Books.[91][92]
  • Katie Holmes directed a short 2015 documentary for ESPN about Comăneci entitled Eternal Princess that premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival.[93][94]
  • In 2016, Arte France produced a Pola Rapaport documentary about Comăneci entitled Nadia Comăneci, la gymnast et le dictateur (Nadia Comăneci: The Gymnast and the Dictator).[95]
  • In 1984, Comăneci was the subject of a biopic television film, Nadia.[96] The film was developed without her involvement (although the content was described to her by others). She later stated publicly that the producers never made contact with her: "I sincerely don't even want to see it; I feel so badly about it. It distorts my life so totally."[96]
  • In 2012, Universal Pictures chose Comăneci to dub Granny Norma in Romanian in the animated movie The Lorax.[97]
  • In 2021, Stejărel Olaru published in Romanian a biographical volume, Nadia și Securitatea (Nadia and the Securitate), at Epica Publishing House.[98]

See also
  • List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
  • List of Olympic female gymnasts for Romania
  • List of Olympic medal leaders in women's gymnastics
  • List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games
  • List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists

References

Citations
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  2. Carlson, Jenni (July 31, 2013). "Nadia Comaneci feels at home in Oklahoma". The Oklahoman. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  3. "Comaneci". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  4. "Comaneci, Nadia" (US) and "Comaneci, Nadia". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
  5. Gymnast Nadia Comăneci Became the Queen of the 1976 Montreal Games when she was Awarded the First Perfect Score.
  6. "Gymnastics". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. infoplease.com. 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
  7. "Nadia Comăneci". CNN. July 7, 2008.
  8. Lafon, Lola. "The Little Communist Who Never Smiled". Serpent's Tail/Profile Books. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
  9. "Gymnastics legend Nadia Comaneci wants to remind everyone she's from Romania". New York Daily News. August 6, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  10. "Olympic Champion Nadia Comaneci". www.gymn-forum.net.
  11. "Nadia Comăneci despre moartea tatălui său: "Este un moment deosebit de greu"".
  12. Comăneci, p. 5.
  13. "Ştefania Comăneci, mama Nadiei: "Sunt mândră de ea!" | Alte sporturi, Sport". Libertatea. November 11, 2011.
  14. Comăneci, pp. 94 and 121.
  15. Fisher, Barbara; Isbister, Jennifer (November 15, 2003). "Nadia Comaneci, a living legend..." Gymnastics Greats. Gymn.ca. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Comăneci
  17. Comăneci, pp. 17–19.
  18. Deford, Frank. "Nadia Awed Ya". Sports Illustrated. August 2, 1976.
  19. List of competitive results Gymn-Forum
  20. Comăneci, pp. 27–28.
  21. "Gymnast Posts Perfect Mark" Robin Herman, New York Times, March 28, 1976.
  22. Comăneci, p. 53.
  23. "The Adorable Way This Olympic Couple First Met". Oprah: Where Are They Now?. 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
  24. "Nadia Comaneci's perfect 10 | Epic Olympic Moments". December 10, 2015 – via YouTube.
  25. "Biography: COMANECI, Nadia". U.S. Gymnastics Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  26. Cousineau, Phil (2003). The Olympic Odyssey: Rekindling the True Spirit of the Great Games. Quest Books. pp. 160–161. ISBN 0835608336.
  27. "50 stunning Olympic moments No5: Nadia Comaneci scores a perfect 10". The Guardian. December 14, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  28. Ziert, Paul (2005). "Still A Perfect 10" (PDF). Olympic Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  29. Legends: Nadia Comăneci International Gymnast magazine
  30. "Nellie Kim (URS)". Archived from the original on February 27, 2011.
  31. "Within the International Federations" (PDF). Olympic Review. 1980. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  32. Dodd, Marc (August 1, 2008). "Top Five: Teenage Sensations". Metro. Archived from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  33. "Associated Press Athletes of the Year". MSN.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2009.
  34. "Decretul nr. 250/1976 privind conferirea de distinctii ale Republicii Socialiste Romania unor sportivi, antrenori si activisti din domeniul educatiei fizice si sportului" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  35. "Nadia Comăneci: The Perfect 10" International Olympic Committee (IOC) website
  36. Comăneci, pp. 61–62.
  37. Comăneci, pp. 64–68.
  38. "Comaneci Confirms Suicide Attempt, Magazine Says". Los Angeles Times. February 19, 1990.
  39. Comăneci, pp. 68–72.
  40. "Nadia." The Epistle, (All Saints Episcopal Hospital), January 1980.
  41. Comăneci, pp. 87–91.
  42. Little Girls in Pretty Boxes. Ryan, Joan. 1995, Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-47790-2.
  43. Comăneci, p. 98.
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Cited sources

Further reading
  • Dimitriu, Dumitru (1976). Nadia Comăneci și echipa de aur. Sport-Turism. OL 4679678M.
  • Miklowitz, Gloria D. (1977). Nadia Comaneci. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-0-4481-2973-0.
  • Temple, Cliff (1977). The Enchanting Story of Little Miss Perfect. Everest Books. ISBN 978-0-9050-1878-2.
  • Comaneci, Nadia (1981). Nadia: The Autobiography of Nadia Comaneci. Proteus Books. ISBN 978-0-9060-7178-6.
  • Woolum, Janet (1998). Outstanding Women Athletes: Who They Are and How They Influenced Sports In America (2nd ed.). Greenwood. ISBN 978-1-5735-6120-4.
  • Weiniger, Peter (2001). Sporting Heroes. Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-1-8696-1476-8.
  • Comaneci, Nadia (2011). Letters to a Young Gymnast (reprint ed.). Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-2505-3.
  • Meyers, Dvora (2016). The End of the Perfect 10: The Making and Breaking of Gymnastics' Top Score—from Nadia to Now. Atria Books. ISBN 978-1-5011-0136-6.
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