One-party state
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of sovereign state in which only one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution.[1] All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "de facto one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.

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Map legend
Full presidential republics2 Semi-presidential republics2 Republics with an executive president elected by or nominated by the legislature that may or may not be subject to parliamentary confidence Parliamentary republics2 Parliamentary constitutional monarchies where royalty does not hold significant power Parliamentary constitutional monarchies which have a separate head of government but where royalty holds significant executive and/or legislative power Absolute monarchies One-party states Countries where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended (e.g. military juntas) Countries that do not fit any of the above systems (e.g. provisional governments/unclear political situations) No government
2 This map presents only the de jure form of government, and not the de facto degree of democracy.
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Party politics |
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Although it is predated by the 1714 to 1783 "age of the Whig oligarchy" in Great Britain,[2] the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) over the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 coup d'etat is often considered the first one-party state.[3]
Concept
One-party states justify themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a one-party state argue that the existence of separate parties runs counter to national unity. Others argue that the one party is the vanguard of the people, being its most politically aware members, and therefore the party's right to rule cannot be legitimately questioned. The Soviet government argued that the existence of multiple political parties would perpetuate class struggle, so only a single party could lead a classless proletariat; it therefore made the Communist Party of the Soviet Union the only authorised political party.
Some one-party states only outlaw opposition parties, while allowing allied parties to exist as part of a permanent coalition (such as a popular front). However, these allied parties are largely or completely subservient to the ruling party and must accept the ruling party's monopoly of power as a condition of their existence. Examples of this are the People's Republic of China under the United Front, the National Front in former East Germany and the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea in North Korea. Other states outlaw all other parties yet allow non-party members to run for legislative seats as independents, as was the case with Taiwan's Tangwai movement in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the elections in the former Soviet Union. Still others have only a single legal party, membership of which is a prerequisite for holding public office, such as in Turkmenistan under the rule of Saparmurat Niyazov or Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko.
Within their own countries, dominant parties ruling over one-party states are often referred to simply as the Party. For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, the Party meant the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in reference to the pre-1991 Republic of Zambia, it referred to the United National Independence Party.
Most one-party states have been ruled by one of the following:
- A party which supports the ideology of Marxism–Leninism and vanguardism (sometimes described as "communist states", such as the Soviet Union)
- A party which supports a nationalist or fascist ideology (such as the Kingdom of Italy under the National Fascist Party or Germany under the Nazi Party)
- A party that came to power in the wake of independence from colonial rule. One-party systems often arise from decolonization because a single party gains an overwhelmingly dominant role in liberation or in independence struggles.
One-party states are usually considered to be authoritarian, to the extent that they are occasionally totalitarian. On the other hand, not all authoritarian or totalitarian states operate upon one-party rule. Some, especially amongst absolute monarchies and military dictatorships, have no need for a ruling party, and therefore make all political parties illegal.
Current one-party states
As of 2022 the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:
Country | Head of party | Leader title | Party | Ideology | Date of establishment | Duration | Notes |
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General Secretary | ![]() |
Socialism with Chinese characteristics | 1 October 1949 | 73 years, 34 days | Leads the United Front |
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First Secretary | ![]() |
Marxism–Leninism, Castroism, Guevarism, left-wing nationalism | 16 April 1961 | 61 years, 202 days | |
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Chairperson | ![]() |
Eritrean nationalism, statism | 24 May 1993 | 29 years, 164 days | |
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General Secretary | ![]() |
Kaysone Phomvihane Thought | 2 December 1975 | 46 years, 337 days | |
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General Secretary | ![]() |
Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism | 10 October 1945 | 77 years, 25 days | Leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea |
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Secretary General | ![]() |
Sahrawi nationalism, social democracy | 27 February 1976 | 46 years, 250 days | |
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General Secretary | ![]() |
Ho Chi Minh Thought | 2 September 1945 | 77 years, 63 days |
Former one-party states
Country | Party | Ideology | Date of establishment | Date of dissolution | Continent |
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National Revolutionary Party | Pashtun nationalism, Pashtunization, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Secularism | February 14, 1977[4][5] | April 28, 1978 | Asia |
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Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism, Anti-imperialism | December 24, 1980 | July 27, 1990 | Asia |
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Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Fascism, Italophilia, Serbophobia, Hellenophobia | June 2, 1939 | July 27, 1943 | Europe |
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Guard of Greater Albania | Albanian nationalism, Fascism | July 27, 1943 | September 8, 1943 | Europe |
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National Front | Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Big tent, Agrarian socialism | September 14, 1943 | November 29, 1943 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism | October 20, 1944 | August 5, 1945 | Europe |
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August 5, 1945 | January 11, 1946 | Europe | |
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January 11, 1946 | December 11, 1990 | Europe | ||
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Arab socialism, Algerian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-imperialism | 1962 | 1989 | Africa |
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Communism, Left-wing nationalism, Marxism–Leninism | November 11, 1975 | May 30, 1991 | Africa |
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Communist Party of Armenia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | December 2, 1920 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Communist Party of Armenia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | March 12, 1922 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Clerical fascism | May 1, 1934 | March 13, 1938 | Europe |
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Azerbaijan Communist Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | April 30, 1920 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Azerbaijan Communist Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | March 12, 1922 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League | Bengali nationalism, Socialism | 1975 | 1975 | Asia |
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Dahomeyan Democratic Party | African nationalism | 1963 | 1965 | Africa |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism (nominally) | November 30, 1975 | March 1, 1990 | Africa |
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Nazism | March 21, 1939 | May 9, 1945 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | September 15, 1946 | January 15, 1990 | Europe |
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Burmese Way to Socialism | 1962 | 1988 | Asia |
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Burundian nationalism, Tutsi interests | July 11, 1974 | March 13, 1992 | Africa |
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Communist Party of Byelorussia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | July 31, 1920 | December 30, 1922 | Europe |
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Sangkum | Khmer nationalism, National conservatism, Royalism, Statism, Buddhist socialism, Economic nationalism | 1955 | 1970 | Asia |
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Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party | Communism, Socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Revisionism, Left-wing nationalism | January 7, 1979 | October 23, 1991 | Asia |
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Cameroonian National Union | Big tent | September 1, 1966[6] | March 24, 1985 | Africa |
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Cameroon People's Democratic Movement | Big tent, Nationalism, Francophilia | 1975 | 1990 | Africa |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1975 | 1980 | Africa |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1980 | 1990 | Africa |
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Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa | African nationalism, Anti-colonialism, Progressivism, Anti-imperialism | 1962 | 1980 | Africa |
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Central African Democratic Union | African nationalism, Republicanism | March 1, 1980 | September 2, 1981 | Africa |
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Central African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Democratic socialism, Social democracy, Republicanism | February 6, 1987 | April 22, 1991[7] | Africa |
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Chadian Progressive Party | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism | April 16, 1962 | April 6, 1973 | Africa |
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National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism | April 6, 1973 | April 13, 1975 | Africa |
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National Union for Independence and Revolution | Nationalism | 1984 | 1990 | Africa |
Guangzhou | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1927 | 1927 | Asia |
Hunan | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1927 | 1927 | Asia |
Jinggang | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1927 | 1928 | Asia |
Southwest Jiangxi | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1930 | 1931 | Asia |
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Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1930 | 1937 | Asia |
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People's Anti-Imperialist Association | Six Great Policies | 1935 | 1942 | Asia |
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Tridemism | 1 July 1925 | 15 July 1987 | Asia |
Yan'an | Chinese Communist Party | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism | 1937 | 1949 | Asia |
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Comorian Union for Progress | Nationalism | 1982 | 1990 | Africa |
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Congolese Party of Labour | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | January 31, 1969 | 1991 | Africa |
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Peliquista Party | Nationalism | 1917 | 1919 | North America |
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Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Husakism | February 25, 1948 | November 30, 1989 | Europe |
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Dahomeyan Unity Party | African nationalism, Republicanism | 1961 | 1963 | Africa |
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People's Rally for Progress | Issa interests | 1977 | 1992 | Africa |
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Dominican Party | Trujillism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism | 1931 | 1961 | Central America |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | October 7, 1949 | March 30, 1950 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | March 30, 1950 | December 1, 1989 | Europe |
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National Democratic Party | Egyptian nationalism, Centrism, Big tent | 1956 | 1958 | Africa |
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National Democratic Party | Egyptian nationalism, Centrism, Big tent | 1961 | 1962 | Africa |
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Arab Socialist Union | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism | 1962 | 1976 | Africa |
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Fascism, Anti-communism, Conservatism, Agrarian oligarchy | 1931 | 1944 | South America |
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United National Workers' Party | African nationalism, Personalism, Anti-imperialism, Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-intellectualism | 1970 | 1979 | Africa |
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Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea | African nationalism, Militarism | 1987 | 1991 | Africa |
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Left-wing nationalism | 1991 (Provisional government)
1993 (Recognized state) |
1994 | Africa |
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Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) | Estonian nationalism, Personalism | March 9, 1935 | July 21, 1940 | Europe |
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Communist Party of Estonia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | July 21, 1940 | August 9, 1940 | Europe |
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Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | September 12, 1984 | February 22, 1987 | Africa |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | February 22, 1987 | April 28, 1991 | Africa |
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Gabonese Democratic Party | Conservatism | 1968 | 1990 | Africa |
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Communist Party of Georgia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | February 25, 1921 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Communist Party of Georgia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | March 12, 1922 | December 30, 1922 | Asia |
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Nazism | July 14, 1933 | May 23, 1945 | Europe |
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Nazism, collaborationism | December 14, 1941 | May 6, 1945 | Europe |
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Convention People's Party | Nkrumaism, African socialism, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1964 | 1966 | Africa |
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New Jewel Movement | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | March 13, 1979 | October 25, 1983 | Central America |
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Progressive Liberal Party | Ubicoism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Anti-communism | 1931 | 1944 | South America |
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Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, African socialism, Pan-Africanism | 1958 | 1984 | Africa |
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African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1974 | 1991 | Africa |
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Black nationalism, Haitian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Anti-Americanism | 1957 | 1985 | Central America |
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Reform Party | Americanisation, Annexationism | 1894 | 1898 | North America |
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Hungarism, Fascism, Collaborationism, Agrarianism | October 16, 1944 | May 7, 1945 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism | August 20, 1949 | October 30, 1956 | Europe |
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Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Kádárism | November 4, 1956 | October 7, 1989 | Europe |
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Indonesian National Party | Nationalism, Marhaenism | August 17, 1945 | November 3, 1945 | Asia |
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Rastakhiz Party | Monarchism, Populism, Secularism, Democratic centralism, Third Position | 1975 | 1978 | Asia |
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Islamic Republican Party | Velyât-e Faqih, Anti-imperialism, Iranian nationalism, Shi'ite Islamism, Anti-Monarchism, Anti-Americanism, Anti-communism, Anti-Sovietism, Anti-Zionism, Islamic fundamentalism, Homophobia, Anti-Western sentiment | 1981 | 1987 | Asia |
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Iraqi Arab Socialist Union | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism | 1964 | 1968 | Asia |
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Saddamist Ba'athism | 1968 | 2003 | Asia |
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Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism | May 17, 1928[8]
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July 27, 1943 | Europe
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Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism, Antisemitism, Collaborationism | September 13, 1943 | April 28, 1945 | Europe |
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Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Conservatism, Populism, Houphouëtism, Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1990 | Africa |
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Imperial Rule Assistance Association | Shōwa statism | 1940 | 1945 | Asia |
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Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Pro-Japan, collaborationism | December 8, 1942 | October 14, 1943 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Agrarianism, Autarky, Khmer nationalism, Ultranationalism | April 17, 1975 | June 22, 1982 | Asia |
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Kenya African National Union | Kenyan nationalism, Conservatism | 1982 | 1991 | Africa |
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Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement | Croatian irredentism, Croatian ultranationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Clerical fascism, Fascist corporatism, Political Catholicism, Anti-communism | April 10, 1941 | May 8, 1945 | Europe |
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Communist Party of Latvia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | December 17, 1918 | January 13, 1920 | Europe |
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Communist Party of Latvia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | July 21, 1940 | August 5, 1940 | Europe |
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Arab Socialist Union | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism, Nationalism | 1971 | 1977 | Africa |
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Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | February 17, 1919 | July 17, 1919 | Europe |
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Lithuanian nationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Fascist corporatism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Antisemitism | 1927 | 1940 | Europe |
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Communist Party of Lithuania | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | July 21, 1940 | August 3, 1940 | Europe |
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National Front for the Defense of the Revolution | Left-wing nationalism, Scientific socialism | 1976 | 1989 | Africa |
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Malawi Congress Party | Ubuntu, Conservatism, African nationalism, Anti-colonialism | 1964 | 1993 | Africa |
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Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, African socialism | 1960 | 1968 | Africa |
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Democratic Union of the Malian People | African socialism, Democratic centralism | 1976 | 1991 | Africa |
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Fascism, Monarchism, Manchurian nationalism, Pan-Asianism, Anti-communism, Personalism, collaborationism | April 1, 1932[9] | May 1, 1945[9] | Asia |
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Mauritanian People's Party | Nationalism, Centralism, Islamic socialism | 1961 | 1978 | Africa |
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Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1921 | July 29, 1990 | Asia |
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Marxism–Leninism | June 25, 1975 | December 1, 1990 | Africa |
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Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1974 | Africa |
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National Movement for the Development of Society | Conservatism | 1989 | 1991 | Africa |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought | September 2, 1945 | 1946 | Asia |
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Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought | 1955 | July 2, 1976 | Asia |
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Yemeni nationalism, Arab nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Big tent | 1982 | 1988 | Asia |
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Fascism, Nazism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism, Collaborationism | September 25, 1940 | May 8, 1945 | Europe |
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Union and Progress Party[10] | İttihadism | 11 June 1913 | 1918 | Asia/Europe |
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Conservatism, national conservatism | 1947 | 1962 | South America |
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Communist Party of Persia | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1920 | 1921 | Asia |
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Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Pro-Japan, collaborationism | October 14, 1943 | August 17, 1945 | Asia |
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Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | February 5, 1947 | July 1982 | Europe |
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Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | July 1982 | August 24, 1989 | Europe |
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Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano | July 30, 1930[11] | October 8, 1945[11] | Europe |
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Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano | January 31, 1948[12] | September 1969[note 2] | Europe |
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Corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano | 1970 | April 25, 1974 | Europe |
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Big tent, Romanian nationalism, Monarchism | December 16, 1938 | September 6, 1940 | Europe |
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Legionarism, clerical fascism, Christian nationalism | September 6, 1940 | January 23, 1941 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | February 5, 1948 | 1968 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism | 1968 | 1980 | Europe |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism | 1980 | December 29, 1989 | Europe |
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Parmehutu | Hutu Power | 1965 | 1973 | Africa |
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Hutu Power, Ultranationalism, Social conservatism, Anti-communism | 1978 | 1991 | Africa |
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Sammarinese Fascist Party | Italian fascism, Corporatism | 1926 | 1943 | Europe |
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Republican Fascist Party of San Marino | Italian fascism | 1943 | 1944 | Europe |
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Socialist Party of Senegal | African nationalism, African socialism | 1966 | 1974 | Africa |
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Seychelles People's Progressive Front | Communism, Marxism-Leninism | 1977 | 1991 | Africa |
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All People's Congress | African nationalism, Democratic socialism | 1978 | 1991 | Africa |
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Clerical fascism, Slovak nationalism | March 14, 1939 | May 8, 1945 | Europe |
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Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party | Islamic socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Pan-Somalism
Scientific socialism, Somali nationalism |
July 1976 | January 26, 1991 | Africa |
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Arab nationalism, Arab socialism | November 30, 1967 | October 31, 1978 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | October 31, 1978 | May 22, 1990 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism | May 21, 1994 | July 7, 1994 | Asia |
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Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | November 29, 1918 | June 5, 1919 | Europe |
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Russian Communist Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | March 8, 1918[13] | December 30, 1922 | Europe/Asia |
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Russian Social Democratic Labour Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | January 19, 1918 | March 8, 1918[13] | Europe/Asia |
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Russian Communist Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | December 30, 1922 | December 31, 1925[13] | Europe/Asia |
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All-Union Communist Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Stalinism | December 31, 1925[13] | October 13, 1952[13] | Europe/Asia |
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Communist Party of the Soviet Union | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | October 13, 1952[13] | October 9, 1990[14] | Europe/Asia |
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Patriotic Union | Spanish nationalism, Political Catholicism, Monarchism, Conservatism | 1924 | 1930 | Europe |
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Francoism, Falangism, Spanish nationalism, traditionalism, National Catholicism, anti-liberalism, corporatism | April 19, 1937 | July 6, 1976[15] | Europe |
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Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Anti-communism | 1971 | 1985 | Africa |
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National Congress Party | Islamism, Arab nationalism, Salafism, Social conservatism | 1989 | 2005 | Africa |
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Arab Liberation Movement | Pan-Arabism, Modernization, Pro-Western | 1953 | 1954 | Asia |
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Neo-Ba'athism | 1963 | February 27, 2012[16][17] | Asia |
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Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1975 | 1990 | Africa |
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African nationalism, African socialism, Ujamaa | 1961 | 1977 | Africa |
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Chama Cha Mapinduzi | Ujamaa, African socialism | 1977 | 1992 | Africa |
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Party of Togolese Unity | African nationalism | 1962 | 1963 | Africa |
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Rally of the Togolese People | African nationalism, Right-wing populism | 1969 | 1991 | Africa |
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Neo Destour | Tunisian nationalism, Bourguibism | 1963 | 1964 | Africa |
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Socialist Destourian Party | Tunisian nationalism, Secularism, Bourguibism | 1964 | 1981 | Africa |
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Kemalism | 1923 | 1945 | Asia/Europe |
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Democratic Party of Turkmenistan | Turkmen nationalism, Secularism, Social conservatism, Catch-all party | 1992 | 2008 | Asia |
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Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | August 14, 1921 | October 11, 1944 | Asia |
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Social democracy, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1969 | 1971 | Africa |
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Communist Party of Ukraine | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | March 10, 1919 | December 30, 1922 | Europe |
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National Union | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism | 1958 | 1961 | Africa |
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Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1960 | 1966 | Africa |
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Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy | Royalism, Yugoslav nationalism, Agrarianism, Centralism, Anti-liberalism | 1929 | 1931 | Europe |
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Marxism–Leninism, Titoism, Yugoslavism | November 29, 1945 | January 22, 1990 | Europe |
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Popular Movement of the Revolution | Mobutism, Zairean nationalism, Authenticité | 1970 | 1990 | Africa |
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African socialism, African nationalism | 1972 | 1990 | Africa |
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African nationalism, Marxism–Leninism | 1964 | 1977 | Africa |
See also
- Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Political organisation
- Dominant-party system
- Political factionalism
- Outline of democracy
- Multi-party system
- Two-party system
- List of political party songs
Notes
- The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
- Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.
References
- Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. ISBN 9781608716791.
- Holmes, Geoffrey; and Szechi, D. (2014). The Age of Oligarchy: Pre-Industrial Britain 1722–1783. Routledge. p. xi. ISBN 131789426X. ISBN 978-1317894261.
- Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
- Afghanistan: A Country Study
- "Afghanistan 1977". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
- The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006
- Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993
- Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945
- China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945
- Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
- 12th Period - Second Republic of Portugal
- Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military
- The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis By Jane Henderson
- Ideology And Political System By Kundan Kumar
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