Paparazzi (Lady Gaga song)

"Paparazzi" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her debut studio album, The Fame (2008). It was released as the album's fifth and final single by Interscope Records. Gaga wrote and produced the song with Rob Fusari. The song portrays Gaga's struggles in her quest for fame, as well as balancing success and love. Musically, it is an uptempo techno-pop and dance-pop song whose lyrics describe a stalker following somebody to grab attention and fame.

"Paparazzi"
Other covers use orange instead of pink color or depicts other music video scene.[1][2]
Single by Lady Gaga
from the album The Fame
Written2007
ReleasedMay 29, 2009 (2009-05-29)
Studio
  • 150 Studios
  • (Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey)
Genre
Length3:29
Label
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
  • Rob Fusari
  • Lady Gaga
Lady Gaga singles chronology
"Chillin"
(2009)		 "Paparazzi"
(2009)		 "Bad Romance"
(2009)
Music video
"Paparazzi" on YouTube

The single was released on May 29, 2009, through the music video. On July 6, 2009, it was released digitally in Ireland and the United Kingdom and four days later physically in Australia. "LoveGame" initially had been planned as the third single release in the UK, but when its lyrics and music video were deemed potentially controversial, it was decided that "Paparazzi" would be released instead. "Paparazzi" was critically acclaimed for its "fun-filled" and club-friendly nature. It was also commercially successful, reaching top-ten positions in the music charts of Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States and topping the charts in the Czech Republic, Germany and Scotland.

The accompanying music video was directed by Jonas Åkerlund and portrays Gaga as a doomed starlet, hounded by photographers, who is almost killed by her boyfriend (played by Alexander Skarsgård). It shows her survival, comeback, revenge on her boyfriend, and experiences on the way to fame. The video won two MTV Video Music Awards in 2009 for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects. Gaga performed the song at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards in a performance art piece symbolizing the negative effect of fame leading to death. Additional live performances of the song took place during many of her concert tours and residency shows.

Background and release

What am I really trying to say here? What will the act of me writing this song really do? Me making a conscious decision to write about the paparazzi – I thought about performance art and shock art and how Paris Hilton and her sister and Lindsay Lohan and Nicole Richie are shock artists in their own way. They're not necessarily doing fine arts – something they put in the museums – but it's an art form. That's what this song is trying to say.

—Gaga talking about the different aspects of the song.[3]

Before she rose to fame, Lady Gaga met music producer Rob Fusari in March 2006 and began dating him in May.[4][5] Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with Fusari. While working together, he compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen.[6] He also created the "Lady Gaga" moniker after the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga". Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon started writing more songs for Gaga.[7] Towards the end of 2007, Gaga's management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.[8]

By 2008, Gaga relocated to Los Angeles to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album, The Fame, and set up her own creative team called the Haus of Gaga. "Paparazzi" was one of the songs written by Gaga and Fusari who also produced the track.[3] In a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone, Gaga recalled her relationship with a heavy metal drummer called Luke, who became an inspiration for most of the songs on The Fame, including "Paparazzi". The song became a symbol for Gaga to escape her own narcissism and desire for fame. She was infatuated with Luke, calling him "the love of her life", and ready to be his fan, to turn the camera around and photograph him.[9]

To the Australian Daily Telegraph, Gaga explained that "Paparazzi" was about struggling to balance success and love.[10] Further explanations said that the song was about trying to win the paparazzi and the media in one's favor. "It's a love song for the cameras, but it's also a love song about fame or love – can you have both, or can you only have one", she concluded. "Paparazzi" was the album's third single in Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom, the fourth in Canada and the United States and the fifth in Australia, France and New Zealand. Although released on July 6, 2009, in the United Kingdom and four days later in Australia, "LoveGame" initially had been planned as the third single release in the former but deeming its lyrics and music video potentially controversial, it was decided that "Paparazzi" would be released instead.[3]

Recording and composition

"Paparazzi" was recorded at 150 Studios in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey. Along with the production and songwriting of the track, Gaga also did the background vocals and played piano and synthesizer. Calvin "Sci-Fidelty" Gaines did the programming and Fusari did the audio engineering and recording. Other personnel involved in creating the final version of the song included Robert Orton who did the audio mixing, and Gene Grimaldi who mastered the song at Oasis Mastering Studios, Burbank, California.[11]

"Paparazzi" is a dance-pop[12] and techno-pop[13] song with an uptempo, sultry beat similar to Gaga's previous singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face".[14][15] According to the sheet music published by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, the song has a moderate electro-synth groove. It is composed in the key of C minor (A♭ major in the chorus) with a tempo of 115 beats per minute. It is set in common time, and Gaga's vocal range spans from a low-note of G3 to the high-note of E♭5. The verses follow in the chord progression of Cm–A♭–Cm and the chorus uses an A♭–E♭–Fm–D♭ progression.[16] The lyrics of "Paparazzi" deal with stalking and the trappings of fame.[17] Gaga sings about her desire to get attention from the cameras: "I'm your biggest fan/I'll follow you until you love me/Papa, paparazzi."[18]

Critical reception
Gaga performing "Paparazzi" in a tentacle dress on the ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour, 2014

The song received acclaim from music critics, and has been considered one of the best songs in Gaga's discography years after its release. In 2011, Rolling Stone called it the second greatest Gaga song of all time, praising the song's theme and beat.[19] Jill Menze of Billboard, while reviewing The Fame Ball Tour, complimented Gaga's vocals on the song by saying, "The fame-obsessed ballad 'Paparazzi' showed how adept she can be with her range."[20] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said that, "You may quickly tire of hearing the album's theme constantly reiterated, but the tune of 'Paparazzi' takes up residence in your brain and refuses to budge."[21] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the song clever and said that it "functions simultaneously as glorious pop trash and a wicked parody of it."[22]

Priya Elan of The Times thought that "even the trio of songs that provides the core of the album's celebrity theme ('Paparazzi', 'Beautiful Dirty Rich', and the title track) don't ruminate on the addictive inanity of fame, choosing instead to observe passively."[23] David Balls from Digital Spy praised Gaga's decision of releasing a mid-tempo track after two uptempos ("Just Dance" and "Poker Face") saying that "thanks to a typically catchy chorus and some smart, celebrity-themed lyrics, very nearly as thrilling in the finish. Backed with a hilariously self-indulgent video, it seems GaGa still has us firmly in her clutch and, ahem, squealing for more."[24]

Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that both "Paparazzi" and the earlier single "Poker Face" are comparable with the musical styles of first single "Just Dance" but added that "never once does it feel like Gaga is deliberately repeating herself; instead, her faults only come from covering territory that she's obviously not prepared for."[12] Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post said that even though Gaga turns somewhat serious while disapprovingly singing "Paparazzi", the song comes across as flat and faceless as well as vapid.[25] Erika Howard of the New Times Broward-Palm Beach called it the most telling track from the album.[18]

Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that "'Paparazzi' is a love letter from camera to subject but stops short of admitting that the affection runs both ways. Any notion that Lady Gaga is sketching an elaborate stunt is stopped cold at the lyric sheet, a perverse flaunting of simplicity that betrays no cynicism whatsoever."[26] Pitchfork Media ranked "Paparazzi" number 83 on their list of 2009's 100 best tracks.[27] NME ranked it at number 9 in their list of the best songs of 2009.[28]

Chart performance
Gaga opening The Fame Ball Tour (2009) with "Paparazzi"

In the United States, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 74 on the issue dated September 12, 2009, and reached a peak of number six, becoming her fourth consecutive top-ten single on the chart.[29] With the song, Gaga joined Christina Aguilera, Beyoncé, and Fergie as the only women this decade to collect four Hot 100 top-tens from a debut album.[30] It also reached the top of Billboard's Pop Songs chart, thus making Gaga the first artist in the 17-year history of Pop Songs chart to have her first four singles from a debut album reach the top of the chart.[31] The song also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart.[32] As of February 2018, it has sold 3.6 million digital downloads in the United States according to Nielsen Soundscan.[33] It became Gaga's fourth song to top the three-million mark, and was certified five-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[34][35] "Paparazzi" debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92 and moved up to number 57 the following week becoming the week's greatest digital gainer.[36] The song ultimately peaked at number three on the chart, in its 13th week.[37]

"Paparazzi" debuted on the official Australian Singles Chart at number 73 on the issue dated June 1, 2009, and leaped to 27 the next week. The song ultimately peaked at number two, giving Gaga her fourth top five single in Australia.[38] The song was certified two-times Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 140,000 copies.[39] In New Zealand, "Paparazzi" debuted at number 23 on the week ending June 22, 2009, and reached a peak of number five.[40] The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) after 14 weeks on the chart, for shipping over 7,500 copies.[41]

In the UK, "Paparazzi" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 99 in February 2009 due to digital downloads after the release of The Fame. It reached number 13 for the issue dated June 21, 2009, after jumping from 43 to this position from the last week.[42] The next week the song further climbed to number eight and ultimately peaked at number four.[43][44] As of July 2022, the song has sold 942,000 copies in the UK with 39 million streams[45] and is certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).[46] "Paparazzi" debuted at number 38 on the Irish Singles Chart and peaked at number four.[47][48] "Paparazzi" reached number one in Germany, making it her second chart-topper there.[49] The song also debuted on the Dutch Top 40 at number 27 on the issue dated July 18, 2009. It peaked at number four on its sixth week on the chart.[50] In Italy, the song debuted at number 19 and then climbed to number three, becoming Gaga's second top three there.[51]

Music video

Development

The music video was directed by Swedish director, Jonas Åkerlund, who had previously directed music videos for artists like the Smashing Pumpkins, Madonna, Moby, Rammstein, and U2. His wife Bea Åkerlund was hired as Gaga's stylist for the video.[52] It was filmed on April 13 & 14, 2009 at Villa de León in Malibu, California, and at Chateau d'Or in Bel Air, Los Angeles.[53][54] Gaga told MTV News that she was satisfied with the finished version of the "Paparazzi" video, likening it to a short film.[55] In an interview with The Canadian Press on May 26, 2009, Gaga cited her video as "the most amazing creative work that [she's] put together so far."[56] She went on to describe the message of the video:

It has a real, genuine, powerful message about fame-whoring and death and the demise of the celebrity, and what that does to young people. The video explores ideas about sort of hyperbolic situations that people will go to in order to be famous. Most specifically, pornography and murder. These are some of the major themes in the video.[56]

Later, in her V magazine cover story, Gaga believed that Diana, Princess of Wales was referenced in the video, claiming she died because of being a martyr symbolic of fame.[57] The video was supposed to premiere on June 4, 2009, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, on Channel 4. However, while touring in Australia, Gaga posted a message on her Twitter account on May 29, 2009, saying "Stop leaking my motherf**king videos", which referred to the video being released without the singer's consent.[58]

Synopsis
Gaga wearing a metallic leotard—a reference to the film Metropolis (1927)—with matching helmet while attempting to walk with the help of crutches in the music video for "Paparazzi"

The music video is seven minutes long. Swedish actor Alexander Skarsgård plays Gaga's boyfriend. The video features a murderous plot line involving a doomed starlet who is constantly followed by photographers. The video opens with a shot of a seaside mansion, where Gaga and her boyfriend are shown lying on a bed talking in Swedish. They move to the balcony and start making out; however, when hidden photographers start taking pictures of them, Gaga realizes that her boyfriend has set the paparazzi to photograph her and tries to stop him. Her struggles nevertheless remain futile even when she punches him, and in a final frantic attempt at defense, she smashes a nearby bottle of liquor into his face. The enraged boyfriend throws her over the balcony. Gaga lies on the ground in her own blood as the photographers continue to take pictures of her bloody body and tabloid headlines proclaim that her career is over.[58] According to Rolling Stone, this scene pays homage to Alfred Hitchcock's film Vertigo (1958).[59]

Later, Gaga is shown getting out of a limousine, being carried by male dancers to a wheelchair. It is during this scene that the song starts.[60] As the dancers gyrate around her, she starts walking down the carpet with the help of a pair of crutches while wearing a metallic bustier and a matching helmet. The metallic outfit is a reference to the film Metropolis (1927). These scenes are interspersed with scenes of dead models lying around the mansion.[58] Next Gaga is shown on a golden couch where she makes out with a trio of hair metal rockers during the line "Loving you is cherry pie". The trio, which consist of the triplets Calle "Kelii" Landeberg, Nisse "Izzy" Landeberg, and Pelle "Rock" Landeberg are known as Snake of Eden and they are from the reality television dating program Daisy of Love.[60] According to MTV, this scene is a reference to the song "Cherry Pie" by American glam band Warrant. The video continues through the intermediate bridge with Gaga wearing a dress made up of film strips and a towering feathered Mohawk headdress.[58]

In the next scene, Gaga and her eye-patch wearing boyfriend are reading magazines on a sofa in a tea room. Gaga wears a yellow jumpsuit with circular glasses and shoulder pads. The Guardian compared this look with that of Minnie Mouse.[61] She finally takes her revenge on her boyfriend by discreetly poisoning his drink with white powder concealed in her ring. As he falls dead, Gaga calls 9-1-1 and declares that she just killed her boyfriend. The police arrive at the mansion and arrest Gaga who, wearing a tall ice cream cone corkscrew wig, walks to the police car as the paparazzi surround her once again.[58] Images flash by, with newspapers proclaiming her innocence and that Gaga is back in the spotlight and has regained her fame. The video ends with Gaga posing for mug shots like a fashion model while wearing a tulip shaped metallic dress similar to the single cover.

Reception

Rolling Stone writer Daniel Kreps compared the video with the 1992 music video for "November Rain" by Guns N' Roses. He described the scenes of the dead models as stomach-turning while complimenting the video for "brimming with cinematic style [so] that it's hard to take your eyes off it, though it will likely be labeled as a little self-indulgent." He also commented on the leaking of the video, saying that it "warranted more than just a simple leak; it deserved a red carpet."[59] Anna Pickard from The Guardian complimented the video saying that "quite a lot of work has gone into it". However, she opined that the video was too long.[61] Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review of the video, saying "it gives us even more of the next-level cuckoo we've come to expect from the girl born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta." The paparazzi theme of the video was compared to Britney Spears' 2004 music video, "Everytime".[60] MTV News called the video a "1940s romantic-epic-style video" that "proves once and for all that Gaga is a true original with a unique vision."[58] The video was nominated for five VMAs at the 2009 awards in the categories of Best Direction, Best Editing, Best Special Effects, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction. Along with four other nominations for "Poker Face", she and Beyoncé were tied for most nominations that year.[62] The video won the award for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects.[63] The music video for Gaga's single "Telephone" is a continuation of the "Paparazzi" music video, and is a short film as well. The video picks up right where "Paparazzi" left off; starting with Gaga in prison.[64]

Live performances

Gaga performed "Paparazzi" live on the UK program, The Album Chart Show on February 14, 2009, as promotion for The Fame.[65] The song was performed at Capital Radio 95.8 FM in an acoustic piano version on May 1, 2009.[66] On June 26, 2009, Gaga performed the song at the Glastonbury Festival emerging from a silver case on stage.[67] The song was a major part of Gaga's performance in her first headlining Fame Ball tour as the opening number of the setlist. The show started with a video intro called "The Heart" where Gaga played an alternate persona called Candy Warhol.[68] She wore a silver and black short skirt like a tutu and shaped like peplum on both sides.[69][70][71] She was surrounded by her dancers holding plates which were encrusted with crystals and completely hid them.[14][72] The stage was surrounded by mechanical fog and heavy lighting was being emitted from the background.[69][71]

Gaga performing "Paparazzi" on the 2010 leg of The Monster Ball Tour while getting attacked by the Angler fish

"Paparazzi" was performed at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, which began with Gaga lying on the floor, on a set that was described as an ornate mansion.[73] She stumbled across the stage and did choreographed dance moves, finally ending up playing a piano. The final chorus involved theatrical blood dripping from Gaga's ribcage as Gaga collapsed on the stage wailing in agony and one of the dancers gently lifted her. Gaga then hung lifeless with one hand rising above her dancers and blood smeared on her face with a golden halo being projected on the screen behind her.[73] Gaga dedicated the performance to her fans.[74] Ashley Laderer from Billboard opined that "this was the performance that really made Lady Gaga. It proved she was more than just a superficial pop star—she was an artist, and quite unlike one we'd ever seen before, a true force to be reckoned with."[75] Morgan Evans of Harper's Bazaar thought that Gaga's VMA performance "introduced the world to the darker, edgier side she would soon become known for."[76]

The song was performed by Gaga in a similar choreography at the thirty-fifth season of NBC's late night comedy show Saturday Night Live.[77] It was also present on the set list of Gaga's Monster Ball Tour (2009–2011). On the original version of the show, she wore multiple donned braided extensions and was perched atop a railing. From each of her braids, a dancer was attached on the stage. A backdrop of stars were shown during the performance.[78] During the revised Monster Ball shows, Gaga changed the concept and the performance of the song. She wore an emerald green dress by Thierry Mugler, and was attacked by a giant, mechanical Angler fish. Gaga then removed the dress to reveal a leotard of the same color and during the bridge she is lowered beneath the stage to acquire her pyro-technic bra. In the final chorus of the song Gaga returns and kills the monster with the sparks from the bra.[79] The song was part of the setlist of Gaga's 2012–2013 tour, the Born This Way Ball.[80] Gaga was notably absent from stage for the first two minutes of the song, and "Mother G.O.A.T.", a floating mechanical head performed it instead of her. Gaga then emerged on stage, and concluded the song while shooting the head, making it to cry blood.[81]

Gaga performing "Paparazzi" on the piano at her Jazz & Piano show (2022)

During the ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour (2014), Gaga performed "Paparazzi" dressed up in a polka-dotted rubber outfit with tentacles growing out around her waist and her head. Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone described her look as "she had an inflatable rubber order of fried calamari growing out of her spine",[82] while Adam Carlson from Billboard said that the outfit made Gaga look like a "dancing Ursula from The Little Mermaid ".[83] The song was added to the setlist of the Joanne World Tour (2017–2018), where she was wearing a red leather bodysuit and tassel leather boots, and the performance ended with a choreographed attack on Gaga by her dancers.[84][85]

"Paparazzi" was performed on Lady Gaga Enigma + Jazz & Piano (2018–2021), the singer's Las Vegas residency, which consist of two different shows. On the Enigma shows, she performs "Paparazzi" in a floating orb-like cage that is elevated above the audience,[86][87] while on the Jazz and Piano show, she performs it on the piano, with "the full orchestra kicking in with some apropos suspense-movie chase music".[88] Talking about the latter, John Katsilometes of the Las Vegas Review-Journal argued that "a live version of that song in Vegas would be a hit single", saying that the "raging" performance "always jolts the crowd to a standing ovation".[89]

Track listing

Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Fame.[11]

Charts

Certifications and sales
Region CertificationCertified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[39] 2× Platinum 140,000^
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[156] Gold 15,000^
France — 120,000[157]
Germany (BVMI)[158] Platinum 300,000
Italy (FIMI)[159] Platinum 20,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[41] Gold 7,500*
Sweden (GLF)[160] Gold 10,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[161] Gold 15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[46] Platinum 942,000[45]
United States (RIAA)[35] 5× Platinum 3,600,000[33]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Release history
Release dates and formats for "Paparazzi"
Region Date Format Version Label Ref.
British Isles July 6, 2009 Digital download Original Interscope [162]
United Kingdom CD single
  • Original
  • Filthy Dukes remix
 Polydor [90]
Australia July 10, 2009 Interscope [91]
Italy Radio airplay Original Universal [163]
United States September 1, 2009 Rhythmic radio Interscope [164]
September 8, 2009 Contemporary hit radio [165]
Various Digital download The Remixes [166]
Germany September 11, 2009 CD single Original [167]
Various September 29, 2009 Digital download The Remixes Part Deux [168]
France December 7, 2009 CD single Original Polydor [169]

See also
  • List of best-selling singles of the 2000s (Australia)
  • List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2009
  • List of number-one songs of the 2000s (Czech Republic)
  • List of number-one hits of 2009 (Germany)
  • List of number-one dance singles of 2009 (U.S.)
  • List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2009

References
  1. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi – The Remixes CD single" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  2. "Paparazzi (The Remixes) – Lady Gaga – iTunes Remix EP". United States: iTunes Store. Archived from the original on November 16, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  3. Herbert, Emily (2010). Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop. John Blake Publishing. pp. 67–74. ISBN 978-1-84454-963-4.
  4. Kaufman, Gil (March 19, 2010). "Lady Gaga/ Rob Fusari Lawsuit: A Closer Look – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  5. "Lady Gaga Sued By Producer Rob Fusari". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  6. Gregory, Jason (May 28, 2009). "Lady GaGa gets naked for Rolling Stone cover shoot". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  7. Resende, Sasha (December 9, 2009). "Lady Gaga unleashes an electro-pop 'Monster'". The Michigan Daily. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  8. "Interview With RedOne". HitQuarters. March 23, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  9. Hiatt, Brian (June 11, 2009). "Lady Gaga, New York Doll". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  10. Hutchinson, Jane (June 21, 2009). "Radio GaGa". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
  11. Germanotta, Stefani (2008). The Fame (CD liner notes). Lady Gaga. Interscope Records.
  12. Sawdey, Evan (January 12, 2009). "Lady GaGa > The Fame". PopMatters. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  13. Zaleski, Annie (November 24, 2009). "Lady Gaga: The Fame Monster". Las Vegas Weekly. Archived from the original on May 6, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  14. Saxberg, Lynn (March 28, 2009). "Concert Review: Lady Gaga's Fame Ball". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  15. Rosen, Craig (March 16, 2009). "Lady GaGa wows with big beats, bluesy surprises". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  16. "Lady Gaga 'Paparazzi' Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com. Alfred Publishing. 2008. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  17. Hogwood, Ben (January 12, 2009). "Lady Gaga – The Fame". MusicOMH. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  18. Hobart, Erika (March 21, 2009). "Some Like It Pop". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  19. "The Ultimate Ranking of Lady Gaga's Catalogue". Rolling Stone. May 28, 2011. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  20. Menze, Jill (May 4, 2009). "Lady Gaga / May 2, 2009 / New York (Terminal 5)". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  21. Petridis, Alex (January 9, 2009). "Lady Gaga: The Fame". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  22. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (September 8, 2008). "The Fame > Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  23. Elan, Priya (January 10, 2009). "The Big CD: Lady GaGa – The Fame". The Times. London. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  24. Balls, David (June 15, 2009). "Lady GaGa: 'Paparazzi'". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  25. Du Lac, Freedom (October 28, 2008). "'Fame' Isn't Worth Getting GaGa Over". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 3, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  26. Caramanica, Jon (January 3, 2009). "An Artist Whose Chief Work Is Herself". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  27. Troussé, Stephen (December 14, 2009). "The Top 100 Tracks of 2009". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  28. "Best Albums and Tracks of 2009". NME. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  29. Pietroluongo, Silvio (October 8, 2009). "Jay Sean leads packed Hot 100 Top Five". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  30. Trust, Gary (September 24, 2009). "Chart Beat Thursday: Live-Blogging The Hot 100". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
  31. Trust, Gary (November 3, 2009). "Lady Gaga Sets Latest Billboard Chart Record". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  32. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  33. Trust, Gary (February 25, 2018). "Ask Billboard: Lady Gaga's Career Sales, The Biggest No. 2 Hits & Ed Sheeran's Latest Chart Record". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  34. Grein, Paul (May 11, 2011). "Week Ending May 8, 2011. Songs: Rolling In The Dough". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  35. "American single certifications – Lady Gaga – Paparazzi". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  36. "Canadian Hot 100: Biggest Jump". Billboard. June 27, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
  37. "Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. September 12, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  38. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  39. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2009 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  40. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  41. "Latest Gold / Platinum Singles". Radioscope. August 21, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  42. Sexton, Paul (June 15, 2009). "Kasabian, Pixie Lott Debut Atop U.K. Charts". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
  43. Sexton, Paul (June 22, 2009). "Dave Guetta, Kelly Rowland Song 'Takes Over' U.K. Singles Chart". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 16, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
  44. "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  45. "Lady Gaga's Official Top 40 biggest songs in the UK". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  46. "British single certifications – Lady Gaga – Paparazzi". British Phonographic Industry.
  47. "Chart Track: Week 20, 2009". Irish Singles Chart. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  48. "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Paparazzi". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
  49. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  50. "Nederlandse Top 40 – Lady Gaga" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  51. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi". Top Digital Download. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  52. Odell, Amy (June 9, 2009). "Lady Gaga's Stylist Demystifies the Most Amazing Job Ever". New York. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  53. Blake, Lindsay (April 30, 2015). "Scene It Before: Villa de Leon from The Gambler". Los Angeles. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  54. Steeples, Matthew (October 16, 2012). "Tarred by Paparazzi". The Steeple Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  55. Vena, Jocelyn; Elias, Matt (May 11, 2009). "Lady Gaga 'Very Pleased' With New Music Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
  56. Patch, Nick (May 26, 2009). "Lady Gaga announced as performer at MuchMusic Video Awards in June". The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on January 19, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
  57. Vena, Jocelyn (September 2, 2009). "Lady Gaga Inspired By Princess Diana, Faith No More". MTV. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
  58. Kaufman, Gil (May 29, 2009). "Lady Gaga Angry That Epic 'Paparazzi' Video Leaked". MTV. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  59. Kreps, Daniel (May 29, 2009). "Lady Gaga's Sexy, Cinematic "Paparazzi" Video Hits the Web". Rolling Stone. ISSN 0035-791X. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
  60. Semigran, Aly (May 29, 2009). "Lady GaGa's new 'Paparazzi' video/mini-movie: We have no words". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 17, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  61. Pickard, Anna (June 4, 2009). "Lady GaGa – Paparazzi". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
  62. "Beyonce and Lady Gaga Tied With Nine '2009 MTV Video Music Awards' Nominations While Britney Spears Comes In a Close Second With Seven Nods". PR Newswire. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
  63. "2009 MTV Video Music Awards Winners". MTV. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
  64. "On Air with Ryan Seacrest – Lady Gaga". On Air with Ryan Seacrest. February 5, 2010. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
  65. "Paparazzi – The Album Chart show: Series 12, Episode 17". The Album Chart Show. February 14, 2009. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.
  66. "Lady GaGa performing "Paparazzi" Live on Capitol Radio, London". The Insider. May 1, 2009. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
  67. "Lady GaGa spits fire from her breasts at Glastonbury". NME. June 26, 2009. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
  68. Piccoli, Sean (April 9, 2009). "Lady Gaga's larger-than-life stage show shrinks without a band". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  69. Harrington, Jim (March 16, 2009). "Lady Gaga delivers crazy dance-pop show". Mercury News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  70. Downing, Andy (March 26, 2009). "Lady Gaga delights". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  71. Pastorek, Whitney (March 14, 2009). "Lady GaGa live in L.A.: EW photo blog!". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 3, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  72. Rosen, Craig (March 15, 2009). "Lady GaGa wows with big beats, bluesy surprises". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  73. Kaufman, Gil (September 13, 2009). "Lady Gaga Lets It Bleed During Eye-Popping VMA Performance". MTV. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
  74. Kreps, Daniel (September 14, 2009). "Lady Gaga Dedicates VMAs Performance to Her Fans: Inside the Afterparties". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  75. Laderer, Ashley (March 28, 2018). "Lady Gaga's 32 Best Live Performances for Her 32nd Birthday: Critic's Picks". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  76. Evans, Morgan (January 31, 2017). "Lady Gaga's 10 Most Amazing Live Performances". Harper's Bazaar. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  77. Aswad, Jem (October 5, 2009). "Lady Gaga, Madonna Catfight, Almost Kiss On 'Saturday Night Live'". MTV News. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
  78. Powers, Ann (December 13, 2009). "Frank talk with Lady Gaga". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
  79. Bourne, Dianne (February 18, 2010). "Lady Gaga launches Monster Ball tour at MEN Arena". Manchester Evening News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
  80. Copsey, Robert (September 11, 2012). "Lady GaGa, The Darkness at 'Born This Way Ball' Review". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  81. Zemler, Emily (January 22, 2013). "Lady Gaga Overstimulates, Preaches to the Choir at Staples Center: Concert Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
  82. Sheffield, Rob (April 23, 2014). "Lady Gaga's Live Artflop: NYC Ghosts and Flowers". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  83. Carlson, Adam (May 7, 2014). "Lady Gaga's artRAVE: The ARTPOP Ball Shape-Shifts Through Atlanta". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  84. Atkinson, Katie (September 10, 2017). "Lady Gaga Brings All Her Pop-Star Personas to One Stage for Joanne World Tour Stop in Los Angeles". Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  85. Yeo, Michele (August 30, 2017). "Lady Gaga's Joanne Tour Costumes. Leather, Fringe, and Cowboy Boots, Oh My!". Entertainment Tonight Canada. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  86. Barlow, Eve (December 30, 2018). "A Star Is Born Again: Lady Gaga's Vegas Residency Dazzles". Vulture.com. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  87. Spanos, Brittany (December 29, 2018). "Review: Lady Gaga Maintains 'Poker Face' During Stellar Vegas Debut". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  88. Willman, Chris (January 21, 2019). "Concert Review: Lady Gaga Outdoes Her Other Vegas Show With Masterful 'Jazz & Piano'". Variety. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  89. Katsilometes, John (October 15, 2021). "Lady Gaga — and Stefani — jazz it up in Strip return". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  90. "Lady Gaga 'Paparazzi': UK CD Single". United Kingdom. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  91. "Australian release date". Musicshop.com.au. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  92. "Paparazzi (The Remixes) – Lady Gaga – iTunes Remix EP". Canada: iTunes Store. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  93. "Paparazzi (The Remixes) – Lady Gaga – iTunes Remix EP". Australia: iTunes Store. Archived from the original on November 24, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  94. "Paparazzi (The Remixes) – Lady Gaga – iTunes Remix EP". France: iTunes Store. Archived from the original on November 20, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  95. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi – UK iTunes Remix EP". United Kingdom: iTunes Store. Archived from the original on January 20, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  96. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi – Ireland iTunes Remix EP". Ireland: iTunes Store. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  97. "Paparazzi (The Remixes Part Deux) – EP by Lady GaGa". United States: iTunes Store. Archived from the original on March 9, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  98. "Paparazzi 'The Remixes' CD". Interscope Records. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  99. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi – French iTunes Remix EP" (in French). France: iTunes Store. Archived from the original on November 20, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  100. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi – German iTunes Remix EP" (in Dutch). Germany: iTunes Store. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  101. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  102. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  103. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  104. "Brazil Hot 100 Airplay". Billboard Brasil (in Portuguese). Brazil. 79 (2). March 1, 2010.
  105. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  106. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Canada AC)". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  107. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  108. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  109. "Top Lista Hrvatskog Radija". Croatian Radiotelevision. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  110. "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 200949 into search. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  111. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi". Tracklisten. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  112. "Lady GaGa Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. European Hot 100 for Lady Gaga. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  113. "Lady Gaga: Paparazzi" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  114. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  115. "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  116. "Media Forest: Airplay chart: Week 33, 2009" (in Hebrew). Media Forest. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  117. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Luxembourg Digital Song Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  118. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  119. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Portugal Digital Song Sales)". Billboard.
  120. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi (Demo Full Remix)(listen to the song, watch the music video)". Tophi. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  121. "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  122. "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200938 into search. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  123. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  124. "Gaon Digital Chart: Week 3, 2010". Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  125. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi". Singles Top 100. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  126. "Lady Gaga – Paparazzi". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  127. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  128. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  129. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  130. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  131. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  132. "Lady Gaga Chart History (Hot Dance/Electronic Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  133. "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  134. "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2009". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on November 12, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  135. "2009 Year End Austrian Singles Chart". Ö3 Austria Top 40. 2009. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
  136. "Jaaroverzichten 2009 (Flanders)" (in Dutch). Ultratop. 2009. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
  137. "Rapports Annuels 2009 (Wallonia)" (in French). Ultratop. 2009. Archived from the original on January 31, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
  138. "Charts Year End: Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. December 31, 2009. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  139. "2009 Charts Year End: European Hot 100 Singles". Billboard. December 31, 2009. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  140. "2009 French Year-end" (PDF) (in French). SNEP. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
  141. "Viva Single Jahreschart 2009". MTV. December 31, 2009. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  142. "Éves összesített listák – MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 (súlyozott)". Mahasz. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013.
  143. "Classifiche annuali dei nel 2009" (in Italian). Federation of the Italian Music Industry. January 19, 2010. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
  144. "2009 Dutch Top 40 Year End". MegaCharts. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
  145. "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2009". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  146. "2009 Annual Single Chart: RMNZ". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  147. "Airplay Detection Tophit 200 Yearly – 2009". Tophit. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  148. "2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart". Swiss Music Charts. 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
  149. "Radio 1 to reveal best-selling singles and". BBC. December 31, 2009. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  150. "Charts Year End: The Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. December 31, 2009. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  151. "Charts Year End: European Hot 100 Singles". Billboard. December 31, 2009. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  152. "Top Singles - SNEP". SNEP. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  153. "The Billboard Hot 100 2010 Year End". Billboard. December 8, 2010. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
  154. "2010 Year-End Billboard Adult Contemporary Songs". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  155. McCabe, Kathy (January 7, 2010). "Delta Goodrem's talents top the charts". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  156. "Certificeringer marts – maj 2010" (in Danish). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. June 1, 2010. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  157. Hamard, Jonathan (May 16, 2015). PureMédias (ed.). "Lady Gaga : quels sont les plus gros tubes de la popstar en France ?" (in French). Charts in France. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  158. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Lady Gaga; 'Paparazzi')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  159. "Italian single certifications – Lady Gaga – Paparazzi" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved September 28, 2011. Select "2009" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Paparazzi" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
  160. "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2009" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  161. "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Lady Gaga; 'Paparazzi')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  162. Sexton, Paul (May 28, 2009). "Green Day Rises To European Chart Summit". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
  163. "EarOne | Radio Date, le novita musicali della settimana" (in Italian). EarOne. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  164. "FMQB: Radio Industry News, Music Insudtry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and More!". Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  165. "Available For Airplay". FMQB. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
  166. "Paparazzi (The Remixes) – EP by Lady GaGa". September 8, 2009. Archived from the original on November 16, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2021 – via Apple Music.
  167. "German CD single". Bravado.de. September 11, 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
  168. "Paparazzi (The Remixes Part Deux) – EP by Lady GaGa". September 29, 2009. Archived from the original on March 9, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2021 – via Apple Music.
  169. "French CD single". Fnac. December 7, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.