Portal 2

The Portal series shares a fictional universe with the Half-Life series. The events in Portal take place between the first and second Half-Life games,[21] while most of Portal 2 is set "a long time after" the events in Portal and Half-Life 2.[22]

Before Portal, Aperture Science conducted experiments to determine whether human subjects could safely navigate dangerous "test chambers", until the artificial intelligence GLaDOS, governing the laboratory, killed its employees. At the end of the first game, the protagonist Chell destroys GLaDOS and momentarily escapes the facility, but is dragged back inside by an unseen figure later identified by writer Erik Wolpaw as the "Party Escort Bot".[23] A promotional comic shows estranged Aperture Science employee Doug Rattmann, who used graffiti to guide the player in Portal, placing Chell into suspended animation to save her life, until the beginning of Portal 2.

In the Aperture Science facility, Chell wakes in a stasis chamber resembling a motel room. The complex has become dilapidated and is on the verge of collapse. Wheatley (Stephen Merchant), a personality core, guides her through old test chambers from the first game in an attempt to escape.[24][25] They accidentally reactivate the dormant GLaDOS (Ellen McLain),[2] who separates Chell from Wheatley and begins rebuilding the laboratory.[26][27]

Wheatley attaches GLaDOS's core personality to a potato battery while he takes over the Aperture Science facility.

GLaDOS subjects Chell to new tests until Wheatley helps her escape again. They sabotage Aperture's manufacturing plants, then confront GLaDOS and perform a core transfer; replacing her with Wheatley as the laboratory's controller. Wheatley, driven mad with power, attaches GLaDOS's personality core to a potato battery. GLaDOS tells Chell that Wheatley was designed as an "intelligence dampening sphere" producing illogical thoughts, created to hamper her own intelligence.[28] Infuriated, Wheatley accidentally drops Chell and GLaDOS through an elevator shaft to the laboratories' abandoned lowest levels.

Chell retrieves the potato battery and they form a reluctant partnership to stop Wheatley before his incompetence destroys the facility. Ascending through laboratories built in the 1950s, 60s, 70s and 80s, they discover audio recordings by Aperture Science founder Cave Johnson (J. K. Simmons).[29] The recordings reveal how Aperture slowly lost money and prestige, and that Johnson was poisoned by moon dust used to manufacture portal-conductive surfaces.[30] His last request was for the mind of his assistant Caroline (McLain) to be transferred—by force, if necessary—to an advanced computer designed to store a human consciousness, which he had previously commissioned for himself, creating GLaDOS. GLaDOS is troubled by the discovery.[30]

Chell and GLaDOS return to higher levels and navigate Wheatley's distorted test chambers, where they discover the facility is on the verge of collapse.[31] Chell attaches three corrupted personality cores (Nolan North)[32] to Wheatley to force another core exchange and restore GLaDOS as its controller. However, Wheatley destroys the button needed to start the transfer, and the facility is close to self-destruction. When the roof collapses, Chell places a portal on the Moon. She and Wheatley are pulled into the vacuum of space while GLaDOS reasserts her control. Chell holds on to Wheatley who is still attached to the other side of the portal. GLaDOS detaches Wheatley, sending him into space and retrieves Chell.[33][34] When Chell awakens, GLaDOS claims to have learned of humanity from the remnants of Caroline,[34] but deletes Caroline's personality.[35] Deciding that Chell is not worth the trouble of killing, GLaDOS frees her from the facility.[36]

In a post-credits scene, Wheatley, still trapped in space along with another core, voices his regrets about betraying Chell.

The cooperative story takes place after the single-player campaign, but players are not required to play them in order.[37] Player characters ATLAS and P-Body are bipedal robots who navigate test chambers together, each with a fully functioning portal gun. After completing a test chamber, the robots are disassembled and reassembled at the next chamber. After completing each set, they are returned to a central hub. The puzzles in each set of tests focus on a specific element or puzzle-solving technique. In the first four sets, GLaDOS prepares the robots to venture outside of the test systems of Aperture Laboratories to recover data disks. She destroys the characters and restores their memories to new bodies. At first, GLaDOS is excited about her non-human test subjects, but later becomes dissatisfied because the two robots cannot truly die, and at one point also gets uncomfortable with their close partnership.[38] At the end of the story, the robots gain entry to "the Vault", where humans are stored in stasis.[31] GLaDOS gives thanks to the robots on locating the humans, whom she sees as new test subjects, and the game ends.[38]

The robots are reactivated by GLaDOS one week after the original co-op campaign, during which GLaDOS has already wiped out all of the found test subjects after attempting to turn them into "killing machines". The robots are sent to find a saboteur that has taken control of a prototype central core and is causing problems in the facility. The saboteur is revealed to be a bird pecking at the console's keyboard, which sends GLaDOS into a panic when she recognizes it as the one who tried to eat her during her time as a potato battery. The robots manage to shoo away the bird, earning a rare compliment from GLaDOS before she notices eggs in its nest. Instead of having them smashed, GLaDOS has the eggs taken to her chamber so that she can raise the baby birds to be her killing machines.

Initially, Valve planned to exclude portals from Portal 2. For five months, they focused on a gameplay mechanic called "F-Stop"; Valve did not discuss the specifics of the idea as they may use it in a future game.[46][47] In 2020, developer LunchHouse Software revealed they were using Valve's F-Stop code in their upcoming game Exposure. The mechanic was based on an "Aperture Camera", with which users could take photos of objects, store the object in a camera, and then replace it while rotating or scaling it.[48][49] Valve's F-Stop game was set in the 1980s, and would not have featured Chell or GLaDOS; instead, it followed a new test subject involved in a conflict within Aperture after Johnson, in an attempt to reach immortality, uploaded himself into an artificial intelligence and took control of a robot army.[11] Though the playtesters liked F-Stop, they expressed disappointment at the omission of portals.[47] Based on the playtesting feedback, Newell directed the team to reconsider direction around October 2008.[11]

Several test chambers from Portal (top) reappear in Portal 2 (bottom), decayed by the passage of time.

Valve did not aim to make Portal 2 more difficult than Portal, but instead to produce "a game where you think your way through particular parts of the level, and feel really smart when you solve it".[27] To allow players to learn the game rules incrementally, Valve designed two basic types of test chamber: one, which Valve called "checklisting", provides a safe environment for the player to experiment with a new concept, while the other combines elements in new ways to force the player to think laterally.

Test chambers began as isometric drawings on whiteboard. The developers ran a sanity check before crafting simple levels with the Hammer Editor, Valve's level construction tool. Iterative playtesting ensured the solutions were neither too obvious nor too difficult; playtesters sometimes discovered alternative solutions, which the team removed if they were considered too easy.[50]

Valve aimed to teach new players the portal mechanics while still entertaining experienced players.[33] To this end, they streamlined some elements; for example, the moving energy balls of Portal were replaced with lasers, which provide immediate feedback.[33] To evoke a sense of nostalgia and time having passed between the games, Valve included test chambers from the original Portal; they used higher-resolution textures supported by the improved game engine, and applied decay, collapse and overgrowth effects.[51]

The middle section of the single-player campaign takes place in large spaces where few portals can be placed, forcing players to find creative ways to cross.[31] The architecture in these sections was inspired by photographs of industrial complexes such as CERN, NASA, and the abandoned Soviet space program.[52] When Wheatley controls the Aperture facility, the designers "had a blast" creating deranged chambers reflecting Wheatley's stupidity.[53] As solving constant puzzles would tire players, the designers inserted occasional "experiences" to provide respite and advance the plot.[54]

Portal 2 features gels that impart special properties to surfaces or objects they touch. Here, blue Repulsion Gel causes the painted turrets to bounce off any surface.

The Repulsion (jumping) and Propulsion (running) gels in Portal 2 originated in Tag: The Power of Paint. Valve hired the Tag creators to develop the idea further and later decided to include it in Portal 2.[36] Journalists have likened Tag to Narbacular Drop, the DigiPen student project that inspired Portal.[55][56][57] As the third Tag gel, which allows the character to walk on any surface regardless of gravity, gave playtesters motion sickness, it was replaced by Conversion gel, which integrates with the portal mechanic.[58] The gels give the player more control over the environment, which increased the challenge for the puzzle designers.[50] The gels are rendered using fluid dynamics routines specially developed at Valve by the former Tag Team.[11][23] Rendering techniques developed for Left 4 Dead 2 were used to render pools of liquid; Portal 2 combines "flowing" surface maps to mimic the motion of water with "debris flow" maps and random noise to create realistic, real-time rendering of water effects.[59]

The cooperative mode originated from players' requests and from anecdotes of players working together on the same computer or console to solve the game's puzzles. Wolpaw likened this to players working together on the same computer to solve point-and-click adventure games.[27][36][60] The cooperative campaign was also inspired by Valve's Left 4 Dead cooperative games, in which players enjoyed discussing their personal experiences with the game when they had finished playing it.[4]

While the single player campaign in Portal 2 is designed to avoid frustrating the player, the cooperative levels focus on coordination and communication, and Valve recognizes they are much more difficult than the single-player puzzles.[61] Valve did not include timed puzzles in the single-player campaigns in Portal and Portal 2, but found that their inclusion in the cooperative mode is effective and gives players a positive feeling after they successfully plan and execute difficult maneuvers.[3]

Each puzzle chamber in the cooperative mode requires actions from both players. As soon as a playtester discovered a way to complete a puzzle with one set of portals, the level was sent back to the designers for further work.[3][23] With few exceptions, Valve designed the chambers so that both players would remain in sight of each other to promote communication and cooperation. Some of the puzzle chambers were designed asymmetrically; one player would manipulate portals and controls to allow the other player to cross the room, emphasizing that the two characters, while working together, are separate entities.[3] The designers soon realized that the ability to tag surfaces with instructional icons for one's partner was a necessary element, since they found this to be more effective for cooperation than simple, verbal instructions.[36]

Valve considered a competitive mode. According to Wolpaw, the mode was similar to the video game Speedball;[62] one team would try to transport a ball from one side of the playing field to the other using portals, while the other team would attempt to stop them with their own use of portals. Matches would commence with this objective in mind, but quickly descended into chaos. Valve realized that people enjoyed solving puzzles with portals more and therefore they focused on the cooperative mode.[63]

Writers Jay Pinkerton (left), Erik Wolpaw, and Chet Faliszek at the 2012 Game Developers Conference receiving the "Best Narrative" award for Portal 2

Wolpaw and ex-National Lampoon writer Jay Pinkerton wrote the single-player story, while Left 4 Dead writer Chet Faliszek wrote GLaDOS's lines for the cooperative campaign.[2][64] The game has 13,000 lines of dialogue.[65] The writers felt they needed to create a larger story for a stand-alone title, and wanted the game to "feel relatively intimate", and avoided adding too many new characters.[64] They considered expanding the "sterility and dryness" of Portal and adding more comedy to the script. Wolpaw said that while some developers have been moving towards art games, no one had made a comedic video game.[64] The game's story development was tightly coordinated with the gameplay development and testing.[66][67]

The developers initially envisioned a prequel set in the 1950s, long before GLaDOS took over the Aperture Science facility, with events set in motion when Aperture CEO Cave Johnson is put into a computer, only to realize it was a mistake.[47] Johnson would have led an army of robots, which would battle against the player to rise to power within Aperture.[11][46] In June 2008, based on information from a casting call website and leaked script samples, Kotaku reported that Valve was seeking voice actors to play Johnson, named him as an AI and identified the game as a prequel.[68][69] Valve attributed this leak to an "overeager agent".[11] Following negative playtester feedback about the omission of Chell and GLaDOS, Portal 2 was re-conceived as a sequel. The team returned to the idea of exploring parts of the facility from Aperture's early days, and reincorporated Johnson through a series of recordings.[11]

The writers originally conceived several premature joke game endings if the player performed certain actions, but these required too much development effort for little payback and were scrapped. One of these joke endings was triggered by shooting a portal onto the moon's surface, after which the player's character would die from asphyxiation over a closing song, but the idea of creating a portal on the moon was incorporated into the game's final ending.[33] The writers planned that Chell would say a single word during the ending, but this was not considered funny enough.[70] In an early version of the script, Chell finds a lost "tribe" of turrets looking for their leader, a huge "Animal King" turret which can be seen in in-game videos of the retail product. As a reward, the Animal King would have married Chell to a turret, which would have followed Chell around the game without visible movement.[67] The cooperative campaign was planned to feature a more detailed storyline, in which GLaDOS would send two robots to discover human artifacts, such as a comic based on a pastiche of Garfield. The writers hoped to use this idea to make the robots human-like for testing purposes, but recognized that unlike the captive audience of the single-player campaign, the two players in cooperative mode may simply talk over the story, and thus the story was condensed into very basic elements.[70]

Wolpaw said that while many story elements of Portal are revisited in Portal 2, he avoided some of the memes—such as the frequently repeated "the cake is a lie". He said, "if you thought you were sick of the memes, I was sick of it way ahead of you".[71] Wolpaw "couldn't resist putting in just one" cake joke.[5] The writers did not try to predict or write new memes, and Wolpaw said, "you can't really plan for [dialogue to become a meme] because if you do it probably seems weird and forced".[72] Portal 2 produced its own memes, including a space-obsessed personality core.[73] Valve later created a Space Core modification for the game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (see below), and the Space Core also appeared as a laser-based engraving on a panel manufactured by NASA for the International Space Station.[74]

The writers saw Aperture Science itself as a character. It is depicted as a "living, breathing place",[36] and "a science company that's gone mad with science."[75] In the Lab Rat comic, the facility is described as a "beautiful and terrible" place, "a metastasized amalgam of add-ons, additions and appropriations. Building itself out of itself."[76]

Richard McCormick of PlayStation 3 Magazine identified several elements of Portal 2's story that reference the myth of Prometheus; McCormick wrote that GLaDOS is a personification of Prometheus, who grants knowledge to humanity—in the form of the portal gun—and is then punished by being bound to a rock, pecked at by birds, and is cast into the pits of Tartarus. McCormick also likens Wheatley to Prometheus' foolish brother Epimetheus. Within the game, a turret makes reference to the Prometheus myth, the word "Tartarus" is visible on the supporting columns in the depths of Aperture Science, and a portrait of Cave and Caroline also shows Aeschylus, the presumed author of Prometheus Bound.[77] Journalists and players have also found connections between Portal 2 and Half-Life 2. As an easter egg, a hidden area in Portal 2 contains the empty dry dock of Aperture Science's cargo ship, the Borealis, which is found during Half-Life 2: Episode Two to have been stranded in the Arctic as a result of a teleportation experiment.[77][78]

J. K. Simmons voices Cave Johnson, the eccentric CEO of Aperture Science.

Though Portal 2 introduced some new characters, the writers wanted to maintain the one-on-one relationships between each character and the player-character.[79] Valve explored the possibility of introducing a new protagonist for Portal 2. The playtesters accepted playing as a different character for the first part of the game, but they became disoriented when GLaDOS did not recognize them. The writers returned to using Chell, the protagonist of Portal.[80] Valve artists experimented with Chell's attire, and considered changing her (ambiguous) nationality.[81] They returned to the orange "dehumanizing" jumpsuit from Portal with the top tied around Chell's waist to enhance her freedom of movement and help her "stand out more as an individual".[82] PSM3 called the new look "controversially sexy".[83] As in the first game, Chell's facial appearance is based on that of voice actress Alésia Glidewell.[83] Chell continues her role as a silent observer, as the straight man in response to the insanity around her and refuses to give her antagonists any satisfaction.[84]

As part of her character arc, the plot moves GLaDOS from her anger with Chell for her actions in Portal, which Wolpaw said "was going to get old pretty quick", to an internal struggle.[36] The reuse of McLain's voice led to the creation of a backstory and subplot about GLaDOS's creation.[64] The writers panicked when they realized that their plans to have Chell and GLaDOS play off each other would only work if both players spoke. To remedy this, they created the Caroline subplot to give GLaDOS an external situation to deal with and to drive the story during the middle act of the game.[85]

The writers considered introducing about six personality cores stored in portable spheres,[86] whose main function would be story advancement.[19] They planned cores based on Morgan Freeman's character Red from The Shawshank Redemption[87] and Quint from Jaws,[11] among others. Ultimately they decided to concentrate on a single core, Wheatley,[86] recycling three of the rejected cores in the final boss fight.[87][88] Karen Prell, a veteran performer for the Muppets, led the animation team for Wheatley and the other personality cores.[11]

Pictures of Cave Johnson, based on the face of lead animator Bill Fletcher, appear throughout Portal 2.[58] Though comparisons have been made between Johnson and Andrew Ryan, the wealthy industrialist who created the fictional underwater city of Rapture in BioShock, Wolpaw says the writers did not consider this character while creating Johnson.[79] The two robotic characters provide some amusing death scenes in the cooperative mode, such as struggling while being crushed by a lowering ceiling.[61] The artists thought the look of the robots would help tell the story, and the fact that they are holding hands emphasizes the cooperative mode.[81] "Expressive noises" and mannerisms are used in place of distinguishable dialogue, and the robotic characters were designed as a double-act, similar to Laurel and Hardy.[7][79][60][89]

Stephen Merchant voices Wheatley, a personality core.

GLaDOS returns from Portal as a major character and the game's antagonist, and is voiced by Ellen McLain.[90] The writers found that they needed another character to play off Johnson, but did not want to hire another voice actor. Having already recruited McLain to play GLaDOS, they asked her to provide the voice for Caroline, Cave Johnson's assistant.[79] Wheatley is voiced by Stephen Merchant; early demonstrations at trade shows used the voice of Valve animator Richard Lord.[11][91][92] The writers wrote Wheatley's lines with Merchant in mind, citing his unique "vocal silhouette" and his ability to ad lib in a "frantic" manner.[4] They had assumed that Merchant would be unavailable and contacted The IT Crowd's writer Graham Linehan to try to get Richard Ayoade, but then discovered that Merchant was interested.[5] Merchant spent around sixteen hours recording lines and was given freedom to improvise.[23][29]

J. K. Simmons voices Cave Johnson, Aperture Science's founder and CEO.[93] Simmons's selection helped to solidify the character's development.[23] The robots' voices were provided by Dee Bradley Baker, who had performed similar robotic voices for the Star Wars: The Clone Wars media.[94]

In the cooperative campaign, a separate story involves two robotic characters and GLaDOS. The designers initially planned to use Chell and a new human character called "Mel". GLaDOS' dialogue would play off the humans' "image issues", and this aspect was retained after the designers switched to using robots.[61] GLaDOS seems troubled by the robots' cooperation, and tries to aggravate their relationship through psychological tactics, such as praising one robot over the other.[7] Valve initially considered having GLaDOS deliver separate lines to each player, but they found this to be a significant effort for minimal benefit. The writers also tried adding lines for GLaDOS that would encourage the players to compete against each other for rewards, such as meaningless points, but playtesters did not respond well.[3] Faliszek said that in cooperative games, it can be difficult to deliver key dialogue or in-game events to players, who may not be looking in the right direction at the right time. Instead, using their experience from previous games, Faliszek and Wolpaw kept the story and key comedic lines short, and repeated them frequently.[95]

Portal 2 contains both scored and procedurally generated music created by Valve's composer, Mike Morasky,[58][96] and two songs; "Want You Gone" recorded by Jonathan Coulton, used on the final credits of the single-player mode,[97] and "Exile Vilify" by the National, used in the background of one of the Rat Man's dens.[94][98][99] The full soundtrack "Songs to Test By", containing most of the songs in the game, was released as three free downloads between May and September 2011,[100][101] and later in October 2012 as a retail Collector's Edition, including the soundtrack from Portal.[102]

In January 2008, Valve spokesman Doug Lombardi told Eurogamer, "There'll be more Portal, for sure",[103] and Portal designer Kim Swift confirmed that work on Portal 2 would begin the following month.[104] Swift said that a multiplayer mode in Portal was "technically possible",[105] but that it was "less fun than you'd think."[106]

Portal 2 was officially announced on March 5, 2010, via Game Informer. Events during the preceding week foreshadowed the announcement. On March 1, Valve released a patch for Portal that included a new achievement, "Transmission Received", requiring the player to manipulate in-game radios. This revealed new sound effects that became part of an alternate reality game (ARG).[107] Some of the new effects were of Morse code strings that suggested GLaDOS was rebooting, while others could be decoded as SSTV images from grainy Aperture Science videos. The images included hints to a BBS phone number that, when accessed, provided a large number of ASCII-based images relating to Portal and segments of Aperture Science documents.[108] Many of these ASCII pictures were later published in the Game Informer reveal of the title.[2] New ASCII images continued to appear on the BBS after the official announcement. Background on the ARG is embedded in additional SSTV images found in a hidden room in Portal 2.[109] Valve's Adam Foster came up with the idea for the ARG, tying it to the Game Informer reveal, and he provided his own home phone line to run the BBS software on, as Valve's offices at the time were too modern to support the protocol. Foster estimates the ARG cost less than $100 to run.[110][111]

Gabe Newell and the GLaDOS blue screen of death at the 2010 Game Developers Conference

A second Portal patch released on March 3 altered the game's ending sequence to show Chell being pulled back into the Aperture facility.[112] Gaming journalists speculated that an announcement of Portal 2 was imminent.[113][114] On March 5, Game Informer announced Portal 2's official release on the cover of its April issue.[115] During the following week, Gabe Newell's speech accepting the Pioneer Award at the Game Developers Conference 2010 ended with a fake blue screen of death appearing on a screen behind him with a message purported to be from GLaDOS which hinted of further Portal 2 news at the upcoming E3 2010.[116] Two weeks before the E3, game journalists received a cryptic e-mail, worded as a press release from Aperture Science, hinting that the presentation on Portal 2 would be replaced with "a surprise" jointly hosted by Aperture Science and Valve. This prompted speculation that the surprise would be the announcement of Half-Life 2: Episode Three,[117] but Valve confirmed that it would be about Portal 2.[118] The surprise was the announcement of Portal 2 on PlayStation 3.[119]

The March 2010 announcement said that Portal 2 would be released in late 2010.[2][120] In August 2010, Valve postponed the release to February 2011, with a Steam release date of February 9,[121] to allow it to complete changes to the game's dialogue, to fill and connect about sixty test chambers, and to finish refinements to the gel gameplay mechanic.[11] Valve announced a further delay in November 2010 and gave a release dates through retail channels in the week of April 18, 2011: April 20 in North America and April 22 in Europe and Australia.[122] Wolpaw stated that this eight-week delay was used to expand the game's content before reaching an internal milestone called a "content lock", after which no further content could be added. The remaining development work involved debugging. Newell allowed the delay considering the added benefits of the new content, because he thought the company would not lose any commercial opportunities because of it.[41] On February 18, 2011, Newell confirmed that Valve had completed the development work on Portal 2 and that they were "waiting for final approvals and to get the discs manufactured".[123] Portal 2 was the first Valve product simultaneously released for Windows and Mac OS X computers through the Steam platform.[124] Retail copies for all platforms were distributed by Electronic Arts.[125]

Portal 2 advertisements on the back of buses in Bellevue, Washington, and Leeds, West Yorkshire

On April 1, 2011, Valve released another alternate reality game called the Potato Sack.[126] Players tried to solve the multi-tiered puzzle, coordinating efforts through web sites and chat rooms. Some journalists believed the game denoted the release of Portal 2 on April 15, 2011, instead of the target release date of April 19, 2011.[127][128][129][130] On April 15, the players discovered "GLaDOS@Home", a distributed computing spoof that encouraged participants to play the games to unlock Portal 2 early.[131][132] Once the puzzles were solved, Portal 2 was unlocked on April 18 at around 21:30 PST, roughly ten hours before its planned release at 7:00 PST on the next day.[133][134]

Valve created a series of television commercials to promote Portal 2. Valve had worked with advertising agencies in the past, but Lombardi found the advertisements created had shown little ingenuity. Valve's Doug Lombardi had been disappointed by "Copycat treatments. Cliché treatments. Treatments that reveal the agency wasn't listening in the initial meeting."[135] Using viewer feedback, Valve tailored the ad content until they were satisfied with the results. The ads took eight weeks to complete.[135] Valve also developed online promotional videos featuring J. K. Simmons narrating as Cave Johnson, to promote new elements of Portal 2's gameplay. These videos were part of a larger effort described by Newell as a "documentary-style investment opportunity" for Portal 2.[136] An earlier video released on February 14, 2011, promoted the cooperative aspect of Portal 2 as a St. Valentine's gift and "lit up our preorders, our buzz, all the metrics that are used and collected by publishers and retailers". Lombardi said the videos "dwarfed the demos and interviews we did".[31] Valve also offered Portal 2-themed merchandise, such as posters, drinking glasses, and T-shirts.[137]

Portal 2 includes bonus content, including four promotional videos, a Lab Rat comic, and an interactive trailer for the 2011 film Super 8, constructed with the Source game engine.[138] A feature called "Robot Enrichment" allows players to customize the cooperative campaign characters with new gestures and cosmetic items such as hats or flags. These can be earned in-game, traded with other players, or bought through microtransactions at the in-game store.[139]

Valve planned to produce downloadable content for Portal 2, beginning with "Peer Review", released on October 4, 2011.[31][101][140][141] The content, which is free regardless of platform, includes a new cooperative campaign which extends the game's story. A week from the end of the cooperative campaign, GLaDOS prepares Atlas and P-Body to deal with an intruder within Aperture Science—the bird that had previously abducted her as a potato.[142] The content also adds a "challenge mode" similar to that in Portal—players try to complete specific chambers with the shortest time or fewest portals used, both which are tracked on overall and friends leaderboards. The challenge modes are available for both single-player and cooperative modes.[143][144]

According to Faliszek, user-generated content for Portal 2 would be available on all platforms, but because of software dependencies, the necessary modding tools would only be available for Windows.[145] Valve released beta versions of the modding tools on May 10, 2011,[146] and supported a competition held by the community mapping website "Thinking with Portals" in May 2011, providing prizes for the most-selected maps.[147] The "Perpetual Testing Initiative", a free title update for the Windows and Mac versions, was released on May 8, 2012, and includes a new level editor and a means of obtaining and sharing user-created levels through the Steam Workshop.[148][149] In November 2011, GTTV host Geoff Keighley said that Valve was developing a simplified level editing tool to allow novice editors to assemble test chambers without learning how to use the modified Valve Hammer Editor, and an in-game system to distribute user-created levels via the Steam Workshop.[150][151] This mapping system entered beta testing in March 2012.[151][152] Within a few days of release, the Perpetual Testing Initiative add-on had been used to create 35,000 maps, with 1.3 million downloads of these maps through Steam.[153] Within a month, more than 150,000 user-created maps were available.[154] The first release of the Perpetual Testing Initiative was limited to single-player maps, but a patch released in August 2012 enabled users to create new levels for cooperative play.[155]

As of January 2013, Valve supports fan reuse of Portal 2 content, offering selected assets and assistance. The Windows release of Bastion includes a weapon inspired by Portal 2's Conversion Gel and turrets; its developer Supergiant Games received writing assistance from Erik Wolpaw and McLain voiced new lines for the turrets.[156] An add-on scenario for Hidden Path Entertainment's tower defense game Defense Grid: The Awakening incorporates GLaDOS as an antagonist using new dialogue from McLain and assets from Portal 2.[157] Wolpaw and McLain also helped to create additional lines for GLaDOS for a custom single-player map commissioned by Gary Hudston, which he used to propose marriage to his fiancée, Stephanie.[158][159] For a patch for Bethesda's The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim that incorporated support for Steam Workshop content, Valve developed a free add-on module that introduced the Space Core as a non-player character that follows the player around.[160] Valve collaborated with Zen Studios to create a Portal 2-themed pinball table, among other Valve-themed tables, for their games Pinball FX 2 and Zen Pinball.[161] A Portal 2-themed set is available for Lego Dimensions by Warner Bros. Entertainment and Traveller's Tales; the game features additional stories written by Traveller's Tales with Valve's blessing set after the events of Portal 2, with Ellen McLain, Stephen Merchant and J.K. Simmons reprising their respective voice roles, as well as a new GLaDOS credits song written by Jonathan Coulton and performed by McLain.[162]

The Xbox 360 version was added to the backwards compatibility feature for the Xbox One in June 2016.[163] Alongside Portal, Portal 2 was released on the Nintendo Switch on June 28, 2022 as part of Portal: Companion Collection, developed by Valve and Nvidia Lightspeed Studios.[164][165]

Valve announced "Teach with Portals" and "Steam for Schools" in June 2012, initiatives that offered Portal 2 and Portal 2 Puzzle Maker for education. The educational version was free but only contained the single-player campaign and Puzzle Maker, and was only available for "Steam for Schools" users.[166]

Several critics wrote that Portal 2 excels in teaching the player to solve puzzles; in a review for the New York Times, Seth Schiesel wrote, "Somewhere out there an innovative, dynamic high school physics teacher will use Portal 2 as the linchpin of an entire series of lessons and will immediately become the most important science teacher those lucky students have ever had."[167] Mathematics and science teachers wrote e-mails to Valve to tell them how they had included Portal in their classroom lessons as part of a project to promote the "gamification of learning".[168] Portal developers Joshua Weier and Yasser Malaika led a team within Valve to explore ways of using Portal 2 for education.[168] This led to the development of Puzzle Maker, a level editor for Portal 2 players, built from the professional tools used to develop the game.[168] Weier and Malaika did not want to design curricula themselves, but wanted to provide educators with tools for creating lesson plans. Hammer, the only tool freely available before the release of the built-in level editor in 2012, was difficult for educators to learn and understand. To address this, Valve gave Puzzle Maker an easy-to-learn interface and the ability to share puzzles and lesson plans. The tools were developed with a mathematics teacher and her students.[154][168] This formed the basis of a new "Steam for Schools" initiative launched in June 2012, under which educators could acquire Portal 2 and the Puzzle Maker software free of charge for classroom use through its "Teach with Portals" program.[169] In November 2012, Valve estimated that over 2,500 educators were using the "Teach with Portals" software within their lesson plans.[168]

In 2016, a study demonstrated that the Portal 2 Puzzle Maker can be used as a measure of fluid intelligence, similar to the Bochumer Matrices Test (BOMAT).[170] Referred to as the Portal 2 Test Battery, the participants of the study completed a series of test chambers that progressively became harder.[170]

Some studies have been conducted to determine if video games can have a significant impact on cognitive and non-cognitive skills.[171][172] Through multiple pretests and post tests, a 2014 study has shown that Portal 2 can improve problem solving skills, spatial skills, and persistence for a designated task.[171] The participants of this study did not need to have previous gaming experience.[171] Another study done in 2017 found that commercial video games, like Portal 2, can also increase communication, adaptability and resourcefulness.[172]

Sixense developed a version of Portal 2 to support the Razer Hydra motion controller for PC that allows enhanced control of some game elements.[173] Ten extra single-player levels are available as downloadable content for this version.[174] Writer Chet Faliszek said Sixense developers spent nine months to a year in-house at Valve preparing the native version.[175] A limited edition of the Razer Hydra comes bundled with a copy of Portal 2 for PC.[176]

The announcement that Portal 2 would be available on PlayStation 3 came as a surprise to the industry because Gabe Newell had criticized that console in the past, citing difficulties in the port of The Orange Box.[177] The move toward the PlayStation 3 was a result of growing frustration with Microsoft's policies for Xbox 360 content, including the difficulty of releasing patches and new content. Newell saw Sony's publication model as more open, allowing Steam-like features to be used on the console.[11] Portal 2 was the first PlayStation 3 game to support a subset of features from Steamworks, including automatic updates, downloadable content, and community support.[178] The game supports cross-platform play between the PlayStation 3, Windows, and OS X versions.[179]

The Steam overlay shows the player's friends on both Steam and the PlayStation Network, with achievements rewarded for both Steam and PlayStation Network Trophies.[180] Players can unlock the game on Steam for Windows and OS X for no additional charge.[179][180] The integration of Steamworks on the PlayStation 3 allows Valve to collect data about problems that arise after shipping and push appropriate updates.[5] Valve has stated they do not plan on integrating other PlayStation 3 features, such as 3D television or PlayStation Move support.[181][182] In June 2012, Valve announced that the PlayStation 3 version would be patched later that year to include support for the PlayStation Move motion controller, and to add the additional content that was previously provided with the Hydra, under the name Portal 2 In Motion.[183] The patch was released in early November 2012.[184] A free co-op add-on for the Portal 2 In Motion content was added in June 2013.[185] Valve said that despite additional support for PlayStation 3 over Xbox 360, the core game is the same on both platforms.[186]

As of February 2014, SteamOS, Valve's own Linux-based operating system, supports Portal 2 and its predecessor, as do most modern Debian-based Linux distributions on its services via the Steam client. Released as a Beta in early 2014 for Linux distributions, it holds all of the same traits as the other versions, retaining cross-platform play, split screen and fully native controller support.[1]

Portal 2 won the title of "Ultimate Game of the Year" at the 2011 Golden Joystick Awards,[228] and ranked second place on Time's "Top 10 Video Games of 2011".[229] Gamasutra, IGN, Eurogamer, Kotaku, the Associated Press, and The Mirror listed Portal 2 as their top video game of 2011.[230][231][232][233][234][235] The game received twelve nominations including "Game of the Year" for the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards, where it was the most-nominated title,[236] and won for "Best PC Game", "Best Male Performance" for Stephen Merchant, "Best Female Performance" for Ellen McLain, "Best Downloadable Content", and "Best Multiplayer Game".[237] The title was nominated for five Game Developers Choice Awards for 2012, including "Game of the Year",[238] and won in the "Best Narrative", "Best Audio" and "Best Game Design" categories.[239] It was nominated for ten Interactive Achievement Awards (now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards), including "Game of the Year", from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences, and won the awards for "Outstanding Achievement in Connectivity", "Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition", and "Outstanding Character Performance" for Wheatley.[240][241] Portal 2 was nominated for six BAFTA video game award categories,[242] and won in the "Best Game", "Best Story" and "Best Design" categories.[243] The Game Audio Network Guild awarded the game for "Best Dialog", "Best Interactive Score", and "Best Original Vocal – Pop" (for "Want You Gone").[244] In the inaugural New York Videogame Critics Circle Awards, Portal 2 was given the top honors for best writing and best acting.[245] The Perpetual Testing Initiative add-on was awarded the 2012 Golden Joystick for "Best Use of DLC".[246] Portal 2 was nominated for the 2016 Steam Awards by the Steam community[247] and won the award for “Villain Most In Need Of A Hug”.[248]

Based on sales data from Amazon.com, Portal 2 was the best-selling game in the United States in the first week of its release,[261] but was overtaken by Mortal Kombat in its second week.[262] According to NPD Group, Portal 2 was the second-best selling game in the U.S. in April 2011,[263] at 637,000 copies,[264] and the fourth-best selling in May.[265] However, NPD does not include sales on Valve's Steam platform.[264] Portal 2 was the best selling game in the U.K. in the first week of its release, the first number-one for a Valve game.[266] It retained the top spot during its second week.[267]

Portal 2 was released a few days before the PlayStation Network outage. Gamasutra analyst Matt Matthews said that, based on NPD Group data, the outage "did not seriously affect retail sales of software",[268] but some developers did report drops in sales.[269] ShopToNews analyst Joe Anderson expected that the effect of the outage on UK sales of Portal 2 would be mild.[270] On June 22, Newell announced that Portal 2 had sold 3 million copies.[271] As of July 2011, Electronic Arts stated that more than 2 million copies of Portal 2 have been sold by retailers worldwide.[272] In an August 2011 interview, Newell stated that "Portal 2 did better on the PC than it did on the consoles".[273] Upon release of the Perpetual Testing Initiative in May 2012, Newell stated that Portal 2 had shipped more than 4 million units, with the personal computer versions outselling the console versions. Overall, Portal and Portal 2 had together shipped more than 8 million units.[274]

Portal Stories: Mel is a single-player mod of Portal 2 developed by Prism Studios, a group made up of eight fans of the Portal series. The mod was released on June 25, 2015, for Windows, OS X and Linux systems, available freely to people that own Portal 2 on Steam.[276]

Aperture Tag: The Paint Gun Testing Initiative is a single-player modification of Portal 2 developed by "The Aperture Tag Team" released in 2014. The mod replaces the portal gun with a gun that can shoot the various gels (mimicking how Tag: the Power of Paint worked) to otherwise various portal-based puzzles.[277]

Thinking with Time Machine is a single player mod for Portal 2 created by Ruslan Rybka and released in 2014, which gives the player the ability to record actions that can be played back by a duplicate of the player-character, including the use of a second set of portals.[278][279]

Portal Reloaded is a single-player mod for Portal 2 created by Jannis Brinkmann and was released on April 19, 2021, exactly 10 years after the release of Portal 2.[280] The mod gives players the ability to fire a third portal, the "time portal", to travel between the present and future versions of each test chamber.[281]