Ronin (film)

Writer John David Zeik, a newcomer to film,[22] conceived the idea for Ronin after reading James Clavell's novel Shōgun at the age of 15.[21] It gave him background information on rōnin (masterless samurai), which he incorporated into a screenplay years later. On choosing France as the story's key location, Zeik said: "Many years later in Nice, the location of one of the key set pieces of the story, I stared into the sun and saw the silhouettes of five heavily armed Gendarmes crossing the Promenade des Anglais. That image made me realize that I wanted to set the film in France."[21]

Accounts differ as to the screenplay's authorship. According to Zeik's attorney, Playwright David Mamet was brought in shortly before production to expand De Niro's role and add a female love interest. Although Mamet rewrote several scenes, his contributions were minor according to Zeik's account. Frankenheimer said Mamet's contributions were more significant: "The credits should read: 'Story by J.D. Zeik, screenplay by David Mamet'. We didn't shoot a line of Zeik's script."[22] Frankenheimer later retracted this in a September 1998 open letter published in Variety, writing that "J.D. Zeik is unequivocally entitled to the first position screenwriting credit as well as the sole story credit he was awarded by the WGA ... [He] deserves recognition for his significant contribution to this film, and I am proud to have worked with him".[23] When he learned he would have to share credit with Zeik, Mamet insisted on being credited with the pseudonym Richard Weisz because he had earlier decided to attach his name only to projects for which he was the sole writer.[22]

Facade of a Montmartre bistro in 2011. Because the building was empty, the crew constructed an interior set seen from the stairs.[9][24]

Ronin was produced on a budget of $55 million.[5] Principal photography lasted 78 days,[9] beginning on November 3, 1997, in an abandoned workshop at Aubervilliers.[25] Scenes at Porte des Lilas and the historic Arles Amphitheatre were filmed that November; the crew then filmed at the Hotel Majestic in Cannes, La Turbie, and Villefranche.[25] Production was suspended for Christmas on December 19 and resumed on January 5, 1998, at Épinay, where the crew built two interior sets on sound stages; one for the bistro in Montmartre and another for the rural farmhouse,[25] both of which also have exterior location shots.[11] The climactic scene with a panicked crowd at Le Zénith required about 2,000 extras, who were supervised by French casting director Margot Capelier.[11] Filming concluded at La Défense on March 3, 1998.[25]

Because there were no second unit director and camera operator to film the action scenes, Frankenheimer and cinematographer Robert Fraisse supervised them for an additional 30 days after the main unit finished filming.[9][26] The first major car-chase scene was shot in La Turbie and Nice; the rest were filmed in areas of Paris including La Défense and the Pont du Garigliano.[25][27] Scenes set in a road tunnel were filmed at night because it was impossible to block tunnel traffic during the day.[28] The freeway chase, in which the actors dodge oncoming vehicles, was filmed in four hours on a closed road.[28]

Frankenheimer's affinity for deep depth of field led him to shoot the film entirely with wide-angle lenses ranging in focal length from 18 to 35 mm using the Super 35 format, both of which allow more of the scene to be included in each shot.[11][24] The director also avoided bright primary colors to preserve a first-generation-of-film quality.[11] He advised the actors and extras not to wear bright colors and had the film processed with Deluxe's Color Contrast Enhancement (CCE), "a silver-retention method of processing film that deepens blacks, reduces color, and heightens the visible appearance of film grain".[11][29] Fraisse said he used a variety of cameras, including Panaflexes for dialogue scenes and Arriflex 435s and 35-IIIs for the car chases, to facilitate Frankenheimer's demands.[9] Steadicam, a camera stabilizer used for half of the shoot, was operated by the director's longtime collaborator David Crone.[9] According to Frankenheimer, 2,200 shots were filmed.[11]

The Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9 was Frankenheimer's favorite Mercedes model due to its appearance and "great, big powerful engine", and he used it as the protagonist's car in Ronin's first major car chase.[11]

Frankenheimer avoided using special effects in the car-chase scenes, previsualizing them with storyboards and used the same camera mounts as those used on Grand Prix.[11] The actors were placed inside the cars while being driven at up to 100 mph (160 km/h), by Formula One driver Jean-Pierre Jarier, and high-performance drivers Jean-Claude Lagniez and Michel Neugarten.[9] The actors had enrolled at a high-performance driving school before production began.[11] According to Lagniez, the car-stunt coordinator, it was a priority not to cheat the speed by adjusting the frame rate; he said, "When you do, it affects the lighting. It is different at 20 frames than at 24 frames."[28] However, Fraisse said: "Sometimes, but not very often, we did shoot at 22 frames per second, or 21."[9] Point-of-view shots from cameras mounted below the cars' front fender were used to deliver a heightened sense of speed.[11][30]

For the final chase scene, which used 300 stunt drivers,[11] the production team bought four BMW 535is and five Peugeot 406s;[lower-alpha 1] one of each was cut in half and towed by a Mercedes-Benz 500 E while the actors were inside them.[11] Right-hand drive versions of the cars were also purchased; a dummy steering wheel was installed on the left side while the stunt drivers drove the speeding vehicles.[11][28] The final chase had very little music because Frankenheimer thought music and sound effects do not blend well. Sound engineer Mike Le Mare recorded all of the film's cars on a racetrack, mixing them later in post-production.[11]

Frankenheimer refused to film the gunfights in slow motion, believing onscreen violence should be depicted in real time.[11] Mick Gould, the film's technical advisor and a former instructor in the advanced training wings of the Special Air Service, trained the cast in weapons-handling and guerilla military tactics.[21][32] The physical stunts were coordinated by Joe Dunne.[2]

Frankenheimer filmed two additional versions of the film's ending. In the first, Deirdre (McElhone) waits on the stairs next to the bistro and considers joining Sam (De Niro) and Vincent (Reno). Deciding against it, she walks up the stairs. As she gets into her car, IRA men drag her into a van and call her a traitor; it is implied that she is later killed. Sam and Vincent, unaware of Deidre's abduction, finish their conversation and depart. Although Frankenheimer said the test audience "hated" the ending because they did not want to see Deirdre die, he thought it "really worked".[11] In the second ending, Deirdre walks to her car after Sam and Vincent leave the bistro; this ending was also rejected because it verged on being "too Hollywood", hinting at a sequel. Frankenheimer yielded to the test audience's response with a compromise ending; he said, "with the tremendous investment MGM/UA had in this movie, you have to kind of listen to the audience".[11]

Jerry Goldsmith was originally commissioned to compose the score for Ronin but left the project.[33][34] MGM executive vice-president for music Michael Sandoval assembled an A-list to replace Goldsmith.[33] From Sandoval's three choices, Frankenheimer hired Czech composer Elia Cmíral,[11][33] who said he "was far away from being even a 'B' composer at that time".[34] Cmíral attended a private screening of the film's final version and considered its main theme, which at Frankenheimer's behest would incorporate qualities of "sadness, loneliness, and heroism".[33] To achieve this, Cmíral performed with the duduk, an ancient, double-reed woodwind flute that originated in Armenia.[35] Cmíral sent a demonstration to Frankenheimer, who "loved" it, and was signed as the film's composer.[33] Cmíral's piece "Ronin Theme" was used for the opening scenes.[33][36]

Cmíral's score for Ronin, his first for a major film studio,[35] was recorded in seven weeks at CTS Studio in London.[33][36] It was orchestrated and conducted by Nick Ingman, edited by Mike Flicker, and recorded and mixed by John Whynot.[33] Varèse Sarabande released the soundtrack album on compact disc in September 1998.[36] For AllMusic, Jason Ankeny rated the album 4.5 out of 5 and called it a "profoundly visceral listening experience, illustrating an expert grasp of pacing and atmosphere".[36]

Ronin had its world premiere at the 1998 Venice Film Festival on September 12,[37] before a wide release on September 25.[38] Ronin fared moderately well at the box office;[39] it was the second-highest-grossing film in the United States during its opening weekend, grossing $16.7 million behind the action-comedy Rush Hour's $26.7 million, at 2,643 locations.[40] The film dropped to fifth place on its second weekend and to seventh on its third, grossing $7.2 million and $4.7 million, respectively, at 2,487 locations.[41] It dropped further until its sixth weekend, when it grossed $1.1 million (13th place) at 1,341 locations.[41] The film ended its theatrical run with a gross of $41.6 million in the U.S. and Canada, and $70.7 million worldwide.[5][38] Ronin was 1998's 11th-highest-grossing R-rated film.[42]

Critical reception to Ronin was favorable;[16] critics praised its ensemble cast, with many singling out Robert De Niro.[2][10][43][44] Todd McCarthy in Variety credited De Niro with sustaining the film[2] but a reviewer from the Chicago Reader disagreed.[45] The film's action scenes, particularly the car chases, were generally praised;[2][16] Janet Maslin in The New York Times called them "nothing short of sensational".[44] These scenes were criticized by The Washington Post for their length[12] and by McCarthy for their excessive jump cuts.[2] Robert Fraisse's cinematography was routinely praised;[2][10] Michael Wilmington in the Chicago Tribune called it superficially attractive and entertaining.[46] Although the plot was criticized by the Chicago Reader as dull and The Washington Post as derivative,[12][45] Wilmington called it a "familiar but taut tale".[46] Some reviewers singled out the espionage scene in which De Niro and Natascha McElhone pose as tourists and photograph their targets at a Cannes hotel as one of the film's best.[2][12]

Critics also evaluated Frankenheimer because the broad acclaim he received with the political thriller The Manchurian Candidate (1962) established him as a director.[10][43][46] Many said he was influenced by the works of fellow filmmaker and close friend Jean-Pierre Melville, particularly Melville's neo-noir film Le Samouraï (1967),[39][47] but McCarthy wrote that Ronin lacks Melville's "world-weary, existential ennui".[2] The film was considered to be a return to form for Frankenheimer,[19][48] whose Emmy Awards for the television films Against the Wall (1994), The Burning Season, Andersonville and George Wallace had resurrected his career, after it lost momentum during the 1970s and 1980s due to the director's alcohol addiction.[6][10] Ronin was Frankenheimer's last well-received feature film;[6] Wilmington called it the director's best theatrical film in decades despite lacking The Manchurian Candidate's "blazing invention",[46] and Stephen Prince called the film his "end-of-career masterpiece".[7] Prince wrote:

With Ronin, Frankenheimer vindicated his cinematic talents and aesthetic preferences. The film is stylistically bonded with the principles of his work as found in the earliest and best period of his career. Its aesthetic of realism places it with Grand Prix, The Train, and The Gypsy Moths, and its minimalist conception of character and narrative detail bonds it to those productions as well. Frankenheimer had not lost his touch as a filmmaker, far from it. Ronin is smart, sharp, and witty, and it shows a greater facility for visual storytelling than most films made today, by younger directors, can muster.[7]

In February 1999, MGM Home Entertainment released Ronin as a two-disc DVD that contained versions in widescreen and pan and scan formats, and Dolby Digital 5.1 sound.[49] The DVD also contains the alternative ending and an audio commentary by John Frankenheimer, who discusses the film's production history.[50] MGM released a special edition DVD of the film in October 2004 and a two-disc collector's edition in May 2006, both of which have additional cast and crew interviews.[49]

It was released on Blu-ray with its theatrical trailer in February 2009.[51] In August 2017, Arrow Video released a special edition Blu-ray with a 4K resolution restoration from the original camera negative that was supervised and approved by cinematographer Robert Fraisse.[52] Arrow's Blu-ray also includes archival bonus features that originally appeared on the MGM special edition DVD,[53] together with Fraisse talking about his early cinematography career and his involvement with Ronin.[54]

The 18th-century Japanese revenge of the forty-seven rōnin was the film's central metaphor.[18]

The film's title was derived from the Japanese legend of rōnin, samurai whose leader was killed and left them with no one to serve, and roamed the countryside as mercenaries and bandits to regain a sense of purpose.[55] In Frankenheimer's film, the rōnin are former intelligence operatives who are unemployed at the end of the Cold War; devoid of purpose, they become highly-paid mercenaries. Michael Lonsdale's character elaborates on the analogy in an anecdote about the forty-seven rōnin told with miniatures, comparing the film's characters to the 18th-century rōnin of Japan.[56] In his essay, "Action and Abstraction in Ronin", Stephen Prince wrote that the rōnin metaphor explores themes of "service, honor, and obligation to complex ways by showing that service may entail betrayal and that honor may be measured according to disparate terms".[57] According to Stephen B. Armstrong, "Arguably Frankenheimer uses this story to highlight and contrast the moral and social weakness that characterize the band of rōnin in his film".[55]

The film features a MacGuffin plot device in the form of a briefcase, the contents of which are important but unknown.[13][46] Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert wrote that its content is identical to that of the equally-mysterious case in Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction (1994),[43] also a MacGuffin.[58] Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune called Ronin an homage to The French Connection (1971), The Parallax View (1974), and Three Days of the Condor (1975); thriller films known for their lack of visual effects.[46] Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide also compared the film to The Day of the Jackal (1973)[14] and noted similarities between Ronin's opening scene and that of Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs (1992), in which a group of professional killers who have not met before assemble.[46] According to Armstrong, the film's plot observes the conventions of heist films.[55]

Frankenheimer employed a hyperrealistic aesthetic in his films "to make them look realer than real, because reality by itself can be very boring", and saw them as having a tinge of semi-documentary.[11] He credited Gillo Pontecorvo's The Battle of Algiers (1966), a film he considered flawless and more influential than any other he had seen, with inspiring this style.[11] According to Prince, "Frankenheimer's success at working in this realist style, avoiding special effects trickery, places the car chase in Ronin in the same rarefied class as the celebrated chase in Bullitt (1968)".[59] The director credited the Russian film The Cranes Are Flying (1957) with inspiring invisible cuts in Ronin. On the film's DVD audio commentary, Frankenheimer notes a wipe during the opening scenes made by two extras walking across the frame, which becomes a tracking shot of Jean Reno entering the bistro. His intention for the cut was to conceal the fact that the bistro's interior was a set; its exterior was filmed on location.[11]

Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 69%, with an average rating of 6.3/10, based on 70 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Ronin earns comparisons to The French Connection with strong action, dynamic road chase scenes, and solid performances".[60] Rotten Tomatoes also ranked Ronin No. 101 on its list of the "140 Essential Action Movies To Watch Now".[61] On Metacritic the film received "Generally favorable reviews", with an overall weighted average of 67 out of 100, based on 23 reviews.[62] Audiences polled by CinemaScore during Ronin's opening weekend gave the film an average grade of C+ on scale of A+ to F.[63]

Ronin's car chases were included on several media outlets' lists of the best depicted on film, including CNN (No. 2),[64] Time (No. 12),[65] Fandango (No. 6),[66] Complex (No. 25),[67] The Daily Telegraph (No. 10),[68] PopMatters (No. 9),[69] IGN (No. 9),[70] Screen Rant (No. 8),[71] Business Insider (No. 3),[72] Consequence of Sound (No. 6),[73] and Collider.[74] Some critics have said the chase scenes in Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018) were influenced by those in Ronin.[75][76] Screen Rant ranked Ronin No. 1 on its list of the "12 Best Action Movies You've Never Heard Of".[77] In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors, and stunt actors about their top action films;[78] Ronin was 72nd on the list.[79] Paste magazine ranked the film at No. 10 on its list of the "25 Best Movies of 1998".[80] Ronin was included in the film reference book 101 Action Movies You Must See Before You Die.[81]

Ronin influenced the conception of the action video games Burnout[lower-alpha 2] and Alpha Protocol.[84]

• Armstrong, Stephen B. (2008). Pictures About Extremes: The Films of John Frankenheimer. United States: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-3145-8.
• Crosse, Jesse (2006). The Greatest Movie Car Chases of All Time. United States: Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0-7603-2410-3.
• Pomerance, Murray; Palmer, R. Barton, eds. (2011). A Little Solitaire: John Frankenheimer and American Film. United States: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-5059-6.