Shahada

The declaration reads:[3][4][5][6]

لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ

lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh^u

IPA: [laː ʔi.laː.ha ʔil.la‿ɫ.ɫaː.hu]

"There is no deity but God."

مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ

muḥammadur rasūlu -llāh

IPA: [mu.ħam.ma.dur ra.suː.lu‿ɫ.ɫaːh]

"Muhammad is the messenger of God."

The above two statements are commonly prefaced by the phrase ašhadu ʾan ("I bear witness that"), yielding the full form:

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ

ašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾilla -llāhu, wa-ʾašhadu ʾanna muḥammadan rasūlu -llāh

IPA: [ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan laː ʔi.laː.ha ʔil.la‿ɫ.ɫaː.hu wa.ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan.na mu.ħam.ma.dan ra.suː.lu‿ɫ.ɫah]

"I bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God."

Audio 

In the English translation – "There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God." – the first, lower-case occurrence of "god" or "deity" is a translation of the Arabic word ilah, while the capitalized second and third occurrences of "God" are translations of the Arabic word Allah, meaning "the God".

The noun šahādah (شَهَادَة), from the verb šahida ([ʃa.hi.da] شَهِدَ), from the root š-h-d (ش-ه-د) meaning "to observe, witness, testify", translates as "testimony" in both the everyday and the legal senses.[7][note 2] The Islamic creed is also called, in the dual form, šahādatān (شَهَادَتَان, literally "two testimonies"). The expression al-šahīd (ٱلْشَّهِيد, "the Witness") is used in the Quran as one of the "titles of God".[11]

In Sunni Islam, the Shahada has two parts: 'lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh' ("There is no deity except God"), and 'muḥammadun rasūlu llāh' ("Muhammad is the messenger of God"),[12] which are sometimes referred to as the first Shahada and the second Shahada.[13] The first statement of the Shahada is also known as the tahlīl.[14]

In Shia Islam, the Shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashidun Caliph of Sunni Islam: وَعَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ (wa ʿalīyun walīyu llāh [wa.ʕa.liː.jun wa.liː.ju‿ɫ.ɫaː.h]), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".[1]

In the Quran, the first statement of the Shahadah takes the form lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh twice (37:35, 47:19), and ʾallāhu lā ʾilāha ʾillā huwa (God, there is no deity but Him) much more often.[15] It appears in the shorter form lā ʾilāha ʾillā huwa (There is no deity but Him) in many places.[16] It appears in these forms about 30 times in the Quran, and never attached with the other parts of the Shahada in Sunni or Shia Islam or "in conjunction with another name".[17]

Islam's monotheistic nature is reflected in the first sentence of the Shahada, which declares belief in the oneness of God and that he is the only entity truly worthy of worship.[13] The second sentence of the Shahada indicates the means by which God has offered guidance to human beings.[18] The verse reminds Muslims that they accept not only the prophecy of Muhammad but also the long line of prophets who preceded him.[18] While the first part is seen as a cosmic truth, the second is specific to Islam, as it is understood that members of the older Abrahamic religions do not view Muhammad as one of their prophets.[18]

The Shahada is a statement of both ritual and worship. In a well-known hadith, Muhammad defines Islam as witnessing that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is God's messenger, giving of alms (zakat), performing the ritual prayer, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to the Kaaba: the Five Pillars of Islam are inherent in this declaration of faith.[13][19]

Recitation of the Shahadah is the most common statement of faith for Muslims. Sunnis,[11] Shia Twelvers, as well as Isma'ilis[20] consider it as one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is whispered by the father into the ear of a newborn child,[11] and it is whispered into the ear of a dying person.[21] The five canonical daily prayers each include a recitation of the Shahada.[18] Recitation of the Shahada is also the only formal step in conversion to Islam.[11] This occasion often attracts witnesses and sometimes includes a celebration to welcome the converts into their new faith.[13] In accordance with the central importance played by the notion of intention (Arabic: نِيَّة, niyyah) in Islamic doctrine, the recitation of the Shahada must reflect understanding of its import and heartfelt sincerity.[22][23] Intention is what differentiates acts of devotion from mundane acts and a simple reading of the Shahada from invoking it as a ritual activity.[22][23]

Though the two statements of the Shahada are both present in the Quran (for example, 37:35 and 48:29), they are not found there side by side as in the Shahada formula,[12] but are present in the Hadiths.[24][25][26][27] Versions of both phrases began to appear in coins and monumental architecture in the late seventh century, which suggests that it had not been officially established as a ritual statement of faith until then.[12] An inscription in the Dome of the Rock (est. 692) in Jerusalem reads: "There is no god but God alone; He has no partner with him; Muhammad is the messenger of God".[12] Another variant appears in coins minted after the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the fifth Umayyad caliph: "Muhammad is the servant of God and His messenger".[12] Although it is not clear when the Shahada first came into common use among Muslims, it is clear that the sentiments it expresses were part of the Quran and Islamic doctrine from the earliest period.[12]

The Shahada has been traditionally recited in the Sufi ceremony of dhikr (Arabic: ذِکْر, "remembrance"), a ritual that resembles mantras found in many other religious traditions.[28] During the ceremony, the Shahada may be repeated thousands of times, sometimes in the shortened form of the first phrase where the word 'Allah' ("God") is replaced by 'huwa' ("Him").[28] The chanting of the Shahada sometimes provides a rhythmic background for singing.[29]

The Shahada appears as an architectural element in Islamic buildings around the world, such as those in Jerusalem, Cairo, and Istanbul.[12][30][31]

Late-medieval and Renaissance European art displays a fascination with Middle Eastern motifs in general and the Arabic script in particular, as indicated by its use, without concern for its content, in painting, architecture and book illustrations.[32][33] In his San Giovenale Triptych, the Italian Renaissance artist Masaccio copied the full Shahada, written backwards, on the halo of the Madonna.[33][34]

Jihadist variation of the Black Standard as used by various Islamist organisations since the late 1990s, which consists of the Shahada in white script centered on a black background.

The Shahada is found on some Islamic flags. Wahhabis have used the Shahada on their flags since the 18th century.[35] In 1902, Ibn Saud, leader of the House of Saud and the future founder of Saudi Arabia, added a sword to this flag.[35] The modern Flag of Saudi Arabia was introduced in 1973.[36] The Flag of Somaliland has a horizontal strip of green, white and red with the Shahada inscribed in white on the green strip.[37]

The flag of Afghanistan under the Taliban is a white flag with the Shahada inscribed in black. The various jihadist black flags used by Islamic insurgents since the 2000s have often followed this example. The Shahada written on a green background has been used by supporters of Hamas since about 2000. The 2004 draft constitution of Afghanistan proposed a flag featuring the Shahada in white script centered on a red background. In 2006, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant designed its flag using the Shahada phrase written in white on black background. The font used is supposedly similar to the font used as seal on the original letters written on Muhammad's behalf.[38]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shahada.

• "The Shahadah as Truth and as Way" Archived 8 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
• "Arabic phrases and about Islam". Essaouira.