Surabaya

The Kingdom of Janggala was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that were formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons. The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua, in which it was called Jung-ya-lu.[29] The name Janggala probably derived from the name "Hujung Galuh" (Old Javanese lit: "Cape Diamond" or "Cape Gemstone"), or "Jung-ya-lu" according to Chinese sources. Hujung Galuh was located on the estuary of Brantas River and today is the part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Regency.[30]

By the 14th and 15th centuries, Surabaya seems to be one of the Majapahit ports or coastal settlements, together with Tuban, Gresik, and Hujung Galuh (Sidoarjo). Ma Huan documented the early 15th-century visit of Zheng He's treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan: "after travelling south for more than 20 li, the ship reached Sulumayi, whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh".[31]Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Majapahit.

Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in 1413, during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana. He describes his travel to the Majapahit capital. He first arrived at the port of Tu-pan (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong and Chou Chang. Then, he sailed east to the thriving new trading town of Ko-erh-hsi (Gresik), Su-pa-erh-ya (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the Brantas river port of Chang-ku (Changgu). Continuing to travel by land to the southwest, he arrived in Man-che-po-I (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stayed.[32]

Ampel in 1927

The Surabaya area was once the main gate to enter the capital of the Majapahit Kingdom from the ocean, namely at the mouth of Kali Mas river. Even the anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31, 1293. That day was actually the day of the victory of the Majapahit troops led by Raden Wijaya against the attacks of the Mongol troops. The Mongol troops who came from the sea were described as SURA (sharks / brave) and Raden Wijaya's troops who came from the land were described as BAYA (crocodiles / danger), so it literally means brave to face the dangers that come threatening. So the day of victory was commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya.

By the late 15th century, Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of Ampel , located around Ampel Mosque in today's Ampel subdistrict, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by a charismatic Islamic proselytiser Sunan Ampel.[33]

Following the collapse of Demak, Surabaya was subjected to conquest of Mataram Sultanate, invaded by Panembahan Senopati in 1598, heavily attacked by Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak in 1610, and attacked Sultan Agung in 1614. Blocking the flow of Brantas River' by Sultan Agung finally forced Surabaya to surrender. An article VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region. The circle is about 5 mijlen Dutch (about 37 km), surrounded by canals and reinforced with cannons. That year, to fight Mataram, his army was 30,000 soldiers.[34]

In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to be a duchy, a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit.[13] At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port,[35] owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea.[36] During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530.[13][14] Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.[15][16]

The Duchy of Surabaya entered a conflict with and was later captured by the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung.[37]^: 31 It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and Madura, and to lay siege to the city before capturing it. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled almost the whole of Java, except the Sultanate of Banten and the Dutch settlement of Batavia.[37]^: 31

Coat of Arms of Soerabaia (old spelling of Surabaya) during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1931.

The Pasar Besar with the railway viaduct in the background, the so-called Hogeweg, Surabaya circa between 1900 and 1940

The expanding Dutch East India Company took the city over from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778), and the latter's son, Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from the powerful Han family of Lasem.[38][39]

During the Dutch East Indies era, Surabaya had the status as the capital of the Surabaya Residency, whose territory also included the area that is now the Gresik Regency; Sidoarjo; Mojokerto; and Jombang. In 1905, Surabaya received the status of a municipality (gemeente). In 1926, Surabaya was designated as the capital of the province of East Java. Since then Surabaya has developed into the second largest modern city in the Dutch East Indies after Batavia.

Before 1900, the city center of Surabaya only revolved around the Jembatan Merah; (English: Red Bridge). In 1910, a modern port facility was built in Surabaya, which is now known as Tanjung Perak Harbor. Until the 1920s, new settlements such as the Darmo area grew; Gubeng; Fields; and Ketabang.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies. It became a major trading center under the Dutch colonial government and hosted the most extensive naval base in the colony. Surabaya was also the largest city in the colony serving as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry and was supported by its natural harbor.[40] In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city. In 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic Association. The revolt was firmly crushed, and the insurgents were given harsh sentences.[41]

On February 3, 1942, the Japanese dropped a bomb on Surabaya. In March 1942, the Japanese succeeded in capturing Surabaya. Surabaya then became the target of Allied air raids on May 17, 1944.

The burnt-out car of Brigadier Mallaby on the spot where he was killed by pro-independence Indonesian soldiers during the Battle of Surabaya on 31 October 1945

Japan occupied the city in 1942, as part of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II, Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender.[42]

The Battle of Surabaya, one of the well-known battles of the Indonesian revolution, started after the Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Teenagers of Surabaya) assassinated the British Brigadier Mallaby on 30 October 1945, near Jembatan Merah (the "Red Bridge"), allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on 10 November, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes' Day) as a memory for the heroic effort of national heroes who fought that day. The incident of the red-white flag (the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle of this city.[43]

The city is known as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution.[44]

Recent development of Surabaya, the city are considered as one of most fast-developing cities around Southeast Asia in 20th century

The city whose main road used to be almost shaped like a ribbon from thenWonokromo bridge in the south to the Jembatan Merah in the north for approximately 13 km, at the end of the 1980s began to change completely. Population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the East and West as it is today. The increase in motor vehicles, the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted not only in traffic jams in the city center but also not infrequently in the suburbs. Surabaya has grown away from a relatively small and slum city in the late 19th century, into a metropolis in the late 20th century and in the 21st century to become one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia. The city which in the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century was seen as hot and slum has also managed to turn into one of the most organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air quality.

After the independence era, population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the eastern and western part of the city as it is in the present day. Increasing motorized vehicles, rapid industrial growth and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies that occupy the outskirts of the city have resulted not only in traffic jams in the downtown area, but also in the suburban areas of Surabaya.

In June 2011, Surabaya received the Adipura Kencana Award as number one among 20 cities in Indonesia. Surabaya was reported by a Singaporean as being clean and green.[45]

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in East Java was in Surabaya, on 17 March 2020.[46] In May 2020, Surabaya became the epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia.

Outskirts of Surabaya

Surabaya is located on the northern coast of East Java province. It is mostly lowlands with a river estuary of Kalimas, one of two branches of the Brantas River. Surabaya city borders Madura Strait in the north and east. The regencies surrounding Surabaya are:

• Lamongan Regency to the northwest
• Gresik Regency to the west
• Bangkalan Regency to the northeast (on Madura island)
• Sidoarjo Regency to the south
• Mojokerto Regency to the southwest

Like many other large Indonesian metropolises, many residents reside outside the city limits in a metropolitan area called Gerbangkertosusila.

Under the Köppen climate classification system, Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), with distinct wet and dry seasons. The city's wet season runs from October through May, while the dry season covers the remaining four months. Unlike many cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 °C and average low temperatures around 23 °C.

Bungkul Park, one of the most visited parks in Surabaya.

Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia.[54] This can be seen by the urban parks which are equipped with fountains in almost every neighborhood area.[55] These parks include Bungkul Park, Harmoni Park, Pelangi Park, Surya Park, Mundu Park, Undaan Fruit Park, Jayengrono Park,[56] and others. Bungkul Park was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and integrated facilities, starting from the economic area (street food centers), green open area, parks, disability-friendly area, free internet (Wi-Fi), and routine garden maintenance management.[57]

Surabaya Mangrove Edu-Tourism Centre in Wonorejo District, East Surabaya.

The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment.[58] The city has won many awards in the field of environment and city planning both nationally and internationally.[59] These awards have included Adipura, Adipura kencana, Adiwiyata, Wahyu Tata Nugraha, and other green awards, the Adipura Cup, which Surabaya won several times in the 1980s and 1990s, the Adipura Kencana trophy, the cleanest metropolitan city category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017, seven consecutive times, as well as the Adipura trophy, plenary in 2016.[60] The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the best air quality in Indonesia.[61] Surabaya in 2012 has won the award "City of the Best Participation in the Asia Pacific" by Citynet for the success of the city government and people's participation in managing the environment. Surabaya has also been awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or "the city with the best sustainable environmental management in ASEAN" in 2011 and 2014.[62] In 2018, Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with Hamburg, Kazan, and Tokyo, on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent government management and community participation amid the rapidly developing city.[63] Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this award.[63][64] On the other hand, however, there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised, especially in the neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya.[65][66] This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the environment of the region.[67]

Javanese people form the majority in Surabaya, forming around 83 percent out all population, while the Madurese and Chinese are significant minorities, forming around 7 percent respectively,[84] the rest are Arab and other ethnics that are present. Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese, Minang, Batak, Banjar, and Balinese. Surabaya is one of the major cities in Indonesia that has a significant population of Middle East people; there are Arabs, especially the Hadhrami people who originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen, Armenian people, and Jews.[85]

• 
  Javanese Pegon bride in Surabaya
• 
  Dancers dressed as boys with a clown of Madura at the night market in Surabaya.
• 
  Kya-Kya, Surabaya Chinatown, used to be called as Kya-Kya Kembang Djepun
• 
  Arab-Hadrami people in Tanjung Perak port, 1920s

As one of the educational destinations, Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions from all over Indonesia, even among them they also form their own community forum, majority from Eastern part of Indonesia such as Papuan, Minahasan, Bugis, Timor people and others. As one of the regional trade centers, many foreigners (expatriates) live in Surabaya, especially in the West Surabaya area, community like Korean and westerners are exist in the city.

Most citizens speak a dialect of East Javanese called Suroboyoan, a subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech.[86] The use of register is less strict than the Central Java dialect.[87] The Suroboyoan dialect is a mixture of both Indonesian and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese, which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called Ludruk.[88] The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go.

Although around 80% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam, other major religions include Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox), of whom the majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism, mostly among the ethnic Indian[89] and Balinese minorities. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism, and a small community of Dutch Jews follow Judaism.[90]

The city had an influential role as a major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga era.[91] The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat).[91] His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama, was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926.[92] Al-Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in the city and one of the largest mosque in the world.[93]

Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians, as well as native Javanese, Bataks, and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church.[94][95] A minority of Javanese worship at the Gereja Kejawen - a syncretic religious movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java.[96] Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. The Church of the Birth of Our Lady, also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia.[97] The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya was opened on 15 October 2008.[98]

Once the major religion in Surabaya and across the archipelago during the Janggala and Majapahit era, Hinduism played a major role in traditional Surabayan culture.[99] Small Hindu communities still exist, most commonly in the eastern sections of the city.[100] Surabaya was the location of the only synagogue in Java,[101] but it rarely obtained a minyan (quorum). The synagogue was demolished in 2013 by unidentified persons while the city council was in the process of registering it as a heritage site.[102] In the years before its demolition, it had been the site of many anti-Israel protests.[102] A Jewish cemetery exists in the city.[103][104]

• 
  Baitul Hamdi Mosque
• 
  Church of the Birth of Our Lady, oldest church in Surabaya
• 
  An Eastern Orthodox Church congregation
• 
  Tian Ti Pagoda, an iconic Buddhist temple
• 
  Sanggar Agung, a Chinese folk temple
• 
  Pura Jagatnatha Perak, a Hindu temple
• 
  Jewish Surabaya Synagogue

Ludruk is a native Surabaya-genre play (theatre).

Javanese culture in Surabaya has distinctive characteristics compared to other regions, the uniqueness of its characteristics which is more egalitarian and open. Surabaya is known to have several distinctive arts, namely:

• Ludruk, a cultural drama performance art that tells daily routine of working-class people.[105]
• Remo Dance, a traditional welcome dance that is generally dedicated to special guests.[106]
• Kidungan, a poetry musicalisation and contains elements of humor.

In addition to the art above, the call culture of arek or rek (a distinctive call from Surabaya) is also a unique characteristic. There are other distinctive calls as well, namely Cak for men and Ning for women. In an effort to preserve culture, Cak & Ning Surabaya is selected once a year, and the selected finalists are tourism ambassadors and icons of the young generation of the city.[107]

Cak Durasim Festival (FCD) is held annually, which is an art festival to preserve the culture of Surabaya and East Java in general. The Cak Durasim Festival is usually held at Cak Durasim Building.[108] There is also the Surabaya Art Festival (FSS) which raises all kinds of art forms such as theatre, dance, music, literary seminars, painting exhibitions. Event organisers usually aside from art groups in Surabaya also come from outside the city. Also enlivened is the screening of movie screens and T-shirt exhibitions. The Surabaya Art Festival is held once a year in June and is usually held at the Youth Hall.

In addition to Javanese culture, there has also been a mixture of various cultures such as from Madura, the Arab world, India, the Malay world, China and Europe. The Surabaya Cross Culture is an annual art and culture festival that show various cultures outside Indonesia.[109]

As the provincial capital, Surabaya has numerous offices and business centers; as a metropolitan city, it became the center of economic, financial, and business activities in East Java and beyond. Also, Surabaya is the second-largest port city in Indonesia after Jakarta. As a trading center, Surabaya is not only a trade center for East Java, but also facilitates areas in Central Java, Kalimantan, and Eastern Indonesia. Surabaya's strategic location in almost in the center of Indonesia and just south of Asia makes it one of the critical hubs for trading activities in Southeast Asia.[111] It is currently in the process of building high-rise skyscrapers, including apartments, condominiums, and hotels to attract foreign capital. Surabaya and the surrounding area are undergoing the most rapidly growing and the most advanced economic development in Indonesia. The city is also one of the most essential cities in supporting Indonesia's economy.

Most of the population is engaged in services, industry, and trade. Surabaya is a fast-growing trading center. Major industries include shipbuilding, heavy equipment, food processing and agriculture, electronics, home furnishings, and handicrafts. Many major multinational companies are based in Surabaya, such as Sampoerna, Maspion, Wings Group, Unilever Indonesia, Pakuwon Group, Jawa Pos Group, and PAL Indonesia.[112][113]

The area between Jalan Basuki Rachmat, Jalan Tunjungan,[114] Jalan Embong Malang, and Jalan Bubutan has grown as a business center and has turned into one of the main business and trade activities areas in Surabaya. Some of the important buildings in this area include Wisma BRI Surabaya, Hotel Bumi Surabaya, Wisma Dharmala Surabaya, The Peak Residence, and Sheraton Hotel.[115][116]

Another cluster around Jalan Mayjend Sungkono, Jalan Adityawarman, Jalan HR Muhammad, and Jalan Bukit Darmo has grown as a new business center of the city. This area has now grown as one of the most rapidly growing commercial and business centers in East Java, with high-rise buildings. Some of the tallest buildings in Surabaya are located in this area, such as Adhiwangsa Apartment, Waterplace Residence, Puri Matahari, Beverly Park Apartment, The Via & The Vue Apartment, Ciputra World Hotel, Puncak Permai Apartment, and Rich Palace Hotel.[117][118]

Ciputra World Surabaya, a superblock in Surabaya

Surabaya has plenty of shopping centers like other major cities of Indonesia, ranging from traditional markets to most modern shopping malls. Outlets of local and international brands have a presence in modern shopping malls. There were about 100 hectares/one million square metres of retail space in Surabaya by the end of 2016.[119] There are many dedicated markets for electronic goods, gadgets and computer hardware.

Some important shopping malls of the city are:

Modern architecture of Surabaya Mangrove Edu-Tourism Centre in Wonorejo District, East Surabaya.

Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are many colonial-era relics still standing today, such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, most colonial buildings were built around the 17th century to the early 20th century.[125] These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle Ages.[126]

Before the Second World War, there were many shophouses in the old part of the city, mostly two-storey.[127] They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around the area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street.[128]

After the independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with economic development, such buildings have continued to grow. In the 2010s, Surabaya has become a center of skyscrapers and high-rises in East Java and central regions of Indonesia, such as The Peak Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 6 (215 meters) and One Icon Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 5 (200 meters).[129]

Jalesveva Jayamahe monument

• Suramadu Bridge, which connect Surabaya to the nearby Madura island.
• Kebun Binatang Surabaya (Surabaya Zoo) opened in 1916. It was the first Zoo in the world to breed orangutans in captivity.
• Zheng He (Cheng Ho) Mosque, a recently built mosque, one of the unique mosques with Chinese-style architecture in Indonesia. Dedicated to the Hui Chinese diplomat, Zheng He.[130]
• Al-Akbar Mosque, the largest mosque in East Java.[131]
• Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya, one of the first churches to be built in Indonesia, and the first one ever built in East Java.[132]
• Heroes Monument, a 41 metres (135 ft) high monument, is the main symbol of Surabaya and commemorates the heroes of the revolutionary struggle. There is a museum on location as well, exhibiting reminders of the struggle for independence.[133]
• Museum Nahdlatul Ulama, the resource center of the culture and history of Nahdlatul Ulama, an independent Islamic religious organization.[134] organisation.
• Museum Bank Indonesia, a bank museum occupying the former De Javasche Bank built in 1904.[135]
• House of Sampoerna, a museum devoted to the history of clove cigarette (kretek) manufacturing in Indonesia, housed in Dutch colonial buildings dating to 1864.[136]
  

  Wisma Intiland, most famous brutalist building in Surabaya.
• Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument, a large, admiral-like statue which commemorates the Indonesian Navy.
• Monkasel, abbreviated from Monumen Kapal Selam (Submarine Monument)[137] A Soviet-built Whiskey class submarine (named KRI Pasopati (410)), first launched in 1952, served in the Indonesian Navy from 1962 until decommissioned in 1990. After its decommissioning, Pasopati was dismantled and transferred to its present site in 1996. The submarine was reassembled on the current site and opened as a museum and tourist attraction in 1998.
• Kenjeran Beach, located in the eastern of Surabaya, which also housed Sanggar Agung, a Chinese temple built over the sea.[138]
• Market of the Chinese Tomb,[139] last resting place of Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen, magnate, mandarin and landlord in Surabaya and East Java, and patriarch of the patrician Han family of Lasem[140]
• Han Ancestral Hall,[141] a historic house that serves as a memorial temple for the ancestors of the Han family of Lasem[142][143]
• Tomb of Sunan Ampel[144]
• Bungkul Park, one of the most visited urban parks in Surabaya.[145]
• Wisma Intiland, a brutalist building in Downtown Surabaya.[146]
• Museum Pendidikan Surabaya[147]

The Eastern Fleet, one of three fleets in the Indonesian Navy, is headquartered in the city. Its maritime heritage is also represented in the form of KRI Pasopati Submarine Monument, a retired Russian Whiskey class submarine.[148][149]

Surabaya's Juanda International Airport is a passenger and cargo airport which also serves as Surabaya's Navy Airbase, operated by the TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy) and located just outside Surabaya, on the outskirts of Sidoarjo. This airport has served Surabaya for many years and currently has two terminals, with domestic flights served from Terminal 1 and all international flights and Garuda Indonesia's domestic flights serviced from Terminal 2.

Ships in Surabaya North Quay in Tanjung Perak port

Port of Tanjung Perak is the trading port in East Java and is one of the busiest ports in the country. It is the second-largest port of trade, container and passenger traffic in Indonesia after the Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta. There is also Teluk Lamong Port Terminal, which is the main buffer terminal of Tanjung Perak Port. The port terminal of Lamong Bay is the first green port in Indonesia and is one of the most sophisticated port terminals in the world where the entire operating system is automated.

Surabaya Gubeng Station, main station served Surabaya

Surabaya has three major train stations, being Surabaya Kota (also known as Semut), Surabaya Pasar Turi, and Surabaya Gubeng. The Argo Bromo Anggrek operated by Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) connects Surabaya from Surabaya Pasar Turi Station to Gambir Station in Jakarta. Both economy and executive class trains are served to and from Surabaya.

Commuter trains in the city has 5 separate lines (as of 2021) that connect Surabaya with surrounding regencies. Their services, also operated by KAI, have extended into Lamongan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, and Pasuruan.

Surabaya formerly had an approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) of tram network, operated by a private company Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij. It was opened in 1889 and closed by PJKA (former name of KAI) in 1978. There are plans to reopen the network in the future.

Surabaya MRT (planned) with Track Gauge Standard 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and from KOICA Railways Mass transit in Surabaya, Surabaya MRT with Rolling stock Hyundai Rotem, Rapid transit Jakarta and Surabaya corridor. System Mass Metro Rapid transit in Greater Surabaya (Surabaya, Gresik and Sidoarjo) on the Generation surabaya mass rapid transit with track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) in Korea Rapid Transit from prime minister Chung Sye-kyun, of Eri Cahyadi Mayor of the Surabaya City of Rail Transport in Indonesia-Korea.

Suroboyo Bus, main bus in Surabaya

The main bus terminal is Terminal Purabaya (located in Bungurasih, Waru, Sidoarjo), the other major terminal is Osowilangon in Tambak.[152]

In Surabaya it is served by city buses as a means of choice for residents of Surabaya and surrounding cities for their daily activities. Surabaya has a number of terminals in the city, including Joyoboyo Terminal, Bratang Terminal, Jembatan Merah Bus Stop, Ujung Baru Bus Stop, and so on. These terminals are meeting points between city buses and other modes of transportation within the city.

Since April 7, 2018, the Surabaya city government has launched a city bus system named Suroboyo Bus which serves important points throughout the city. The Suroboyo Bus payment system is very unique because it uses plastic waste and makes Surabaya the second city in the world to implement this system in mass transportation after the Beijing subway in 2014. Suroboyo Bus has small stops scattered throughout the city.

There are various kinds of local transport, including taxi-cabs, Suroboyo Bus, shuttle bus service, city bus, angkot, and commuter rail. Go-Jek and Grab are also available throughout the city.[153][154]

Birdview of Waru interchange at night

The toll roads that are connected to Surabaya are the Surabaya-Gresik segment which connects Surabaya with Gresik and cities on the north coast of Java, Surabaya-Mojokerto which connects Surabaya with the western part of East Java, Surabaya-Gempol which connects Surabaya with the southern part of East Java. , as well as Waru-Juanda Airport which connects Surabaya with Juanda International Airport. The Surabaya-Gempol section is connected to the Gempol-Pandaan section. The Gempol-Pandaan section is connected to the Gempol-Pasuruan section which connects Surabaya with the Horseshoe (Indonesian: Tapak Kuda) area in East Java and the Pandaan-Malang section which connects Surabaya with Malang, the second largest city in East Java and the southern part of East Java.

The Suramadu Bridge (derived from Surabaya-Madura) connects Surabaya and Madura Island over the Madura Strait. A 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) highway has been proposed to be built from the Suramadu Bridge to Madura International Seaport-City in Pernajuh village, Kocah district, Bangkalan, Madura at the cost of approximately Rp. 60 billion (US$7 billion). This container port was built to ease the burden on Surabaya's overloaded Tanjung Perak Port.[155]

Surabaya has several major universities and institutions, including those with religious or technical specialties (sorted by importance):

• Universitas Airlangga (UNAIR), a major public research university in Indonesia based in Surabaya and Banyuwangi.[156]

State University of Surabaya (UNESA) main entrance.

• Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 (Untag) Surabaya, one of the oldest private universities in Surabaya.
• Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), a major public technological institute teaches robotics and mechanics, and is the center of Ship and Ocean Structure Design to support offshore exploration.[157]

Petra University

• State University of Surabaya (UNESA), a major university educating teachers; also with programs in Economics, Technology, and Law.[158]
• Universitas Kristen Petra, a major Christian private university in Indonesia, with programs in Economics, Technology, Designs, Technical, Literature and Education. Established in 1961, it is the oldest major Christian university in Indonesia.[159]
• Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya (PENS-PPNS), a major technical public institution located in Surabaya.[160]
• Hang Tuah University, a university managed by Yayasan Nala, founded by the Indonesian Navy.[161]
• Universitas Bhayangkara, a university affiliated with the Indonesian Police Department of East Java.[162]
• Institut Sains Terapan dan Teknologi Surabaya, a private institute specializing in electronics, computer technologies, and communication and product design.[163]
• Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, a public institute in Surabaya.[164]
• Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya, an institute specializing in Technical Studies.[165]
• State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel (UINSA), a public university for Islamic studies.[166]
• University of Surabaya, a private university teaching Pharmacy and Psychology, established in 1968.[167]
• Wijaya Putra University a public University established in 1984.[168]
• Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya, a university which is the oldest private faculty of medicine in eastern Indonesia. Established in 1981, the Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1986.[169]
• Widya Mandala Catholic University, a Catholic private university in Surabaya with facilities for Healthcare Studies at a newly opened third campus in the eastern part of the city. Widya Mandala Catholic University one of the Catholic oldest private universities in Surabaya which was established in 1960.[170]
• Widya Kartika Catholic University, a Catholic private university in Surabaya.[171]
• Pelita Harapan University, a private university in Indonesia founded in 1994.[172]
• Ciputra University, a private entrepreneurial-oriented university founded in 2006 by the Ciputra Group.[173]
• Narotama University (UNNAR), a private university in Surabaya.[174]
• Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya (UM Surabaya), an Islamic private university established in 1964.

Petra Christian High School

International schools include:

• Surabaya Intercultural School[175]
• Surabaya Japanese School (スラバヤ日本人学校)[176]
• Surabaya Taipei International School; 印尼泗水臺灣學校)[177]
• Surabaya European School[178]
• Merlion school[179]

Private schools include:

• Petra Christian School[180]
• St. Louis Catholic School[181]
• St. Agnes Catholic School[182]
• Angelus Custos Catholic School[183]
• GLORIA Christian School[184]
• IPH Christian School[185]
• JAC School
• Xin Zhong School (新中三语学校)

• Australian Consulate-General, Surabaya[202]
• Chinese Consulate-General, Surabaya[203][204]
• Consulate-General of Japan, Surabaya[205][206]
• Consulate General of the United States, Surabaya[207][204]

• Taiwan (Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Surabaya)[228]

Surabaya is twinned with:

• Adi, Dhahana (2014). Surabaya Punya Cerita: Vol. 1, Volume 1 (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Indie Book Corner. ISBN 9786023090242.
• Airlangga University, Department of History (2013). Mengeja keseharian: Sejarah kehidupan masyarakat kota Surabaya (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Departemen Ilmu Sejarah UNAIR. ISBN 9789791854115.
• Akhmad Saiful Ali (1994). Ekspansi Mataram terhadap Surabaya Abad ke-17 (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Islamic Institute of Sunan Ampel.
• Basundoro, Purnawan (2013). Merebut Ruang Kota: Berita Seputar Automotive (in Indonesian). South Tangerang: CV Marjin Kiri. ISBN 9789791260220.
• Dick, Howard W. (2002). Surabaya, City of Work: A Socioeconomic History, 1900–2000. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-221-6.
• Ingleson, John (2014). Workers, Unions and Politics: Indonesia in the 1920s and 1930s. Boston: Brill Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9789004264762. ISSN 2213-0527.
• Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Continental Sales, Incorporated. p. 246. ISBN 978-98-141-5567-0.
• Nasution (2006). Ekonomi Surabaya pada masa kolonial, 1830–1930 (in Indonesian). Pustaka Intelektual. ISBN 9789792506808.
• Padmodiwiryo, Suhario (2016). Revolution in the City of Heroes: A Memoir of the Battle That Sparked Indonesia's National Revolution. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 978-1-5252-3028-8.
• Palmos, Frank (2016). Surabaya 1945: Sakral Tanahku. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. ISBN 9789794616383.
• Peters, Robbie (2013). Surabaya, 1945–2010: Neighbourhood, State and Economy in Indonesia's City of Struggle. Canberra: Asian Studies Association of Australia. ISBN 978-0-8248-3864-5.
• Pigeaud, Theodore Gauthier Thomas (1976). Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and Articles by Dr H. J. de Graaf. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-90-247-1876-4.
• Pigeaud, Theodore Gauthier Thomas (1962). Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History (3rd ed.). Leiden: Springer Science Business Media. p. 243. ISBN 978-94-0177095-8.
• Ricklefs, M.C. (11 September 2008). A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-1-137-05201-8.