Sylvia Pankhurst

Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst (she later dropped her first forename) was born at Drayton Terrace, Old Trafford, Manchester, to Emmeline Pankhurst (née Goulden) and Dr. Richard Pankhurst.

Dr Pankhurst had been a founding member in 1872 of the National Society for Women's Suffrage, and had played a role in drafting the Municipal Franchise Act 1869 that gave unmarried women householders a vote in local elections, and the Married Women's Property Act 1882 which gave married women control over their property and earnings.[1] In 1893, Pankhurst's parents followed joined the Scottish miner Keir Hardie, a family friend, as founding members of the Independent Labour Party (ILP).[2][3]

Pankhurst and her sisters, Christabel and Adela, attended Manchester High School for Girls. Pankhurst wemt on to train as an artist at the Manchester School of Art, and, in 1900, won a scholarship to the Royal College of Art in South Kensington, London.[4] She was made keenly aware of the inquities women faced in the arts, as in other professions.[5]

Pankhurst protesting in Trafalgar Square, London, against British policies in India, 1932

The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was founded as an independent women's movement on 10 October 1903 at 62 Nelson Street, Manchester, home of the Pankhurst family.[6] It was an initiative of Pankhurst's sisister Emmeline who persuaded a group of ILP women that women had to do the work emancipation themselves, and that they needed an independent women's movement, free of party affiliation.[7][8]

In 1906, Sylvia Pankhurst started to work full-time for WSPU, with Christabel and their mother. She devised the WSPU logo and various leaflets, banners, and posters as well as the decoration of its meeting halls.[9] In 1907 she toured industrial towns in England and Scotland, painting portraits of working-class women in their working environments.[10][11] She spent time in Leicester where she was welcomed by Alice Hawkins who she knew through the Independent Labour Party. They were soon joined by Mary Gawthorpe and they established a WSPU presence in the city.[12]

Pankhurst also contributed articles to the WSPU's newspaper, Votes for Women and, in 1911, she published a propagandist history of the WSPU's campaign, The Suffragette: The History of the Women's Militant Suffrage Movement.[13]

In August 1912, she was arrested tyring to lead a WSPU march on Mountjoy Prison in Dublin in solidarity with suffragettes who had outraged public opinion by throwing a (blunted) hatchet at Prime Minister H. H. Asquith.[14] She had been imprisoned herself, for the first of 15 times. in 1906.[15]

Between February 1913 and July 1914 she was arrested eight times, each time going on hunger strike. She gave several accounts of her experience of her time in prison of being forced fed. One such account, written in 1913 for the popular American periodical, McClure's Magazine, a popular American periodical, established her name in the United States.

Sylvia maintained a distinct labour orientation, continuing her ties to the trades unions and the ILP. This was reflected in the East London Confederation of Suffragettes[5] which she helped establish in 1912 with the support of Keir Hardie, Julia Scurr, Eveline Haverfield, Nellie Cressall, and George Lansbury.[16]

On 1 November 1913 Pankhurst spoke at the Albert Hall in support of the syndicalist Irish Transport and General Workers' Union in the great Dublin lock-out. Insisting upon the political independence of the WPSU, her sister Christabel expelled her from the organisation.[17]

From the East London Federation of Suffragettes, in 1914 Pankurst formed the Workers' Socialist Federation.[16] At the suggestion of Zelie Emerson, Pankhurst started a WSF paper.[18] Provisionally titled Workers' Mate, the newspaper first appeared in March 1914[19] as The Woman's Dreadnought.[19] Nora Smyth and Mary Phillips were the principal contributors, with Smyth illustrating the paper with her photographs of domestic East End poverty.[20]

Sylvia Pankhurst c. 1910

Pankhurst opposed the decision of her mother and her sister, following the United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany on 4 August 1914, to call a halt to suffrage agitation and did not share in their enthusiasm for the war effort. Her WSF campaigned against conscription and some of its members hid conscientious objectors from the police, positions for which she was attacked in the WSPU newspaper, patriotically renamed Britannia.[21]

Pankhurst retained the confidence of many of WSPU militants. She was invited by Elizabeth McCracken to Belfast, where had Christabel's wartime directive had put a halt to particularly militant campaign,[22] to speak in support equal pay for women doing war work.[23] Pankhurst championed this along with the demand for improved allowances for soldiers wives.[24] Meanwhile in the poorer parts of London, the WSF sought to offer women practical assistance through "cost-price" restaurants, legal advice centres[24] and employment in a cooperative toy factory.[25]

In 1915, Pankhurst supported to the International Women's Peace Congress, held at The Hague. Meanwhile her sister Christabel spoke out against conscientious objection, and after the Tsar was overthrown in the February 1917 Revolution travelled to Russia to rally support for its continued participation in the war.[26]

The WSF (workers socialist federation) continued to move towards left-wing politics and hosted the inaugural meeting of the Communist Party (BSTI). Workers' Dreadnought published Sylvia Pankhurst's "A Constitution for British Soviets" to coincide with this meeting. In this article she highlighted the potential role of what she called Household Soviets – "In order that mothers and those who are organisers of the family life of the community may be adequately represented, and may take their due part in the management of society, a system of household Soviets shall be built up."[27]

The CP(BSTI) was opposed to parliamentarism, in contrast to the views of the newly founded British Socialist Party which formed the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in August 1920. The CP(BSTI) soon dissolved itself into the larger, official Communist Party, but this unity was short-lived. When the leadership of the CPGB proposed that Pankhurst hand over the Workers Dreadnought to the party she revolted. As a result, she was expelled from the CPGB and moved to found the short-lived Communist Workers Party.

By this time she was an adherent of left or council communism. She attended meetings of the Communist International in Russia and Amsterdam, and those of the Italian Socialist Party. She disagreed with Lenin on his advice to work with the British Labour Party and was supportive of "left communists" such as Anton Pannekoek.

In the early 1930s Pankhurst drifted away from communist politics but remained involved in movements connected with anti-fascism and anti-colonialism. In 1932 she was instrumental in the establishment of the Socialist Workers' National Health Council.[28] She responded to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia by publishing The New Times and Ethiopia News from 1936, and became a supporter of Haile Selassie. She raised funds for Ethiopia's first teaching hospital, and wrote extensively on Ethiopian art and culture, carrying out research that was published in her book Ethiopia: A Cultural History (London: Lalibela House, 1955).[29]

From 1936, MI5 monitored Pankhurst's correspondence.[30] In 1940 she wrote to Viscount Swinton, then chairing a committee investigating Fifth Columnists, and enclosed lists of active Fascists still at large and of anti-Fascists who had been interned. A copy of this letter on MI5's file carries a note in Swinton's hand reading: "I should think a most doubtful source of information."[30]

After the post-war liberation of Ethiopia she became a strong supporter of union between Ethiopia and the former Italian Somaliland, and MI5 continued to follow her activities. In 1948 MI5 considered strategies for "muzzling the tiresome Miss Sylvia Pankhurst". Pankhurst became a friend and adviser to the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie, and in 1956 she moved to Addis Ababa with her son Richard at Haile Selassie's invitation. She then founded a monthly journal, Ethiopia Observer, in which she reported on many aspects of Ethiopian life and development.[31][32]

Less well-known is her involvement in the movement for an international auxiliary language. In 1927, Pankhurst published a booklet, called Delphos. The Future of International Language, where she expressed the growing need for an international auxiliary language and her support for Interlingua in the early 20th century. Pankhurst’s support for Interlingua can be seen as an example of the scientific humanism that dominated the beginnings of interlinguistics. This language activism is also related to her socialist and pacifist stand.[33][34][35]

Pankhurst objected to entering into a marriage contract and taking a husband's name. Near the end of the First World War she began living with Italian anarchist Silvio Corio[36] and moved to Woodford Green, where she lived for over 30 years — a blue plaque and Pankhurst Green opposite Woodford tube station commemorate her ties to the area. In 1927, at the age of 45, she gave birth to a son, Richard. As she refused to marry the child's father, her mother broke ties with her and did not speak to her again.[37] She went to the grave having refused to reveal the name of Richard's father, indicating only that he was 53 and "an old dear friend whom I have loved for years."[15]

Pankhurst's grave

Pankhurst died in Addis Ababa in 1960, aged 78, and received a full state funeral at which Haile Selassie named her "an honorary Ethiopian". She is the only foreigner buried in front of Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa, in a section reserved for patriots of the Italian war.[31]

Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018[38][39][40] while a musical about her life entitled Sylvia premiered at the Old Vic in September the same year.

From an early age Pankhurst had an ambition to become a "painter and draughtsman in the service of the great movements for social betterment".[41] She trained at Manchester School of Art (1900–02) and then the Royal College of Art in London (1904–06). As part of her work campaigning for the WSPU, for which she created designs for a range of banners, jewellery and graphic logos. Her motif of the 'angel of freedom', a trumpeting emblem had wider appeal across the campaign for women's suffrage, appearing on banners, political pamphlets, cups and saucers.[42]

An exhibition of her artistic works took place at Tate Modern in 2013–14. Information about the exhibition, together with photographs of the artwork itself, is part of the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive.[43]

Pankhurst found it difficult to reconcile her artistic vocation with her political activities, eventually deciding that they were incompatible. She said: "Mothers came to me with their wasted little ones. I saw starvation look at me from patient eyes. I knew that I should never return to my art".[44] By 1912, she had all but abandoned her artistic career in order to concentrate on her political activism.[45]

• The Suffragette: The History of the Women's Militant Suffrage Movement, London: Gay & Hancock (1911)
• The Home Front (1932; reissued 1987 by The Cresset Library) ISBN 0-09-172911-4
• Soviet Russia as I saw it, Workers' Dreadnought (16 April 1921)
• The Suffragette Movement: An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals (1931; reissued 1984 by Chatto & Windus)
• A Sylvia Pankhurst Reader, ed. by Kathryn Dodd, Manchester University Press (1993)
• Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils (includes Pankhurst's "Communism and its Tactics"), St. Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers (2007) ISBN 978-0-9791813-6-8
• Delphos or the Future of International Language (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. (1920s)
• Education of the Masses, The Dreadnought Publishers, (1918)
• E. Sylvia Pankhurst - Portrait of a Radical, London: Yale University Press (1987)

• Richard Pankhurst, Sylvia Pankhurst: Artist and Crusader, An Intimate Portrait (Virago Ltd, 1979), ISBN 0-448-22840-8
• Richard Pankhurst, Sylvia Pankhurst: Counsel for Ethiopia (Hollywood, CA: Tsehai, 2003) London: Global Publishing ISBN 0972317228
• Ian Bullock and Richard Pankhurst (eds) Sylvia Pankhurst. From Artist to Anti-Fascist (Macmillan, 1992) ISBN 0-333-54618-0
• Shirley Harrison, Sylvia Pankhurst, A Crusading Life 1882–1960 (Aurum Press, 2003) ISBN 1854109057
• Sylvia Pankhurst, The Rebellious Suffragette (Golden Guides Press Ltd, 2012) ISBN 1780950187
• Shirley Harrison, Sylvia Pankhurst, Citizen of the World (Hornbeam Publishing Ltd, 2009), ISBN 978-0-9553963-2-8
• Barbara Castle, Sylvia and Christabel Pankhurst (Penguin Books, 1987), ISBN 0-14-008761-3
• Martin Pugh, The Pankhursts: The History of One Radical Family (Penguin Books, 2002) ISBN 0099520435
• Patricia W. Romero, E. Sylvia Pankhurst. Portrait of a Radical (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987) ISBN 0300036914
• Barbara Winslow, Sylvia Pankhurst: Sexual Politics and Political Activism (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996); ISBN 0-312-16268-5
• Katherine Connolly, Sylvia Pankhurst. Suffragette, Socialist and Scourge of Empire (Pluto Press, 2013); ISBN 9780745333229
• Katy Norris, Sylvia Pankhurst (Eiderdown Books, 2019); ISBN 978-1-9160416-0-8
• Rachel Holmes, Sylvia Pankhurst. Natural Born Rebel (Francis Boutle Publishers, 2020); ISBN 978-1-4088804-1-8

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sylvia Pankhurst.

• Sylviapankhurst.com, a comprehensive information resource about Sylvia Pankhurst from Hornbeam Publishing Limited, sponsored by the UK Heritage Lottery Fund
• Sylvia Pankhurst biography, spartacus-educational.com; accessed 4 April 2014
• Sylvia Pankhurst Archive, libcom.org; accessed 4 April 2014
• "Archival material relating to Sylvia Pankhurst". UK National Archives.
• Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst papers archived at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam
• Application for naturalisation of Mrs Margarethe Morgenstern and her husband Erwin, including written plea from Pankhurst
• "Communism or Reforms" at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 October 2009), two articles by Pankhurst and Anton Pannekoek, first published in the Workers Dreadnought in 1922; first published as a pamphlet in 1974 by Workers Voice, a Liverpudlian Communist group.
• Three pamphlets detailing the work of Sylvia Pankhurst as an anti-Bolshevik Communist, "Anti-Parliamentarism and Communism in Britain, 1917–1921" by R.F. Jones, Anti-Parliamentary Communism: The Movement for Workers Councils in Britain, Class War on the Home Front
• Sylvia Pankhurst: Everything is Possible – A documentary that chronicles the life and political campaigns of Sylvia Pankhurst and includes an exclusive interview with her son Richard Pankhurst and his wife Rita. The accompanying website includes images of a large number of security files held on Pankhurst, from the collection at the National Archives.
• Profile, nrs.harvard.edu; accessed 4 April 2014
• Profile, radcliffe.harvard.edu (Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University)
• "I Was Forcibly Fed" by Sylvia Pankhurst, McClure's (August 1913)
• Works by Sylvia Pankhurst at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)