The Day the Earth Stood Still

The Day the Earth Stood Still (a.k.a. Farewell to the Master and Journey to the World) is a 1951 American science fiction film from 20th Century Fox, produced by Julian Blaustein and directed by Robert Wise. It stars Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal, Hugh Marlowe, Sam Jaffe, Billy Gray, Frances Bavier and Lock Martin. The screenplay was written by Edmund H. North, based on the 1940 science fiction short story "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates, and the film score was composed by Bernard Herrmann.[4]

For the remake, see The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film). For the 2021 Willie Nile album, see The Day the Earth Stood Still (Willie Nile album).

The Day the Earth Stood Still
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRobert Wise
Screenplay byEdmund H. North
Based on"Farewell to the Master"
1940 story in Astounding Science-Fiction Magazine
by Harry Bates
Produced byJulian Blaustein
Starring
  • Michael Rennie
  • Patricia Neal
  • Hugh Marlowe
  • Sam Jaffe
  • Billy Gray
  • Frances Bavier
  • Lock Martin
CinematographyLeo Tover
Edited byWilliam Reynolds
Music byBernard Herrmann
Color processBlack and white
Production
company
20th Century Fox
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release date
  • September 18, 1951 (1951-09-18)
Running time
92 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$995,000[2]
Box office$1.85 million (US theatrical rentals)[3]

Set in the Cold War during the early stages of the nuclear arms race, the storyline involves a humanoid alien visitor who comes to Earth, accompanied by a powerful robot, to deliver an important message that will affect the entire human race.

In 1995, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[5][6]

The 2008 remake The Day the Earth Stood Still stars Keanu Reeves and Jennifer Connelly.

Plot

When a flying saucer lands in Washington, D.C., the United States Army quickly surrounds it. A humanoid emerges and announces that he comes "in peace and with good will." When he unexpectedly opens a small device, he is shot and wounded by a nervous soldier. A tall robot emerges from the saucer and quickly disintegrates the Army's weapons. The alien orders the robot, Gort, to desist. He explains that the now-broken device was a gift for the President of the United States that would have enabled him "to study life on the other planets".

The alien, Klaatu, is taken to Walter Reed Army Hospital. After surgery, he uses a salve to quickly heal his wound. Meanwhile, the Army fails to enter the saucer because Gort stands outside, silent and unmoving.

Klaatu tells the President's secretary, Mr. Harley, that he has a message that must be delivered to all the world's leaders simultaneously. Harley tells him that in the current world situation this is impossible. Klaatu proposes to spend time among ordinary humans to better understand their "unreasoning suspicions and attitudes". Harley rejects the proposal and Klaatu is kept under guard.

Klaatu is able to escape and moves into a boarding house, using the name Mr. Carpenter ("Maj. John Carpenter") on the dry cleaner's tag on a suit he acquired. Among the residents are young widow Helen Benson and her son Bobby. Klaatu becomes a mentor to Bobby. Helen's suitor, Tom Stevens, becomes jealous of the stranger.

The boy takes Klaatu on a tour of the city, including a visit to his father's grave in Arlington National Cemetery; Klaatu learns that most of the dead are soldiers killed in wars. They also visit the Lincoln Memorial. Klaatu asks Bobby, "Who is the greatest living person?" Bobby suggests Professor Barnhardt. They visit his home, but he is out; Klaatu is able to enter. Barnhardt's blackboard is covered with equations (attempting to find a solution to the Three Body Problem). Klaatu adds to them and, after being discovered by the housekeeper, leaves his contact information.

That evening, a government agent escorts Klaatu to Barnhardt. Klaatu tells Barnhardt that the people of other planets are concerned about Earth's possible aggression, now that humanity has developed rockets and rudimentary atomic power. He states that if his message is ignored, Earth could be "eliminated". Barnhardt agrees to gather scientists from around the world at the saucer; he also suggests that Klaatu demonstrate his power peacefully beforehand.

Klaatu returns to his spaceship, unaware that Bobby is following him. Bobby watches as Gort knocks out two guards to help Klaatu reenter the saucer. Bobby runs home and tells Helen. She does not believe him, but Tom is suspicious.

The next day, for half an hour, starting at 12-noon (east coast time), all electrical equipment on Earth ceases to operate, except for essential services, such as hospitals and aircraft in flight.

Klaatu learns that Bobby watched him the previous night. He visits Helen at work, reveals his purpose on Earth, and asks that she not betray him. Helen asks Tom to keep Klaatu's identity secret, but, already in the process of alerting the military, he refuses to listen.

Helen and Klaatu rush to Barnhardt's home. They hope that Barnhardt can hide Klaatu until the meeting later that evening. Klaatu tells Helen that if anything should happen to him, she must go to Gort and say, "Klaatu barada nikto".

The Army tracks them in their taxi. Klaatu is shot dead, and his body is taken to a nearby police station cell. Helen rushes to the saucer and speaks the phrase. Hearing Klaatu's words, Gort retrieves Klaatu's body, and revives him, though Klaatu tells Helen that his revival is only temporary.

Klaatu tells Barnhardt's assembled scientists that an interplanetary organization has created a police force of invincible robots like Gort. "In matters of aggression, we have given them absolute power over us." Klaatu concludes, "Your choice is simple: join us and live in peace, or pursue your present course and face obliteration. We shall be waiting for your answer." Klaatu and Gort depart in the saucer.

Cast
  • Michael Rennie as Klaatu
  • Patricia Neal as Helen Benson[lower-alpha 1]
  • Hugh Marlowe as Tom Stevens
  • Sam Jaffe as Professor Jacob Barnhardt[lower-alpha 2]
  • Billy Gray as Bobby Benson
  • Frances Bavier as Mrs. Barley
  • Lock Martin as Gort
Uncredited (in order of appearance)
Guy WilliamsRadio operator: "Holy mackerel, call headquarters, get the lieutenant."
Kenneth KendallBBC news presenter
Elmer Davis"This is Elmer Davis again. We still don't know what it is or where it comes from ..."
Harry Harvey Sr.Taxi driver listening to Elmer Davis on radio
Charles Tannen [voice only]Radio newscaster: "We interrupt this program to give you a bulletin just received ..."
H. V. Kaltenborn"This is H. V. Kaltenborn speaking. Here in the nation's capital there is anxiety and concern ..."
Louis Jean HeydtAirforce captain anxiously looking upward at the approaching spaceship
Roy EngelGovernment employee (in fedora) looking upward
Pat AherneGeneral at Pentagon: "Get me the chief of staff"
Wilson WoodOfficial: "Hello ... I want to speak to the President ..."
Drew Pearson"Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, this is Drew Pearson. We bring you this special ..."
Harry LauterPlatoon leader at spaceship landing site
Frank ConroyMr. Harley, secretary to the President: "I've been told you speak our language ..."
Fay RoopeMajor general visiting the site of the spaceship landing: "Oh, Carlson, what's the report?"
Harlan WardeCarlson, government metallurgist examining the spaceship: "No luck, sir. We've tried everything ..."
Stuart WhitmanSentry guarding the spaceship
Robert OsterlohMajor White, Klaatu's physician at Walter Reed Hospital
Lawrence DobkinArmy physician at Walter Reed Hospital examining Klaatu's X-ray
Edith EvansonMrs. Crockett, proprietress of boarding house where Klaatu rents a room
John BrownMr. Barley, husband of the character played by Frances Bavier, resident at Mrs. Crockett's
Olan SouleMr. Krull, resident of Mrs. Crockett's boarding house
Gabriel Heatter [voice only]"And now, on this Sunday morning, we ask some questions that have been haunting ..."
James CravenBusinessman among the crowd looking at the spaceship
Tyler McVeyMr. Brady, government agent who comes to see Klaatu at the boarding house
House Peters Jr.Military police captain who arrives with Klaatu at Professor Barnhardt's house
Franklyn FarnumMan passing Klaatu and Helen Benson in her office building corridor
Wheaton ChambersMr. Bleeker, jeweler to whom Tom Stevens brings Klaatu's diamond for evaluation
Millard Mitchell [voice only]General at Pentagon meeting
George LynnColonel Ryder at Pentagon meeting who reports Gort was being encased in a block of KL93 plastic
Chet BrandenburgMan unable to start his outboard motor due to the power outage
Carleton YoungColonel in jeep riding towards Klaatu's boarding house: "Attention all units!"
Snub PollardTaxi driver with Klaatu and Helen Benson as passengers: "Hey, looks like somethin' big's goin' on"
Spencer ChanOne of the world scientists gathered at Professor Barnhardt's meeting alongside the spaceship

Top broadcast journalists of their time, Elmer Davis, H.V. Kaltenborn, Drew Pearson, and Gabriel Heatter, had cameo roles. Spencer Tracy and Claude Rains originally were considered for the part of Klaatu.[8][9]

Metaphors

In a 1995 interview, producer Julian Blaustein explained that Joseph Breen, the film censor installed by the Motion Picture Association of America at the Twentieth Century Fox studios, balked at the portrayal of Klaatu's resurrection and limitless power.[8] At the behest of the MPAA, a line was written into the script; when Helen asks Klaatu whether Gort has unlimited power over life and death, Klaatu explains that Gort has only revived him temporarily: "that power is reserved to the Almighty Spirit."[8][10] Of the elements that he added to Klaatu's character, screenwriter Edmund North said, "It was my private little joke. I never discussed this angle with Blaustein or Wise because I didn't want it expressed. I had originally hoped that the Christ comparison would be subliminal."[11]

That the question even came up in an interview is proof enough that such comparisons did not remain subliminal, but they are subtle enough so that it is not immediately obvious to all viewers that those elements were intended to compare Klaatu to Jesus Christ.[12] When Klaatu escapes from the hospital, he steals the clothing of a Maj. Carpenter, carpentry being the profession the Bible says Jesus learned from Joseph, his father. He presents himself as John Carpenter, the same initials as Jesus Christ (and borrowing a given name from one of his disciples, John). His previous actions are misunderstood, and he eventually is killed by military authority. At the end of the film, Klaatu, having risen from the dead, ascends into the (night) sky. Other parallels include: his coming to Earth with a message for all mankind; his befriending of a child; possessing wisdom and specialized scientific knowledge beyond any human being; and people being given a sign of his power. At the very start of the film, one of the British radar technicians, upon observing the speed of Klaatu's spaceship, is heard to exclaim, "Holy Christmas"![13]

Production

Development

Producer Julian Blaustein originally set out to make a film under the working titles of Farewell to the Master and Journey to the World which illustrated the fear and suspicion that characterized the early Cold War and Atomic Age. He reviewed more than two hundred science fiction short stories and novels in search of a storyline that could be used because this film genre was well suited for a metaphorical discussion of such grave issues. Studio head Darryl F. Zanuck gave the go-ahead for this project, and Blaustein hired Edmund North to write the screenplay based on elements from Harry Bates's 1940 short story "Farewell to the Master." The revised final screenplay was completed on February 21, 1951. Science fiction writer Raymond F. Jones worked as an uncredited adviser.[14]

Pre-production

The set was designed by Thomas Little and Claude Carpenter. They collaborated with the architect Frank Lloyd Wright for the design of the spacecraft. Paul Laffoley has suggested that the futuristic interior was inspired by Wright's Johnson Wax Headquarters, completed in 1936. Laffoley quotes Wright and his attempt in designing the exterior: "... to imitate an experimental substance that I have heard about which acts like living tissue. If cut, the rift would appear to heal like a wound, leaving a continuous surface with no scar."[15]

Filming

Principal outdoor photography was shot on the 20th Century Fox sound stages and on its studio back lot (now located in Century City, California), with a second unit shooting background and other scenes in Washington D.C. and at Fort George G. Meade in Maryland. The shooting schedule was from April 9 to May 23, 1951, and the primary actors never traveled to Washington to make the film. Director Robert Wise indicated in the DVD commentary that the United States Department of Defense refused participation in the film based on a reading of the script. The military equipment shown, however, came from the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment then stationed at Fort Meade which supplied the vehicles, equipment, and soldiers for the segments depicting Army operations.[16] One of the film's tanks bears the "Brave Rifles" insignia of the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment.[17]

The robot Gort was played by Lock Martin, who worked as an usher at Grauman's Chinese Theatre and stood seven feet and seven inches tall. Not accustomed to a confining, heat-inducing costume, he worked carefully while wearing the two oversized, laced up, foamed neoprene suits for the illusion of a seamless metallic Gort. Wise decided Martin's on-screen shooting time would be limited to half-hour intervals, so Martin, with his generally weak constitution, would face no more than minor discomfort. These segments, in turn, were then edited together into the film's final print.[18]

In a commentary track on DVD, interviewed by fellow director Nicholas Meyer, Wise said he wanted the film to appear as realistic and believable as possible, to push the core message against armed conflict in the real world. The original title is "The Day the World Stops". Blaustein said his aim was to promote a "strong United Nations".[19]

Herrmann's score

The music score was composed by Bernard Herrmann in August 1951, and is the first film score he composed after moving from New York to Hollywood. Herrmann chose unusual instrumentation for the film: violin, cello, and bass (all three electric), two theremin electronic instruments (played by Dr. Samuel Hoffman and Paul Shure), two Hammond organs, Fox studio's Wurlitzer organ, three vibraphones, two glockenspiels, marimba, tam-tam, two bass drums, three sets of timpani, two pianos, celesta, two harps, one horn, three trumpets, three trombones, and four tubas.[20] Herrmann's advances in film scoring included Unison organs, tubas, piano, and bass drum, staggered tritone movement, and glissando in theremins, as well as exploitation of the dissonance between D and E-flat and experimentation with unusual overdubbing and tape-reversal techniques. In using the theremin, Herrmann made an early foray into electronic music, one year before Karlheinz Stockhausen and three years before Edgard Varèse.[21]

Music and soundtrack
The Day the Earth Stood Still
Film score by
Bernard Herrmann
Released1993
RecordedAugust 1951
GenreSoundtracks, Film score
Length35:33
Label20th Century Fox
ProducerNick Redman
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic link

20th Century Fox later reused the Bernard Herrmann title theme in the original pilot episode of Irwin Allen's 1965 TV series Lost in Space; the music was also used extensively in Allen's Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea TV series in various episodes. Danny Elfman noted The Day the Earth Stood Still's score inspired his interest in film composing, and made him a fan of Herrmann.[22]

Track listing
No.TitleLength
1."Twentieth Century Fox Fanfare"0:12
2."Prelude / Outer Space/Radar"3:45
3."Danger"0:24
4."Klaatu"2:15
5."Gort / The Visor / The Telescope"2:23
6."Escape"0:55
7."Solar Diamonds" (not used in film)1:04
8."Arlington"1:08
9."Lincoln Memorial"1:27
10."Nocturne / The Flashlight / The Robot / Space Control"5:58
11."The Elevator / Magnetic Pull / The Study / The Conference / The Jewelry Store"4:32
12."Panic"0:42
13."The Glowing / Alone / Gort's Rage / Nikto / The Captive / Terror"5:11
14."The Prison"1:42
15."Rebirth"1:38
16."Departure"0:52
17."Farewell"0:32
18."Finale"0:30

Reception

Critical response

Variety praised the documentary style: "the yarn is told interestingly enough and imbued with sufficient science-fiction lures and suspense so that only seldom does its moralistic wordiness get in the way ... Cast, although secondary to the story, works well."[19][23] Harrison's Reports wrote: "Very good! It is by far the best of the science-fiction pictures yet produced. It holds one's interest undiminished from start to finish and, although the theme is admittedly fantastic, one is made to feel as if he is seeing a real-life occurrence because of the expert handling of the subject matter and the extremely fine special effects work."[24] The Los Angeles Times praised the film's seriousness, though it also found "certain subversive elements".[19] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times dismissed the film as "tepid entertainment" and described Gort as "oddly unmenacing".[25]

The Day the Earth Stood Still was moderately successful when released, accruing US$1,850,000 in distributors' domestic (U.S. and Canada) rentals, making it the year's 52nd biggest earner.[26] "Rentals" refers to the distributor/studio's share of the box office gross, which, according to Gebert, is roughly half of the money generated by ticket sales.[26]

The Day the Earth Stood Still earned more plaudits overseas: the Hollywood Foreign Press Association gave the filmmakers a special Golden Globe Award for "promoting international understanding". Bernard Herrmann's score also received a nomination at the Golden Globes.[27] The French magazine Cahiers du cinéma was impressed, its contributor Pierre Kast called it "almost literally stunning" and praised its "moral relativism."[19]

Legacy

The Day the Earth Stood Still received recognition from the American Film Institute and was selected for preservation in the United States Library of Congress' National Film Registry. In 2001, it was ranked number 82 on 100 Years ... 100 Thrills, a list of America's most heart-pounding films.[28] It placed number 67 on a similar list 100 Years ... 100 Cheers, a list of America's most inspiring films.[29] In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "10 Top 10" – the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres – after polling more than 1,500 people from the creative community. The Day the Earth Stood Still was acknowledged as the fifth best film in the science fiction genre.[30] The film was also on the ballot for AFI's other lists including 100 Years ... 100 Movies,[31] the tenth anniversary list,[32] 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains for Klaatu in the heroes category,[33] 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes for the famous line "Gort! Klaatu barada nikto"[34] and AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores.[35] In 2004, the film was selected by The New York Times as one of The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made.[36]

Lou Cannon and Colin Powell believed the film inspired Ronald Reagan to discuss uniting against an alien invasion when meeting Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. Two years later, Reagan told the United Nations, "I occasionally think how quickly our differences worldwide would vanish if we were facing an alien threat from outside this world."[19]

The Day the Earth Stood Still is now considered one of the best films released in 1951.[37][38] The Day the Earth Stood Still is in Arthur C. Clarke's list of the 12 best science fiction films of all time.[39] The film holds a 95% "Certified Fresh" rating at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 8.10/10. The consensus states, "Socially minded yet entertaining, The Day the Earth Stood Still imparts its moral of peace and understanding without didacticism."[40] Tony Magistrale describes the film as one of the best examples of early techno-horror.[41]

Adaptations

The film was dramatized as a radio play on January 4, 1954 for the Lux Radio Theatre; Michael Rennie reprised his lead role as Klaatu with actress Jean Peters as Helen Benson.[42] This production was later re-broadcast on the Hollywood Radio Theater, the re-titled Lux Radio Theatre, which aired on the Armed Forces Radio Service.[43]

The 2008 remake The Day the Earth Stood Still was directed by Scott Derrickson and stars Keanu Reeves as Klaatu. Rather than leaving to humans the chance to collaborate, the remake rests on Klaatu's decision whether to let humanity be destroyed or saved.[44]

Klaatu barada nikto

Since the release of the film, the phrase "Klaatu barada nikto" has appeared repeatedly in fiction and in popular culture. The Robot Hall of Fame described it as "one of the most famous commands in science fiction",[45] and Frederick S. Clarke of Cinefantastique called it in 1970 "the most famous phrase ever spoken by an extraterrestrial".[46]

Patricia Neal had a problem speaking the phrase, though she was proud of the film overall. "I do think it's the best science fiction film ever made, although I admit that I sometimes had a difficult time keeping a straight face. Michael would patiently watch me bite my lips to avoid giggling and ask, with true British reserve, 'Is that the way you intend to play it?'"[47]

Edmund H. North, who wrote The Day the Earth Stood Still, also created the alien language used in the film, including the iconic phrase "Klaatu barada nikto". The official spelling for the phrase comes directly from the script and provides insight as to its proper pronunciation. No translation was given in the film. Philosophy professor Aeon J. Skoble speculates the famous phrase is a "safe-word" which is part of a fail-safe feature used during diplomatic missions such as the one Klaatu and Gort make to Earth. With the use of the safe-word, Gort's deadly force can be deactivated in the event the robot is mistakenly triggered into a defensive posture. Skoble observes that the theme has evolved into a "staple of science fiction that the machines charged with protecting us from ourselves will misuse or abuse their power."[48]

Fantastic Films explored the meaning of "Klaatu barada nikto" in a 1978 article titled "The Language of Klaatu." The article, written by Tauna Le Marbe, who is listed as its "alien linguistics editor", attempts to translate all the alien words Klaatu used throughout the film.[49] In the article, the literal translation for Klaatu barada nikto was "Stop Barbarism (I have) death, bind" and the free translation was "I die, repair me, do not retaliate."[49]

The documentary Decoding "Klaatu Barada Nikto": Science Fiction as Metaphor examined the phrase "Klaatu barada nikto" with some of the people involved in the production of The Day the Earth Stood Still. Robert Wise, the director of the film, conveyed an account of Edmund North telling him, "Well, it's just something I kind of cooked up. I thought it sounded good."[50] Billy Gray, who played Bobby Benson in the film, said he believed the message was coming from Klaatu and that "Barada Nikto must mean ... save Earth."[51]

Florence Blaustein, widow of the producer Julian Blaustein, said North had to pass a street called Baroda every day going to work and indicated "I think that's how that was born."[52] The film historian Steven Jay Rubin recalled an interview he had with North when he asked the question, "What is the direct translation of Klaatu Barada Nikto, and Edmund North said to me 'There's hope for Earth, if the scientists can be reached'."[53]

See also
  • 1951 in film
  • Culture during the Cold War
  • List of films featuring extraterrestrials
  • List of science fiction films of the 1950s

Notes
  1. Patricia Neal, who played Helen Benson, was only 12 years older than Billy Gray, who played her son.
  2. Actor Sam Jaffe, who played Professor Barnhardt, had an engineering degree and taught mathematics before turning to acting.[7]

References
  1. "The Day the Earth Stood Still (U)". British Board of Film Classification. September 20, 1951. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
  2. Solomon 1989, p. 246.
  3. "The Top Box Office Hits of 1951." Variety, January 2, 1952.
  4. Gianos 1998 p. 23.
  5. "'The Day the Earth Stood Still': Award Wins and Nominations." IMDb.com. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  6. "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  7. Flint, Peter B. "Sam Jaffe, a character actor on stage and film, dies at 93." The New York Times, March 25, 1984.
  8. "Making the Earth Stand Still LaserDisc (Fox Video; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment): Julian Blaustein, Robert Wise, Patricia Neal, Billy Gray." IMDb, 1995. Retrieved: 1 February 2015.
  9. "Cult Movies Showcase 'The Day the Earth Stood Still'." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  10. Shermer 2001, pp. 74–75.
  11. Matthews 2007, p. 54.
  12. Holloway and Beck 2005, p. 135.
  13. Haspel, Paul. "Future Shock on the National Mall." Journal of Popular Film & Television, Vol. 34, Issue 2, Summer 2006, pp. 62–71. ISSN 0195-6051.
  14. "DVD: 'The Day the Earth Stood Still' Shooting Script." Still Galleries, [Fox Video 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  15. Laffoley, Paul. "Disco Volante (1949: Hollywood –20th Century Fox, February 3)." Archived May 6, 2021, at the Wayback Machine https://paullaffoley.net/, March 14, 2021. Retrieved: May 6, 2021.
  16. "Indoor exhibit. The Cold War: 'The Day the Earth Stood Still'." Fort George G. Meade Museum. Retrieved: November 22, 2015.
  17. "Original Print information: 'The Day the Earth Stood Still'". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  18. Warren 1982, p. 621.
  19. Hoberman, J. "The Cold War sci-fi parable that fell to earth." The New York Times, September 31, 2008.
  20. Wrobel, Bill. "Score analysis." filmscorerundowns.net. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  21. "Howard Goodall's 20th Century Greats." Channel 4, December 17, 2004.
  22. "Oscar Roundtable: The composers." The Hollywood Reporter, December 15, 2008.
  23. Variety's Complete Science Fiction Reviews. Ed. Donald Willis. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1985. p. 88-89. ISBN 0-8240-6263-9.
  24. "'The Day the Earth Stood Still' with Michael Rennie and Patricia Neal". Harrison's Reports: 142. September 8, 1951.
  25. Crowther, Bosley (September 19, 1951). "THE SCREEN IN REVIEW; Emissary From Planet Visits Mayfair Theatre in 'Day the Earth Stood Still'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  26. Gebert 1996, p. 156.
  27. "'The Day the Earth Stood Still'; Award Wins and Nominations." IMDb.com. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  28. "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills". Archived June 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine AFI.com. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  29. "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers." Archived November 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine AFI.com. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  30. "AFI's 10 Top 10." AFI.com Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  31. "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Movies: Official Ballot". Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine AFI.com. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  32. "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary): Official Ballot." AFI. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  33. "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains: The 400 Nominated Characters". Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine AFI.com. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  34. "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes: Official Ballot." Archived September 17, 2005, at the Wayback Machine AFI.com. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  35. "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores: Official Ballot." Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine AFI.com. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  36. "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made." The New York Times, April 29, 2003.
  37. "The Greatest Films of 1951." AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved: May 23, 2010.
  38. "The Best Movies of 1951 by rank." Films101.com, May 23, 2010.
  39. Spry, Jeff (December 11, 2015). "Childhood's End author Arthur C. Clarke's Top 12 sci-fi movies". SYFY. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  40. "'The Day the Earth Stood Still' Movie Reviews, Pictures." Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved: June 28, 2021.
  41. Tony Magistrale, Abject Terrors: Surveying the Modern and Postmodern Horror Film, 2005 p. 82
  42. "Radio Highlights". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (New York). January 4, 1954. p. 11. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  43. "Notes: 'The Day the Earth Stood Still'." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
  44. Scott, A. O. (December 12, 2008). "It's All Over, Earthlings (Don't Flee to New Jersey) (Published 2008)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  45. "2006 Inductees: Gort." Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Robot Hall of Fame (Carnegie Mellon University), 2006. The Day the Earth Stood Still
  46. Clarke, Frederick S. Cinefantastique, 1970, p. 2.
  47. Neal, Patricia. As I Am: An Autobiography. ISBN 9781451626001
  48. Skoble 2007, p. 91.
  49. Le Marbe, Tauna. "The Language of Klaatu." Fantastic Films, Issue 1, April 1978.
  50. "DVD: Decoding "Klaatu Barada Nikto": Science Fiction as Metaphor|time = 0:14:05." Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, December 2, 2008.
  51. "DVD: Decoding "Klaatu Barada Nikto": Science Fiction as Metaphor|time = 0:14:20." Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, December 2, 2008.
  52. "DVD: Decoding "Klaatu Barada Nikto": Science Fiction as Metaphor| time = 0:14:47." Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, December 2, 2008.
  53. "DVD: Decoding "Klaatu Barada Nikto": Science Fiction as Metaphor|time = 0:14:55." Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, December 2, 2008.

Bibliography
  • Gebert, Michael. The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards (listing of "Box Office (Domestic Rentals)" for 1951, taken from Variety magazine). New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1996. ISBN 0-668-05308-9.
  • Gianos, Phillip L. Politics and Politicians in American Film. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. ISBN 0-275-96071-4.
  • Holloway, David and John Beck. American Visual Cultures. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0-8264-6485-8.
  • Matthews, Melvin E. Hostile Aliens, Hollywood and Today's News: 1950s Science Fiction Films and 9/11. New York: Algora Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-87586-497-X.
  • Shermer, Michael. The Borderlands of Science: Where Sense Meets Nonsense. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-19-514326-4.
  • Skoble, Aeon J. "Technology and Ethics in The Day the Earth Stood Still". In Sanders, Steven M. The Philosophy of Science Fiction Film. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2007. ISBN 0-8131-2472-7.
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