The Sweet Hereafter (film)

Director Atom Egoyan adapted Russell Banks' novel The Sweet Hereafter and incorporated The Pied Piper of Hamelin.

The Canadian director Atom Egoyan adapted the screenplay after his wife, the actress Arsinée Khanjian, suggested he read Russell Banks' The Sweet Hereafter.[4] The novel is inspired by an incident in Alton, Texas, in 1989, in which a bus crash killed 21 students, leading to multiple lawsuits.[5] Egoyan found it challenging to acquire the rights, as they had been optioned to another studio that was not actually producing it. Shortly before the option expired, novelist Margaret Atwood suggested to Egoyan that he meet with Banks personally after the director's success with the film Exotica (1994),[6] and Banks was willing to grant him the rights. Egoyan later stated he was drawn to filming the novel because he felt film is for "confronting the most extreme things."[7] As an Armenian Canadian, he also saw the story as a metaphor for the Armenian genocide, in which those guilty had not accepted responsibility.[8]

In adapting the novel, Egoyan changed the setting from Upstate New York to British Columbia, to help secure Canadian funding.[9] He also added references to the story of The Pied Piper of Hamelin by Robert Browning, to emphasize how Egoyan saw The Sweet Hereafter as a "grim fairy tale."[10] Nicole is seen reading The Pied Piper to children who later die in the accident.[11] In that story, the Pied Piper leads all the children away, never to return, after their parents refuse to honour their debt to him. Egoyan wrote a new stanza in the Pied Piper style for the scene in which Nicole testifies Dolores was speeding, in which she describes her father's lips as "frozen as the winter moon."[12] Egoyan also made Mitchell Stephens the main character and increased the importance of Stephens' daughter, and moved the revelation of incest between the Burnells to later in the film.[10]

The film was shot in British Columbia (Merritt and Spences Bridge) and Ontario (Toronto and Stouffville),[13] on a budget of $5 million.[2] Funding came from the company Alliance Communications.[4] Egoyan assembled many Canadian actors he had worked with in prior films, including Bruce Greenwood, Gabrielle Rose and Sarah Polley.[14] Egoyan explained the benefit of working with a familiar cast, saying "When you’re working on a limited production schedule, it’s a comfort to know that you know the personalities involved, you know what they need as opposed to having to discover that and be surprised by that."[6]

Ian Holm was cast as Mitchell Stephens after the actor originally set to play the character, Donald Sutherland, quit the project.[15] In casting the part, Egoyan was inspired by Holm's "strangely compassionate, yet furtive and menacing" performance in The Homecoming (1973).[4] Holm explained why he accepted the role, saying, "It's not often you get offered a leading role at age 65... This is my first in a movie," and afterwards said the film is "very touching" and "a masterpiece."[16] Holm called his part challenging, as it was his first lead, but he found Egoyan and the Canadian actors to be great to work with.[17]

Mychael Danna, left, arranged popular Canadian songs which actress Sarah Polley performed, and the two worked together to create original songs.

The Pied Piper references influenced the composer Mychael Danna's music, which uses a Persian ney flute along with old instruments such as recorders, crumhorns and lutes,[18] creating "a pseudo-medieval score."[19] The score thus combined Danna's interests in old and exotic music.[20] Egoyan stated medieval-style music was used to make the film feel timeless, evoking Brothers Grimm fairy tales and avoiding the feel of a TV movie.[21]

Polley's character, Nicole, is an aspiring singer before the accident, and is seen on stage performing Jane Siberry's "One More Colour." Danna and Polley cooperated to create Nicole's music, with Polley writing lyrics to Danna's original songs and Danna arranging the adaptations of "Courage" and "One More Colour." The songs were chosen because of their domestic popularity, reinforcing the local nature of Nicole's music.[22] The Tragically Hip's original version of "Courage" also appears in the film.[23]

By the spring of 1998, The Sweet Hereafter had grossed $1 million domestically.[25] According to The Numbers, The Sweet Hereafter grossed $4,306,697 in North America and $3,644,550 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $7,951,247.[28] Although Canadian historian George Melnyk said the film achieved "mainstream popularity,"[29] another Canadian historian, Reginald C. Stuart, said that the film "aimed for, but did not reach, a mass audience."[30] Dan Webster of The Spokesman-Review concluded that "despite generally good reviews," the film "never attracted much box-office attention."[31]

The Writers Guild of Canada commented that The Sweet Hereafter and contemporary Canadian films "never succeeded in scoring a home run at the international box office."[32] Melnyk suggested Egoyan's previous film Exotica performed better at the box office than The Sweet Hereafter because of Exotica's "sexual content ... rather than the early film's artistic merit."[29]

Ian Holm received critical praise for his performance in the film and won the Genie Award for Best Actor.

The film holds a 98% rating at Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.90/10 based on 59 reviews, and a 100% rating from 21 "Top Critic" reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Director Atom Egoyan examines tragedy and its aftermath with intelligence and empathy."[33] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 91 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[34] In 2002, readers of Playback voted it the greatest Canadian film ever made.[35] In 2004, the Toronto International Film Festival ranked it third in the Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time, tied with Goin' Down the Road,[36] and in 2015, it was the sole film in the third spot.[37]

Roger Ebert gave the film four stars, calling it "one of the best films of the year, an unflinching lament for the human condition."[38] Janet Maslin, writing for The New York Times, said "this fusion of Mr. Banks's and Mr. Egoyan's sensibilities stands as a particularly inspired mix," with Sarah Polley and Bruce Greenwood "particularly good here."[39] Brendan Kelly of Variety praised The Sweet Hereafter as "Egoyan's most ambitious work to date," and as "a rich, complex meditation on the impact of a terrible tragedy on a small town," adding Polley and Tom McCamus are "excellent."[40]

Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A, saying it "puts you in a rapturous emotional daze," and calling it a "hymn to the agony of loss" and "a new kind of mystical fairy tale, one that seeks to uncover the forces holding the world together, even as they tear it apart."[41] Paul Tatara of CNN called The Sweet Hereafter "devastating" and wrote Ian Holm gives "the performance of his hugely impressive career."[42] David Denby of New York magazine said that the film had "Ian Holm's greatest role in the movies" and the cast are "all excellent."[43] The film made over 250 critics' Top 10 lists for the best films of 1997.[24]

In 2004, Slovenian critic Slavoj Žižek called The Sweet Hereafter "arguably the film about the impact of trauma on a community."[44] That year, The New York Times also included the film on its list of "the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made."[45] In 2011, British director Clio Barnard praised the "real depth" and "healthy ambiguity" of the story and described Holm and Polley as "brilliant," giving "powerful, subtle performances."[46] One year later, The A.V. Club named The Sweet Hereafter the 22nd best film of the 1990s, praising it as a "masterpiece of adaptation."[47]

The Sweet Hereafter won three awards at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival: the FIPRESCI Prize, the Grand Prize of the Jury, and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury.[48] This was the highest honour won at Cannes for a Canadian film and made Egoyan the first Canadian to win the Grand Prix, followed by Xavier Dolan with It's Only the End of the World in 2016.[49][50]

The Sweet Hereafter also won Best Motion Picture, Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Actor for Holm, and three other prizes, at the 18th Genie Awards. It was nominated for Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay at the 70th Academy Awards, but lost to Titanic and L.A. Confidential, respectively.[51]

• Bullard, Rob (2013). "Trauma and the Technological Accident in Atom Egoyan's The Sweet Hereafter". Dramatising Disaster: Character, Event, Representation. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1443846486.
• Burwell, Jennifer; Tschofen, Monique, eds. (2007). Image and Territory: Essays on Atom Egoyan. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0889204874.
• Cardullo, Bert (2004). In Search of Cinema: Writings on International Film Art. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773527079.
• Hutchison, David (2004). "Atom Egoyan: The Sweet Hereafter". Where are the Voices Coming From?: Canadian Culture and the Legacies of History. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi. ISBN 904201623X.
• Mell, Eila (2005). Casting Might-Have-Beens: A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others. Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland & Company Publishers. ISBN 1476609764.
• Melnyk, George (2004). One Hundred Years of Canadian Cinema. Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802084443.
• Mera, Miguel (2007). Mychael Danna's The Ice Storm: A Film Score Guide. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1461701569.
• Pryke, Kenneth G.; Soderlund, Walter C. (2003). Profiles of Canada (3rd ed.). Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press Inc. ISBN 1551302268.
• Rist, Peter Harry, ed. (2001). Guide to the Cinema(s) of Canada. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313299315.
• Robbennolt, Jennifer K.; Hans, Valerie P. (2016). The Psychology of Tort Law. New York and London: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814724804.
• Stuart, Reginald C. (2007). Dispersed Relations: Americans and Canadians in Upper North America. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801887857.
• Wilson, Emma (2009). Atom Egoyan. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252076206.
• Wood, Jason (2006). Talking Movies: Contemporary World Filmmakers in Interview. London and New York: Wallflower Press. ISBN 1904764908.