1231

Year 1231 (MCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1231 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1231
MCCXXXI
Ab urbe condita1984
Armenian calendar680
ԹՎ ՈՁ
Assyrian calendar5981
Balinese saka calendar1152–1153
Bengali calendar638
Berber calendar2181
English Regnal year15 Hen. 3  16 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar1775
Burmese calendar593
Byzantine calendar6739–6740
Chinese calendar庚寅年 (Metal Tiger)
3927 or 3867
     to 
辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit)
3928 or 3868
Coptic calendar947–948
Discordian calendar2397
Ethiopian calendar1223–1224
Hebrew calendar4991–4992
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1287–1288
 - Shaka Samvat1152–1153
 - Kali Yuga4331–4332
Holocene calendar11231
Igbo calendar231–232
Iranian calendar609–610
Islamic calendar628–629
Japanese calendarKangi 3
(寛喜3年)
Javanese calendar1140–1141
Julian calendar1231
MCCXXXI
Korean calendar3564
Minguo calendar681 before ROC
民前681年
Nanakshahi calendar−237
Thai solar calendar1773–1774
Tibetan calendar阳金虎年
(male Iron-Tiger)
1357 or 976 or 204
     to 
阴金兔年
(female Iron-Rabbit)
1358 or 977 or 205
Simon de Montfort (c. 1208–1265)

Events

Europe

  • Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi (Liber Augustalis), a collection of laws for Sicily, as well as the Edict of Salerno, regulating the exercise of medicine and separating the professions of physician and apothecary, and requiring medical schools to practice dissection.[1]
  • Castillian forces under King Ferdinand III (the Saint) re-conquer the city of Quesada.[2]
  • Battle of Jerez: Ferdinand III defeats Emir Ibn Hud of the Taifa of Murcia.

England

  • Spring Hubert de Burgh becomes a powerful lord in the Welsh Marches, controlling the castles Cardigan and Carmarthen. He begins to threaten the local Welsh leaders, Llywelyn the Great launches a campaign against Norman lordship in Wales.
  • August 13 King Henry III orders the sheriffs of Hampshire, Dorsetshire and Wiltshire to give Simon de Montfort the possession of the lands of his father, Simon de Montfort (the Elder).
  • December Henry III ends his Welsh campaign and makes peace with Llywelyn the Great.[3]
  • The University of Cambridge is granted a royal charter by Henry III.

Levant

  • Autumn Frederick II appoints Marshal Richard Filangieri as his imperial legate, and sends an expeditionary army of mostly Lombards for the defense of Jerusalem. He gathers some 600 knights, 100 "sergeants-at-arms", 700 armed infantrymen, and 3,000 marines. The army is supported by 32 war-galleys.[4]
  • War of the Lombards: Richard Filangieri sails for Beirut, where the town is handed over to him. He occupies Sidon and Tyre – while other Lombard forces appear before Acre. At Acre, Filangieri summons a meeting of the High Court and shows letters from Frederick II appointing him as ambassador (baili).[5]

China

  • April 9 A huge fire breaks out at night in the southeast of Hangzhou during the Song Dynasty. Fighting the flames is difficult due to limited visibility. When the fires are extinguished, it is discovered that an entire district of the city (some 10,000 houses) has been consumed by the flames.

Mongol Empire

  • August Ögedei Khan orders the invasion of Korea. A Mongol army crosses the Yalu River and quickly secures the surrender of the border town of Uiju. The Mongols are joined by Hong Bok-won, a Goryeo general, who takes their side with his subordinates numbering some 1500 families.[6]
  • Siege of Kuju: Mongol forces besiege the city of Kuju. They deploy assault teams who man siege towers and scale ladders. Despite the fact the Goryeo army is heavily outnumbered, the garrison refuses to surrender.

Religion

Births

  • March 17 Shijō (Mitsuhito), emperor of Japan (d. 1242)
  • Guo Shoujing, Chinese astronomer and engineer (d. 1316)
  • James Salomoni, Italian Dominican priest and prior (d. 1314)
  • John de Warenne, English nobleman and knight (d. 1304)
  • John of Burgundy, French nobleman and knight (d. 1268)
  • Philip of Castile, Spanish prince and archbishop (d. 1274)
  • Roger Mortimer, English nobleman and knight (d. 1282)
  • Tommaso degli Stefani, Italian painter and artist (d. 1310)
  • Yolanda of Vianden, Luxembourgian prioress (d. 1283)

Deaths

  • April 6 William Marshal, English nobleman (b. 1190)
  • May 7 Beatrice II, French countess palatine (b. 1193)
  • June 13 Anthony of Padua, Portuguese priest (b. 1195)
  • July 2 Henry I, German nobleman (House of Zähringen)
  • August 3 Richard le Grant, archbishop of Canterbury
  • August 28 Eleanor of Portugal, queen of Denmark
  • September 3 William II, French nobleman (b. 1196)
  • September 15 Louis I, German nobleman (b. 1173)
  • November 3 Władysław III, Polish nobleman (b. 1167)
  • November 6 Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan (b. 1196)
  • November 17 Elizabeth, Hungarian princess (b. 1207)
  • November 28 Valdemar the Young, king of Denmark
  • December 7 Richardis, German noblewoman (b. 1173)
  • December 11 Ida of Nivelles, Flemish nun and mystic
  • December 25 Folquet de Marselha, French bishop
  • Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, Abbasid physician (b. 1162)
  • Abu Said al-Baji, Almohad leader and scholar (b. 1156)
  • Aurembiaix, Spanish countess (House of Urgell) (b. 1196)
  • Dúinnín Ó Maolconaire, Irish historian, poet and writer
  • Elisabeth of Brandenburg, German noblewoman (b. 1206)
  • Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, Spanish nobleman (b. 1160)
  • Ibn al-Qattan, Almohad imam, scholar and intellectual
  • Ibn Muti al-Zawawi, Almohad jurist, philologian and writer
  • Jalal al-Din Mangburni, ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire
  • Matthew FitzHerbert, English nobleman and high sheriff
  • Meinhard II (the Elder), German nobleman and knight
  • William of Auxerre, French archdeacon and theologian
  • Zhao Rukuo, Chinese historian and politician (b. 1170)

References

  1. Rashdall, Hastings (1895). The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Clarendon Press. p. 85. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  2. Peter Linehan (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–673. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
  3. Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  4. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 164. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  5. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 165. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  6. Pirozhenko, Oleg (2005). Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination, p. 240. International Journal of Korean History.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.