Armenian calendar

The Armenian calendar is the calendar traditionally used in Armenia, primarily during the medieval ages.

The Armenian calendar is based on an invariant year length of 365 days. Because a solar day is about 365.25 days and not 365 days, the correspondence between it and both the solar year and the Julian calendar slowly drifted over time, shifting across a year of the Julian calendar once in 1,461 calendar years (see Sothic cycle). Thus, the Armenian year 1461 (Gregorian & Julian 2011) completed the first Sothic cycle, and the Armenian Calendar was one year off.

In A.D. 352, tables compiled by Andreas of Byzantium were introduced in Armenia to determine the religious holidays. When those tables exhausted on 11 July 552 (Julian Calendar), the Armenian calendar was introduced.[1]

Year 1 of the Armenian calendar began on 11 July 552 of the Julian calendar.[1] Armenian year 1462 (the first year of the second cycle) began on 11 July 2012 of the Julian calendar (24 July 2012 of the Gregorian calendar).

An analytical expression of the Armenian date includes the ancient names of days of the week, Christian names of the days of the week, days of the month, Date/Month/Year number after 552 A.D., and the religious feasts.[2]

The Armenian calendar is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus an additional (epagomenal) five days, called aweleacʿ ("superfluous").

Years in the Armenian era are usually given in Armenian numerals (written in Armenian letters) preceded by the abbreviation ԹՎ, for t’vin (թուին, meaning "in the year"). For example, ԹՎ ՌՆԾԵ, which means "the year 1455." Another prefix is Թ.Հ., standing for t’vin Hayocʿ (թուին Հայոց "in the Armenian year").[3]

Months

The Armenian month names show influence of the Zoroastrian calendar[4] and Kartvelian influence in two cases (2nd and 3rd months). There are different systems for transliterating the names; the forms below are transliterated according to the Hübschmann-Meillet-Benveniste system:

Months of the year
#	Armenian	H-M Romaniz.	Meaning	Etymology/Notes
1	նաւասարդ	nawasard	new year	Avestan*nava sarəδa
2	հոռի	hoṙi	two	From Georgian ორი (ori) meaning "two"
3	սահմի	sahmi	three	From Georgian სამი (sami) meaning "three"
4	տրէ	trē		Zoroastrian Tïr
5	քաղոց	kʿałocʿ	month of crops	From Old Armenian քաղեմ (kʿałem) meaning "to gather" from PIE *kʷl̥-
6	արաց	aracʿ	harvest-time	From old armenian արաց[5](aracʿ), meaning harvest time, harvest of grape/fruit
7	մեհեկան	mehekan	festival of Mithra	Iranian mihrakān-; Zoroastrian Mitrō*
8	արեգ	areg	sun month	From Old Armenian արեւ (arew) meaning "sun" from PIE *h₂rew-i- also meaning sun
9	ահեկան	ahekan	fire festival	Iranian āhrakān-; Zoroastrian Ātarō*
10	մարերի	mareri	mid-year	Avestan maiδyaīrya; Zoroastrian Dīn
11	մարգաց	margacʿ
12	հրոտից	hroticʿ		Pahlavi fravartakān; Zoroastrian Spendarmat̰*
13	աւելեաց[6]	aweleacʿ	redundant, superfluous	Epagomenal days

Days of the month

The Armenian calendar gives the days of the month names instead of numbering them – something also found in the Avestan calendars.

Zoroastrian influence is evident in five names:[4]

Days of the month
#	Name	Armenian Text	Meaning/derivation
1	Areg	Արէկ	sun
2	Hrand	Հրանդ	earth mixed with fire
3	Aram	Արամ
4	Margar	Մարգար	prophet
5	Ahrank’	Ահրանկ	half-burned
6	Mazdeł
7	Astłik	Աստղիկ	Astłik
8	Mihr	Միհր	Mihr (Armenian deity)
9	Jopaber		tumultuous
10	Murç	Մուրց	triumph
11	Erezhan		hermit
12	Ani	Անի	name of a city
13	Parkhar
14	Vanat	Վանատ	host, refectioner of a monastery
15	Aramazd	Արամազդ	Aramazd
16	Mani	Մանի	beginning
17	Asak	Ասակ	beginningless
18	Masis	Մասիս	Mount Ararat
19	Anahit	Անահիտ	Anahit (Armenian goddess)
20	Aragats	Արագած	Mount Aragats
21	Gorgor		Name of a mountain
22	Kordvik		6th province in Armenia Major
23	Tsmak	Ծմակ	east wind
24	Lusnak	Լուսնակ	half-moon
25	Tsrōn		dispersion
26	Npat	Նպատ	Apam Napat
27	Vahagn	Վահագն	Zoroastrian Vahrām; Avestan Verethragna, name of the 20th day
28	Sim	Սիմ	mountain
29	Varag	Վարագ	name of a mountain
30	Gišeravar		evening star

Holidays

Navasard (new years')
Vardavar

References

Tumanian, B. (1973). History of Chronology.
Armenian calendar for 2021
Harutyunyan, Khachik (2020). "Armenian Inscriptions of the Church of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Part 1. The Chapel of John the Evangelist and Its Inscriptions". VEM (in Armenian). 12 (2): 165. Թ.(ՈՒԻՆ) Հ.(ԱՅՈՑ)
L. H. Gray, "On Certain Persian and Armenian Month- Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar," JAOS 28 (1907), 339.
"արաց - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
"Hin Haykakan Tomar". haytomar.com.

External links

The Haik calendar (Origin of the Armenian calendar).
Armenian/Gregorian date converter

Literature

V. Bănăţeanu, “Le calendrier arménien et les anciens noms des mois”, in: Studia et Acta Orientalia 10, 1980, pp. 33–46
Edouard Dulaurier, Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne technique et historique (1859), 2001 reprint ISBN 978-0-543-96647-6.
Jost Gippert, Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems in The Annual of The Society for The Study of Caucasia", 1, 1989, 3-12.Jost Gippert: Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems [I: Frame]
Louis H. Gray, On Certain Persian and Armenian Month-Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1907)
P'. Ingoroq'va, “Jvel-kartuli c'armartuli k'alendari” (“The Old Georgian pagan calendar”), in: Sakartvelos muzeumis moambe (“Messenger of the Museum of Georgia”), 6, 1929–30, pp. 373–446 and 7, 1931–32, pp. 260–336
K'. K'ek'elije, “Jveli kartuli c'elic'adi” (“The Old Georgian year”), in: St'alinis saxelobis Tbilisis Saxelmc'ipo Universit'et'is šromebi (“Working papers of the Tbilisi State University by the name of Stalin”) 18, 1941, reprinted in the author's “Et'iudebi jveli kartuli lit'erat'uris ist'oriidan” (“Studies in the history of Old Georgian literature”) 1, 1956, pp. 99–124.

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[:1-1] Tumanian, B. (1973). History of Chronology.

[2] Armenian calendar for 2021

[3] Harutyunyan, Khachik (2020). "Armenian Inscriptions of the Church of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Part 1. The Chapel of John the Evangelist and Its Inscriptions". VEM (in Armenian). 12 (2): 165. Թ.(ՈՒԻՆ) Հ.(ԱՅՈՑ)

[:0-4] L. H. Gray, "On Certain Persian and Armenian Month- Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar," JAOS 28 (1907), 339.

[5] "արաց - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2018-10-31.

[6] "Hin Haykakan Tomar". haytomar.com.