1764

1764 (MDCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday and is the fifth year of the 1760s decade, the 64th year of the 18th century, and the 764th year of the 2nd millennium.

1764 by topic
Arts and science
  • Archaeology
  • Architecture
  • Art
  • Literature
  • Poetry
  • Music
  • Science
Countries
  • Canada
  • Denmark
  • France
  • Great Britain
  • Ireland
  • Norway
  • Russia
  • Scotland
  • Sweden
Lists of leaders
  • State leaders
  • Colonial governors
  • Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
  • Births
  • Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments
Works category
  • Works
1764 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1764
MDCCLXIV
Ab urbe condita2517
Armenian calendar1213
ԹՎ ՌՄԺԳ
Assyrian calendar6514
Balinese saka calendar1685–1686
Bengali calendar1171
Berber calendar2714
British Regnal year4 Geo. 3 – 5 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar2308
Burmese calendar1126
Byzantine calendar7272–7273
Chinese calendar癸未年 (Water Goat)
4460 or 4400
    — to —
甲申年 (Wood Monkey)
4461 or 4401
Coptic calendar1480–1481
Discordian calendar2930
Ethiopian calendar1756–1757
Hebrew calendar5524–5525
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1820–1821
 - Shaka Samvat1685–1686
 - Kali Yuga4864–4865
Holocene calendar11764
Igbo calendar764–765
Iranian calendar1142–1143
Islamic calendar1177–1178
Japanese calendarHōreki 14 / Meiwa 1
(明和元年)
Javanese calendar1689–1690
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4097
Minguo calendar148 before ROC
民前148年
Nanakshahi calendar296
Thai solar calendar2306–2307
Tibetan calendar阴水羊年
(female Water-Goat)
1890 or 1509 or 737
    — to —
阳木猴年
(male Wood-Monkey)
1891 or 1510 or 738
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1764.
October 22: Battle of Buxar

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:

Events

January–June
  • January 7 – The Siculicidium is carried out as hundreds of the Székely minority in Transylvania are massacred by the Austrian Army at Madéfalva.[1]
  • January 19 – John Wilkes is expelled from the House of Commons of Great Britain, for seditious libel.[2]
  • February 15 – The settlement of St. Louis is established.[3]
  • March 15 – The day after his return to Paris from a nine-year mission, French explorer and scholar Anquetil Du Perron presents a complete copy of the Zoroastrian sacred text, the Zend Avesta, to the Bibliothèque Royale in Paris, along with several other traditional texts.[4] In 1771, he publishes the first European translation of the Zend Avesta.
  • March 17 – Francisco Javier de la Torre arrives in Manila to become the new Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines.[5]
  • March 20 – After the British victory in the French and Indian War, the first post-war British expedition to explore the newly acquired territories east of the Mississippi River comes under attack by Tunica warriors. The 340 British Army men, under the command of Major Arthur Loftus, were at a spot south of Natchez, Mississippi and were forced to flee in their boats back toward the port of New Orleans while under fire from an unknown number of Tunicas firing from both banks.[6]
  • March 23 – Following lobbying by George Johnstone, the Governor of British West Florida, Britain's Lords of Trade vote to recommend the northern boundary for the new province to run from the confluence of the Yazoo River and the Mississippi (at modern-day Vicksburg, Mississippi) to the Chattahoochee River (at modern-day Phenix City, Alabama), and the Privy Council soon approves, bringing about 38,000 square miles (98,000 km2) under the West Florida's jurisdiction.[7]
  • March 27 – The prince-electors, a group of nine German princes who select the next leader of the Holy Roman Empire, vote for the last time as the health of the Emperor Francis I declines. The electors (including Britain's King George III, who also rules as Elector of Hanover) approve Francis's son, Prince Joseph of Austria as King of the Romans. Upon the death of Francis in 1765, Prince Joseph becomes the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II.
  • March 31 – A mutual defense treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia is signed in Saint Petersburg between representatives of Russia's Empress Catherine the Great and Prussia's King Frederick the Great. By agreement, each nation agrees (for an eight-year period) to commit 10,000 soldiers and 2,000 horses to the defense of the other in case of an attack, and secretly agree to maintain security within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[8]
  • April 5 – The Sugar Act is passed in Great Britain.
  • April 21 – Residents of French Louisiana are informed for the first time that they will come under Spanish rule as the result of a secret agreement of November 13, 1762 whereby France has ceded all of its North American territory west of the Mississippi River.[9] The Spanish, however, do not take possession until August 17, 1769.
  • April 27 – Eight-year-old child prodigy Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart performs a private concert before King George III and Queen Charlotte in Great Britain, and has an encore on May 19.[10]
  • May 3 – Baden, one of the member states of the Confederation of Switzerland, declares a policy of remaining neutral in future conflicts, a model that is soon followed by other members of the Confederation and which eventually becomes the basis for Swiss neutrality from 1815 onward.[11]
  • June 21 – The English-language Quebec Gazette is established in Quebec City, Canada (the oldest surviving newspaper in North America).
  • June 29 – A T11 tornado (equivalent to F5 on the Fujita scale) hits Woldegk, Germany.

July–September
  • July 6 – The last British troops depart Havana, Cuba, two years after having captured it from Spain during the Seven Years' War. The removal of troops follows the treaty between the two Kingdoms, with Spain ceding West Florida to Great Britain in return for the Havana withdrawal.[12]
  • July 8 – The Niagara Conference begins at the invitation of Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern district, who hosts "one of the largest conventions of red men ever held on the continent" to negotiate the end of the hostilities from the French and Indian War. Reportedly, 2,000 representatives of the North American tribes meet at upstate New York come from distances ranging "From Dakota to Hudson's Bay, and from Maine to Kentucky." [13]
  • July 11 – Conditional repatriation of the Acadians in Canada, French colonists who took up arms against the British during the war, is approved by order of King George III on advice of the Privy Council. The Council offers settlement to any Acadians willing to take an oath of allegiance to the British Crown and that those living in New Brunswick are to "be allowed to settle in Nova Scotia, but that they should be dispersed in small numbers in various localities." [14]
  • July 20 – King George, on advise of the Privy Council, issues the Royal Determination of the disputed boundary between the colonial provinces of New York and New Hampshire. The King-in-Council "doth hereby order and declare the western banks of the river Connecticut from where it enters the province of Massachusetts Bay, as far north as the 45th degree of north latitude to be the boundary line between the two provinces of New Hampshire and New York." [15]
  • July 26 – In what is described 250 years later as "The first documented United States school shooting",[16] a group of four Delaware Indians invade a schoolhouse near what is now Greencastle, Pennsylvania and kill ten schoolchildren and their teacher, Enoch Brown.[17] The massacre happens in the course of Pontiac's War, as retaliation against white settlement of Indian lands in central Pennsylvania. One student, Archie McCullough, manages to escape the carnage; a memorial is erected 120 years later on August 4, 1884.[18]
  • July 31 – Johnson arrives at the Niagara River site to meet with the representatives of the Indian nations.[19]
  • August 1 – The Treaty of Fort Niagara is signed between Great Britain and 44 North American Indian nations,[20] bring an end to the ongoing war that had started in 1756 with most of the northern Indian tribes. Sir William Johnson appears on behalf of Britain, and principal chiefs appear for the Iroquois Confederacy, Wabash Confederacy, Illini Confederacy, Haudenosaunee, Seneca, Wyandot, Menominee, Algonquin, Nipissing, Ojibwa, Mississaugas, Mohawk, Abenaki, Huron, and Onondaga.[19]
  • September 7 – Stanisław August Poniatowski is elected as the King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

October–December

Date unknown
  • The Royal Colony of North Carolina establishes a new county from the eastern portion of Granville County and names it Bute County for John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, who had recently resigned his post as Prime Minister of Great Britain. In 1779 the State of North Carolina abolishes the county, when it forms Warren County from the northern portion and Franklin County from the southern portion.
  • The French government withdraws the wartime taxes.
  • Catherine the Great establishes the first secondary education school for females in Russia – The Smolny Institute, for girls of the nobility in St. Petersburg.[21]
  • Chief Pontiac, participating in an armed conflict with other native tribes against British military, participates in a dialogue and exchange with the military of Britain, resulting eventually in a negotiated peace treaty.[22][23]

Publications
  • Cesare Beccaria - On Crimes and Punishments (Dei delitti e delle pene), a founding work of penology
  • Immanuel Kant - Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen)
  • Voltaire - Dictionnaire philosophique
  • Horace Walpole - The Castle of Otranto "a story, translated by William Marshal, Gent., from the original Italian of Onuphrio Muralto", the first Gothic novel

Births
Princess Maria Carolina of Savoy
Princess Élisabeth of France
  • May 3 – Princess Élisabeth of France, sister of Louis XVI (executed 1794)[25]
  • May 5 – Robert Craufurd, Scottish general (k. 1812)
  • May 7 – Therese Huber, German writer and scholar (d. 1829)[26]
  • May 26 – Edward Livingston, American jurist, statesman (d. 1836)
  • June 5 – James Smithson, British mineralogist, chemist and posthumous founder of the Smithsonian Institution (d. 1829)
  • June 19 – José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguayan hero of independence (d. 1850)
  • June 21 – Sidney Smith, British admiral (d. 1840)
  • July 9 – Ann Radcliffe, English Gothic novelist (d. 1823)[27]
  • August 13 – Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers, French general (d. 1813)
  • August 18 – Judah Leib Ben-Ze'ev, Galician Jewish modern Hebrew philologist, lexicographer, Biblical scholar and poet (d. 1811)
  • September 5 – Henriette Herz, German salonnière (d. 1847)
  • September 7 – Pierre Lorillard II, American businessman, real estate tycoon (d. 1843)
  • September 17 – John Goodricke, English astronomer (d. 1786)
  • September 25 – Fletcher Christian, English sailor and mutineer (d. 1793)
  • December 7
    • Pierre Prévost, French panorama painter (d. 1823)
    • Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno, Marshal of France (d. 1841)
  • Date unknown – Maria Medina Coeli, Italian physician (d. 1846)
  • Approximate date – Alexander Mackenzie (explorer), Scottish explorer of northern Canada (d. 1820)

Deaths
Giuseppe Alessandro Furietti
Tsar Ivan VI of Russia
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire

References
  1. Derek Beales, Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe (I.B.Tauris, 2005) p163
  2. Arthur Cash, John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty (Yale University Press, 2008) pp169-170
  3. "Historical Events for Year 1764 | OnThisDay.com". Historyorb.com. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  4. The Zend-Avesta, translated by James Darmesteter (Clarendon Press, 1880) p xv
  5. John Foreman, The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule, with an Account of the Succeeding American Insular Government (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906) p97
  6. David Narrett, Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762-1803 (University of North Carolina, 2015) p34
  7. David Narrett, Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762-1803 (University of North Carolina, 2015) p26
  8. Brian L. Davies, The Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Catherine II and the Ottoman Empire (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016)
  9. John B. Dillon, Oddities of Colonial Legislation in America (Robert Douglass Publishing, 1879) p322
  10. "Mozart's Organ Sonatas", by Orlando A. Mansfield, in The Musical Quarterly (Oct/Dec 1922) p570
  11. Gregory Fossedal, Direct Democracy in Switzerland (Routledge, 2018)
  12. Alexander von Humboldt, Political Essay on the Island of Cuba: A Critical Edition, translated by J. Bradford Anderson, et al. (University of Chicago Press, 2011) p110
  13. William Elliot Griffis, The Romance of American Colonization: How the Foundation Stones of Our History Were Laid (W. A. Wilde & Company, 1898) p259
  14. William F. Ganong, A Monograph of the Origins of the Settlements in New Brunswick (J. Hope & Sons, 1904) p190
  15. David Bennett, A Few Lawless Vagabonds: Ethan Allen, the Republic of Vermont, and the American Revolution (Casemate, 2014)
  16. "Gun Violence and School Safety in American Schools", by Daniel Eadens, et al., in The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy (Wiley Blackwell, 2018) p384
  17. Jaclyn Schildkraut and H. Jaymi Elsass, Mass Shootings: Media, Myths, and Realities (ABC-CLIO, 2016) p30
  18. Electra magazine (November 1885) p332
  19. David T. McNab, Circles of Time: Aboriginal Land Rights and Resistance in Ontario (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999) pp49-50
  20. "Niagara, Treaty of", by Karl S. Hele, in The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, ed. by Spencer C. Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p566
  21. Bisha, Robin (2002). Russian Women, 1698-1917 Experience and Expression: An Anthology of Sources. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 162–163.
  22. Thomas R. Church (Major) 2015 - dtic.mil January 2015 Accessed February 17, 2018
  23. Manuscripts division University of Michigan Accessed February 17, 2018
  24. Robert Aldrich; Martyn Lyons (1999). The Sphinx in the Tuileries and Other Essays in Modern French History: Papers Presented at the Eleventh George Rudé Seminar. Department of Economic History, University of Sydney. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-86487-026-8.
  25. "Elizabeth Of France | princess of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  26. Katharina M. Wilson; M. Wilson (1991). An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers. Taylor & Francis. p. 573. ISBN 978-0-8240-8547-6.
  27. Robert Miles (1995). Ann Radcliffe: The Great Enchantress. Manchester University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7190-3829-7.
  28. Gordon, Alden R. (2003). "Searching for the Elusive Madame de Pompadour". Eighteenth-Century Studies. 37 (1): 95. doi:10.1353/ecs.2003.0062. ISSN 0013-2586. JSTOR 25098031. S2CID 144477737.
  29. Robert Dodsley (January 22, 2004). The Correspondence of Robert Dodsley: 1733-1764. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-521-52208-3.
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