Demographics of Canada

Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian Census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.[1] Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.[2] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth.[3] The main driver of population growth is immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.[4]

Demographics of Canada
Population pyramid of Canada in 2022
Population38,232,593 (2022)
Growth rate0.75% (2022 est.)
Birth rate10.17 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy83.8 years
 • male81.52 years
 • female86.21 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate1.57 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate4.38 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate5.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years15.99%
65 and over18.98%
Sex ratio
Total0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.06 male(s)/female
65 and over0.75 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityCanadian
Major ethnicEuropean Canadians (72.9%)
Minor ethnicAsian Canadians (17.7%)
Indigenous Canadians (4.9%)
Black Canadians (3.1%)
Latin American Canadians (1.3%)
Language
OfficialEnglish (55.97%)
French (20.61%)
SpokenMandarin (1.7%)
Cantonese (1.63%)
Punjabi (1.44%)
Spanish (1.32%)
Tagalog (1.24%)
Arabic (1.21%)
German (1.1%)
Italian (1.08%)
Others (12.7%)
Language figures are from the 2016 Canadian census and based on total number of first language speakers (mother tongue), and not total number of individuals who may speak the language as a second (L2), third (L3), or more language. See knowledge of languages for this information.
Historical population of Canada

Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,[5] driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification.[6][7] In 2019, a total of 341,180 immigrants were admitted to Canada, mainly from Asia.[8] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.[9] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees,[10] accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.[11][12]

Population
Population density of Canadian provinces and territories
  >25 people/km2
  15-24.9 people/km2
  10-14.9 people/km2
  5-9.9 people/km2
  1-4.9 people/km2
  <1 people/km2

The Canada 2021 Census had a total population count of 36,991,981 individuals, making up approximately 0.5% of the world's total population.[1][13] A population estimate for 2022 put the total number of people in Canada at 38,232,593.[14]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.[15]

  • One birth every 1 minutes
  • One death every 2 minutes
  • One net migrant every 2 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 2 minutes

Death rate

8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 81

Net migration rate

5.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 21st

Urbanization

urban population: 81.8% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

[16]

Provinces and territories
Population Name[17] Population,
2021 Census		 Growth,
2016–21		 Land area
(km2)		 Population
density
(per km2) 		 House of
Commons seats		 Senate seats
Total Proportion Total Proportion Total Proportion
1 Ontario 14,223,942 38.45% 5.8% 908,699.33 15.2 121 35.8% 24 22.86%
2 Quebec 8,501,833 22.98% 4.1% 1,356,625.27 6.5 78 23.1% 24 22.86%
3 British Columbia 5,000,879 13.52% 7.6% 922,503.01 5.4 42 12.4% 6 5.71%
4 Alberta 4,262,635 11.52% 4.8% 640,330.46 6.7 34 10.1% 6 5.71%
5 Manitoba 1,342,153 3.63% 5.8% 552,370.99 2.3 14 4.1% 6 5.71%
6 Saskatchewan 1,132,505 3.06% 3.4% 588,243.54 2.0 14 4.1% 6 5.71%
7 Nova Scotia 969,383 2.62% 5.0% 52,942.27 18.4 11 3.3% 10 9.52%
8 New Brunswick 775,610 2.09% 3.8% 71,388.81 10.9 10 3.0% 10 9.52%
9 Newfoundland and Labrador 510,550 1.38% -1.8% 370,514.08 1.4 7 2.1% 6 5.71%
10 Prince Edward Island 154,331 0.42% 8.0% 5,686.03 27.2 4 1.2% 4 3.81%
11 Northwest Territories 41,070 0.11% -1.7% 1,143,793.86 0.04 1 0.3% 1 0.95%
12 Yukon 40,232 0.11% 12.1% 474,712.68 0.08 1 0.3% 1 0.95%
13 Nunavut 36,858 0.10% 2.5% 1,877,778.53 0.02 1 0.3% 1 0.95%
Total Totals 36,991,981 100% 5.2% 8,965,588.85 4.2 338 100% 105 100%

Population distribution

The vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia.

Sources: Statistics Canada[18][19][17]

Cities
 
 
Largest cities or towns in Canada
2021 Census[20]
Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop.
1TorontoOntario2,794,35611Quebec CityQuebec549,459
2MontrealQuebec1,762,94912SurreyBritish Columbia568,322
3CalgaryAlberta1,306,78413LavalQuebec438,366
4OttawaOntario1,017,44914HalifaxNova Scotia439,819
5EdmontonAlberta1,010,89915LondonOntario422,324
6WinnipegManitoba749,60716MarkhamOntario338,503
7MississaugaOntario717,96117VaughanOntario323,103
8VancouverBritish Columbia662,24818GatineauQuebec291,041
9BramptonOntario656,48019SaskatoonSaskatchewan266,141
10HamiltonOntario569,35320KitchenerOntario256,885

Census metropolitan areas
 
Largest metropolitan areas in Canada
2021 Canadian census
Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop.
1TorontoOntario6,202,22511LondonOntario543,551
2MontrealQuebec4,291,73212HalifaxNova Scotia465,703
3VancouverBritish Columbia2,642,82513St. Catharines–NiagaraOntario433,604
4Ottawa–GatineauOntario–Quebec1,488,30714WindsorOntario422,630
5CalgaryAlberta1,481,80615OshawaOntario415,311
6EdmontonAlberta1,418,11816VictoriaBritish Columbia397,237
7Quebec CityQuebec839,31117SaskatoonSaskatchewan317,480
8WinnipegManitoba834,67818ReginaSaskatchewan249,217
9HamiltonOntario785,18419SherbrookeQuebec227,398
10Kitchener–Cambridge–WaterlooOntario575,84720KelownaBritish Columbia222,162

Fertility rate
Total fertility rate of Canada from 1861 to 2016

The total fertility rate is the number of children born in a specific year cohort to the total number of women who can give birth in the country.

In 1971, the birth rate for the first time tipped below replacement[21][22] and since then has not rebounded.[21]

The current fertility rate of Canada is 1.57 children per woman.[14] The total birth rate is 10.17 births/1,000 population in 2022.[14]

Total fertility rate Years[23]
1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870
5.72 5.63 5.54 5.44 5.35 5.26 5.17 5.07 4.98 4.89
1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880
4.83 4.77 4.75 4.72 4.7 4.68 4.65 4.63 4.6 4.53
1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1899 1890
4.56 4.52 4.49 4.45 4.42 4.38 4.35 4.31 4.27 4.24
1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
4.2 4.19 4.17 4.15 4.13 4.11 4.1 4.08 4.06 4.04
1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910
4.02 4.03 4.03 4.03 4.03 4.04 4.04 4.04 4.04 4.05
1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920
4.05 4 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.79 3.74 3.68 3.63 3.58
1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930
3.53 3.4 3.23 3.22 3.13 3.35 3.32 3.29 3.22 3.28
1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
3.19 3.08 2.86 2.8 2.75 2.69 2.64 2.7 2.65 2.76
1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950
2.82 2.96 3.04 3 3.01 3.37 3.59 3.44 3.45 3.45
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2006 2011 2016 - -
3.81 2.11 1.65 1.67 1.52 1.6 1.63 1.58 - -

Mother's mean age at first birth

In 2019, the average age of which a woman in Canada gives birth is 29.4 years.

Average age of childbirth at first birth[22] Year
1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955
25.2 25.1 24.9 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.3 24.2 24.2 24.1 24.1
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
24 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.7 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.5 23.5
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
23.6 23.6 23.7 23.7 23.9 24 24.1 24.3 24.3 24.4 24.5
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
24.7 24.8 24.9 25 25.1 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
25.8 25.9 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.2 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.8 27
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
27.1 27.3 27.5 27.8 27.9 28 28 28.1 28.1 28.2 28.4
2011
28.5

Family size

The average family size in Canada has shifted more towards either childless couples or couples who have either 1 to 2 children at a maximum.

Population projection
Map of Canadian provinces and territories by population growth rate (2016–2021).
  < 4.0%
   4.0%–7.0%
   7.0%–10.0%
  > 10.0%
  population decline

According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/World Bank, the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4% growth in population, compared to 21.7% growth in the United States and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics, for the same period the world population growth was 27%, a total of 1,423 million people.[24] However, over the same period, the population of France grew by 8.0%. And from 1991 to 2011, the population of the UK increased by 10.0%.

The current population growth rate for Canada in 2022 was 0.75%.[14]

Life expectancy
Life expectancy in Canada

Life expectancy in Canada has consistently risen since the country's formation.

Life expectancy Year[29]
1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911
39.0 40.3 41.0 41.6 42.6 44.7 45.2 48.6 52.5
1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
57.0 57.0 56.9 58.8 59.2 57.2 58.6 58.4 57.9
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
58.9 60.3 61.4 62.3 62.7 62.4 62.7 61.3 63.3 63.7
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
64.0 63.7 64.6 64.6 65.3 66.3 66.5 66.7 67.3 67.6
1950 1950 - 55 1955 - 60 1960 - 65 1965 - 70 1970 - 75 1975 - 80 1980 - 85 1985 - 90
68.2 69.1 70.3 71.3 72.2 73.0 74.3 75.9 76.8
1990 - 95 1995 - 2000 2000 - 2005 2005 - 2010 2010 - 2015 2015 - 2020
77.8 78.6 79.7 80.8 81.8 83.7

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2016)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 180th
male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
Population pyramid of Canada overtime from 1950 to 2020

Age characteristics
Population by age and gender in the 2011 census[30]
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0 to 4 years973,030925,7601,898,7905.4%
5 to 9 years1,034,685983,4452,018,1305.7%
10 to 14 years985,200937,4451,922,6455.5%
15 to 19 years1,039,215986,9402,026,1605.8%
20 to 24 years1,144,4951,098,2002,242,6906.4%
25 to 29 years1,144,4701,141,5152,285,9906.5%
30 to 34 years1,148,2901,181,1102,329,3956.6%
35 to 39 years1,118,6351,169,7302,288,3656.5%
40 to 44 years1,104,4401,150,6952,255,1356.4%
45 to 49 years1,157,7601,202,2102,359,9656.7%
50 to 54 years1,318,7551,359,3202,678,0757.6%
55 to 59 years1,285,1901,335,0552,620,2407.5%
60 to 64 years1,114,8851,175,6302,290,5106.5%
65 to 69 years953,0751,019,4051,972,4805.6%
70 to 74 years677,975742,9001,420,8754%
75 to 79 years469,550552,3001,021,8502.9%
80 to 84 years325,765423,880749,6502.1%
85 years and over268,790501,990770,7802.2%
Total 16,414,225 17,062,460 33,476,685 100%
0 to 14 years2,992,9202,846,6455,839,56516.6%
15 to 64 years11,576,13011,800,40023,376,53066.5%
65 years and over2,695,1503,240,4855,935,63016.9%

Age structure[14]

0-14 years: 15.99% (male 3,094,008/female 2,931,953)
15-24 years: 11.14% (male 2,167,013/female 2,032,064)
25-54 years: 39.81% (male 7,527,554/female 7,478,737)
55-64 years: 14.08% (male 2,624,474/female 2,682,858)
65 years and over: 18.98% (male 3,274,298/female 3,881,126) (2020 est.)

Median age

total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 40th
male: 40.6 years
female: 42.9 years (2020 est.)
total: 40.6 years
male: 39.6 years
female: 41.5 years (2011)
Median age by province and territory in 2011[31]
  1. Newfoundland and Labrador: 44.0
  2. Nova Scotia: 43.7
  3. New Brunswick:43.7
  4. Prince Edward Island: 42.8
  5. Quebec: 41.9
  6. British Columbia: 41.9
  7. Ontario: 40.4
  8. Yukon: 39.1
  9. Manitoba: 38.4
  10. Saskatchewan: 38.2
  11. Alberta: 36.5
  12. Northwest Territories: 32.3
  13. Nunavut: 24.1

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.


Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 47.3
youth dependency ratio: 23.5
elderly dependency ratio: 23.8
potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)

Vital statistics
[32][33][34] Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Birth rate (per 1,000) Death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Total Fertility Rate[lower-alpha 1][21][14]
1900 5,500,000 150,000 89,00061,000 27.216.211.0
1901 5,600,000 175,00079,00096,000 31.214.117.1
1902 5,760,000 180,000 77,000 103,000 31.313.417.94.8
1903 5,930,000 186,00078,000108,000 31.313.218.1
1904 6,100,000 192,00082,000110,000 31.413.517.9
1905 6,280,000 195,00082,000113,000 31.013.018.0
1906 6,460,000 193,00085,000108,000 29.913.216.7
1907 6,650,000 196,00085,000111,000 29.512.816.74.74
1908 6,850,000 208,00086,000122,000 30.312.617.7
1909 7,040,000 213,00090,000123,000 30.212.817.4
1910 7,250,000 220,00095,000125,000 30.413.117.3
1911 7,460,000 225,000100,000125,000 30.113.416.74.7
1912 7,610,000 238,00099,000139,000 31.313.019.34.62
1913 7,760,000 246,000102,000144,000 31.713.119.6
1914 7,910,000 252,000100,000152,000 31.912.619.3
1915 8,060,000 257,000101,000156,000 31.912.519.4
1916 8,220,000 252,000107,000145,000 30.713.017.7
1917 8,380,000 244,000106,000138,000 29.112.716.44.26
1918 8,450,000 243,000134,000109,000 28.815.912.9
1919 8,710,000 241,000119,000122,000 27.713.714.0
1920 8,880,000 259,000118,000141,000 29.213.315.9
1921 9,060,000 265,000105,000160,000 29.311.617.73.98
1922 9,230,000 261,000107,000154,000 28.311.616.73.86
1923 9,400,000 251,000111,000140,000 26.711.814.9
1924 9,560,000 255,000104,000151,000 26.710.915.8
1925 9,730,000 254,000104,000150,000 26.110.715.4
1926 9,890,000 244,000113,000131,000 24.711.413.3
1927 10,040,000 244,000110,000134,000 24.311.013.33.32
1928 10,190,000 246,000114,000132,000 24.111.212.9
1929 10,350,000 243,000118,000125,000 23.511.412.13.22
1930 10,498,000 251,000113,000138,000 23.910.813.13.28
1931 10,630,000 247,000108,000139,000 23.210.213.03.2
1932 10,794,000 243,000108,000135,000 22.510.012.53.08
1933 10,919,000 229,000106,000123,000 21.09.711.32.86
1934 11,029,000 228,296105,277123,019 20.79.511.22.8
1935 11,135,000 228,396109,724118,672 20.59.910.62.76
1936 11,242,000 227,980111,111116,869 20.39.910.42.70
1937 11,339,000 227,878118,019109,859 20.110.49.72.65
1938 11,448,000 237,091110,647126,444 20.79.711.02.70
1939 11,565,000 237,991112,729125,262 20.69.710.92.65
1940 11,682,000 252,577114,717137,860 21.69.811.82.77
1941 11,810,000 263,993118,797145,196 22.410.112.32.83
1942 11,962,000 281,569117,110164,459 23.59.813.72.96
1943 12,125,000 292,943122,640170,303 24.210.114.13.04
1944 12,291,000 283,967120,393163,574 24.09.814.23.01
1945 12,441,000 300,570117,319183,251 24.39.514.83.02
1946 12,316,000 331,471115,358216,113 26.99.417.53.37
1947 12,576,000 359,943118,157241,786 28.69.419.23.60
1948 12,852,000 348,226119,866228,360 27.19.317.83.44
1949 13,475,000 367,092124,567242,525 27.29.218.03.46
1950 13,737,000 372,009124,220247,789 27.19.018.03.46
1951 14,050,000 381,092125,823255,269 27.19.018.23.50
1952 14,496,000 403,559126,385277,174 27.88.719.13.64
1953 14,886,000 417,884127,791290,093 28.18.619.53.72
1954 15,330,000 436,198124,855311,343 28.58.120.33.83
1955 15,736,000 442,937128,476314,461 28.18.220.03.83
1956 16,123,000 450,739131,961318,778 28.08.219.83.86
1957 16,677,000 469,093136,579332,514 28.18.219.93.93
1958 17,120,000 470,118135,201334,917 27.57.919.63.88
1959 17,522,000 479,275 139,913339,362 27.48.019.43.94
1960 17,909,000 478,551139,693338,858 26.77.818.93.895
1961 18,271,000 475,700140,985334,715 26.07.718.33.840
1962 18,614,000 469,693143,699325,994 25.27.717.53.767
1963 18,964,000 465,767147,367318,400 24.67.816.83.694
1964 19,325,000 452,915145,850307,065 23.47.515.93.449
1965 19,678,000 418,595148,939269,656 21.37.613.73.192
1966 20,048,000 387,710149,863237,847 19.37.511.92.749
1967 20,412,000 370,894150,283220,611 18.27.410.82.528
1968 20,729,000 364,310153,196211,114 17.67.410.22.386
1969 21,028,000 369,647154,477215,170 17.67.310.22.334
1970 21,324,000 371,988155,961216,027 17.47.310.12.258
1971 21,962,032 362,187157,272204,915 16.57.29.32.141
1972 22,218,463 347,319162,413184,906 15.67.38.31.98
1973 22,491,777 343,373164,039179,334 15.37.38.01.89
1974 22,807,969 350,650166,794183,856 15.47.38.11.837
1975 23,143,275 359,323167,176192,147 15.57.28.31.824
1976 23,449,808 359,987167,009192,978 15.47.18.21.796
1977 23,725,843 361,400167,498193,902 15.27.18.21.782
1978 23,963,203 358,852168,179190,673 15.0 7.08.01.768
1979 24,201,544 366,064168,183197,881 15.16.98.21.754
1980 24,515,667 370,709171,473199,236 15.17.08.11.74
1981 24,819,915 371,346171,029200,317 15.06.98.11.7
1982 25,116,942 373,082174,413198,669 14.96.97.91.69
1983 25,366,451 373,689174,484199,205 14.76.97.91.68
1984 25,607,053 377,031175,727201,304 14.76.97.91.65
1985 25,842,116 375,727181,323194,404 14.57.07.51.67
1986 26,100,278 372,913184,224188,689 14.37.17.21.675
1987 26,446,601 369,742184,953184,789 14.07.07.01.68
1988 26,791,747 376,795190,011186,784 14.17.17.01.68
1989 27,276,781 392,661190,965201,696 14.47.07.41.77
1990 27,691,138 405,486191,973213,513 14.66.97.71.83
1991 28,037,420 403,816195,569208,247 14.47.07.41.72
1992 28,371,264 399,109196,535202,574 14.16.97.11.71
1993 28,684,764 389,037204,912184,125 13.57.16.41.68
1994 29,000,663 386,243207,077179,166 13.37.16.11.69
1995 29,302,311 378,685210,733167,952 12.97.25.71.67
1996 29,610,218 366,833212,880153,953 12.47.25.21.63
1997 29,905,948 349,543215,669133,874 11.77.24.41.57
1998 30,155,173 342,966218,091124,875 11.47.24.11.56
1999 30,401,286 337,821219,530118,291 11.17.23.91.54
2000 30,685,730 328,596218,062110,534 10.77.13.61.51
2001 31,020,902 334,615219,538115,077 10.87.13.71.54
2002 31,360,079 329,894223,603106,291 10.57.13.41.51
2003 31,644,028 336,352226,169110,183 10.67.13.41.54
2004 31,940,655 339,012226,584112,428 10.67.13.51.55
2005 32,243,753 345,365230,132115,233 10.67.13.51.57
2006 32,571,174 357,921228,079129,842 10.97.03.91.61
2007 32,889,025 370,369235,217135,152 11.27.24.01.66
2008 33,247,118 381,860238,617143,243 11.47.24.21.69
2009 33,628,895 384,651238,418146,233 11.37.14.21.68
2010 34,004,889 379,191240,075139,116 11.17.14.01.64
2011 34,339,328 379,244243,511135,733 11.07.13.91.62
2012 34,714,222 383,101246,596136,505 11.07.13.91.62
2013 35,082,954 381,054252,338128,716 10.87.23.61.60
2014 35,437,435 384,577258,821125,756 10.87.33.51.61
2015 35,702,908 382,979264,333118,646 10.77.43.31.60
2016 36,109,487 384,023267,213116,810 10.67.43.21.59
2017 36,545,236 377,627278,29899,329 10.37.62.71.54
2018 37,065,084 374,617285,67588,942 10.17.72.41.50
2019 37,601,230 372,978285,27087,708 9.97.62.31.47
2020 38,037,204 360,552 307,205 53,347 9.48.11.31.41
2021(c) 38,526,760 367,684311,94255,742 9.58.01.51.43

(c) = Census results

Current vital statistics

[35]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - June 2021 181,235 154,524 +26,711
January - June 2022 180,306 165,803 +14,503
Difference -929 (-0.51%) +11,279 (+7.30%) -12,208

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 20.2%
male: 20.9%
female: 19.4% (2020 est.)

Ethnicity and visible minorities

Canadians as ethnic group by province

All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[36] "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage.[37][38]

Province / TerritoryPercent Canadians Total Canadians
Alberta22.7% 902,310
British Columbia19.0% 866,530
Manitoba18.2% 232,660
New Brunswick57.8% 415,810
Newfoundland and Labrador43.4% 271,345
Nova Scotia42.6% 387,360
Ontario23.5% 3,109,770
Prince Edward Island45.0% 60,000
Quebec60.1% 4,474,115
Saskatchewan25.0% 274,580
Canada total32.3%11,136,134

Ethnic origin
Canada visible minority, aboriginal and European population as a percentage of the total population over time
Visible minorities over time including projections
Visible minorities as a population pyramid in total in 2016

As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethno-cultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.

Statistics Canada projects that immigrants will represent between 24.5% and 30.0% of Canada's population in 2036, compared with 20.7% in 2011.[39] Statistics Canada further projects that visible minorities among the working-age population (15 to 64 years) will make up 33.7–34.3% of Canada's total population, compared to 22.3% in 2016.[40]

Counting both single and multiple responses, the most commonly identified ethnic origins were (2016):

Ethnic origin[41]  % Population
Canadian[lower-alpha 2] 32.32% 11,136,134
English 18.34% 6,320,085
Scottish 13.93% 4,799,010
French 13.55% 4,670,595
Irish 13.43% 4,627,000
German 9.64% 3,322,405
Chinese 5.13% 1,769,195
Italian 4.61% 1,587,970
First Nations[lower-alpha 3] 4.43% 1,525,565
Indian 3.99% 1,374,710
Ukrainian 3.95% 1,359,655
Dutch 3.23% 1,111,655
Polish 3.21% 1,106,585
Filipino 2.43% 837,130
British, not included elsewhere 1.87% 644,695
Russian 1.81% 622,445
Métis 1.74% 600,000
Portuguese 1.40% 482,610
Welsh 1.38% 474,805
Norwegian 1.34% 463,275
Spanish 1.15% 396,460
American 1.10% 377,410
Swedish 1.02% 349,640
Hungarian 1.01% 348,085

The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows in 2006[42] (total responses; only percentages 10% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):

  • Quebec (7,723,525): Canadian (59.1%), French (29.1%)
  • New Brunswick (735,835): Canadian (50.3%), French (27.2%), English (25.9%), Irish (21.6%), Scottish (19.9%)
  • Newfoundland and Labrador (507,265): Canadian (49.0%), English (43.4%), Irish (21.8%)
  • Nova Scotia (906,170): Canadian (39.1%), Scottish (31.2%), English (30.8%), Irish (22.3%), French (17.0%), German (10.8%)
  • Prince Edward Island (137,375): Scottish (39.3%), Canadian (36.8%), English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%)
  • Ontario (12,651,795): Canadian (23.3%), English (23.1%), Scottish (16.4%), Irish (16.4%), French (10.8%)
  • Alberta (3,567,980): English (24.9%), Canadian (21.8%), German (19.2%), Scottish (18.8%), Irish (15.8%), French (11.1%)
  • Manitoba (1,174,345): English (21.8%), German (18.6%), Canadian (18.5%), Scottish (18.0%), Ukrainian (14.9%), Irish (13.2%), French (12.6%), North American Indian (10.6%)
  • Saskatchewan (1,008,760): German (28.6%), English (24.9%), Scottish (18.9%), Canadian (18.8%), Irish (15.5%), Ukrainian (13.5%), French (12.2%), North American Indian (12.1%)
  • British Columbia (4,324,455): English (27.7%), Scottish (19.3%), Canadian (19.1%), German (13.1%), Chinese (10.7%)
  • Yukon (33,320): English (28.5%), Scottish (25.0%), Irish (22.0%), North American Indian (21.8%), Canadian (21.8%), German (15.6%), French (13.1%)
  • Northwest Territories (40,800): North American Indian (37.0%), Scottish (13.9%), English (13.7%), Canadian (12.8%), Irish (11.9%), Inuit (11.7%)
  • Nunavut (31,700): Inuit (85.4%)

Italics indicates either that this response is dominant within this province, or that this province has the highest ratio (percentage) of this response among provinces.

Visible minority population
Visible and non-visible minority populations by group, 1981–1996
Group 1981 census
[43][44][45]: 64 		 1986 census
[44][45]: 66 [46]: 6 		 1991 census
[44][47]: 11 [46]: 6 		 1996 census[48][49]
Total  % Total  % Total  % Total  %
Visible minority1,131,8254.7%1,577,7106.3%2,525,4809.4%3,197,48011.2%
South Asian223,2350.9%300,5451.2%505,5151.9%670,5902.4%
Chinese (East Asian)299,9151.2%390,5901.6%626,4350%860,1503%
Black239,4551%355,3851.4%504,2901.9%573,8602%
Filipino75,4850.3%102,3600.4%169,1500.6%234,1950.8%
Latin American50,2300.2%60,9750.2%134,5350.5%176,9700.6%
Arab/West Asian112,4350.5%149,6650.6%289,7551.1%244,6650.9%
Southeast Asian
(except Filipino)		53,9100.2%86,9450.3%132,4150.5%172,7650.6%
Korean (East Asian)22,5700.1%29,2050.1%45,5350.2%64,8350.2%
Japanese (East Asian)46,0600.2%52,8800.2%63,8600.2%68,1350.2%
Multiple visible minorities40,5000.2%48,5450.2%61,5750.2%
Visible minority, n.i.e.5,4400%69,7450.2%
Other8,5300%8,6600%
Not a visible minority22,951,67095.3%23,444,30093.7%24,468,56090.6%25,330,64588.8%
Indigenous
(see breakdown below)		491,4652%711,7252.8%1,016,3403.8%799,0052.8%
European[nb 1]22,460,20593.3%22,732,57590.9%23,452,22086.9%24,531,64086%
Total population in
private households		24,083,495100%25,022,010100%26,994,040100%28,528,125100%

Note: Indigenous population decline between 1991 and 1996 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count; "the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal".[50]

Visible and non-visible minority populations by group, 2001–2016
Group 2001 census[51] 2006 census[52] 2011 survey[53] 2016 census[54]
Total  % Total  % Total  % Total  %
Visible minority3,983,84513.4%5,068,09516.2%6,264,75019.1%7,674,58022.3%
South Asian917,0753.1%1,262,8654%1,567,4004.8%1,924,6355.6%
Chinese (East Asian)1,029,3953.5%1,216,5653.9%1,324,7504%1,577,0604.6%
Black662,2152.2%783,7952.5%945,6652.9%1,198,5403.5%
Filipino308,5751%410,6951.3%619,3101.9%780,1252.3%
Arab194,6850.7%265,5500.9%380,6201.2%523,2351.5%
Latin American216,9800.7%304,2451%381,2801.2%447,3251.3%
Southeast Asian
(except Filipino)		198,8800.7%239,9350.8%312,0750.9%313,2600.9%
West Asian109,2850.4%156,7000.5%206,8400.6%264,3050.8%
Korean (East Asian)100,6600.3%141,8900.5%161,1300.5%188,7100.5%
Japanese (East Asian)73,3150.2%81,3000.3%87,2700.3%92,9200.3%
Multiple visible minorities73,8750.2%133,1200.4%171,9350.5%232,3750.7%
Visible minority, n.i.e.98,9150.3%71,4200.2%106,4750.3%132,0900.4%
Not a visible minority25,655,18586.6%26,172,93583.8%26,587,57580.9%26,785,48077.7%
Indigenous
(see breakdown below)		976,3053.3%1,172,7853.8%1,400,6854.3%1,673,7854.9%
European[nb 1]24,678,88083.3%25,000,15080%25,186,89076.7%25,111,69572.9%
Total population in
private households		29,639,030100%31,241,030100%32,852,320100%34,460,065100%

Indigenous population
Indigenous population in Canada, 1996–2021 censuses
Group 1996[48] 2001[51] 2006[52] 2011[53] 2016[55] 2021[56]
 %Total %Total %Total %Total %Total %Total
Total Indigenous 2.8% 799,005 3.3% 976,305 3.8% 1,172,785 4.3% 1,400,685 4.9% 1,673,780 5% 1,807,250
First Nations 1.8% 529,040 2.1% 608,850 2.2% 698,025 2.6% 851,560 2.8% 977,230 2.9% 1,048,405
Métis 0.7% 204,115 1.0% 292,305 1.2% 389,780 1.4% 451,795 1.7% 587,545 1.7% 624,220
Inuit 0.14% 40,220 0.16% 50,485 0.2% 59,445 0.2% 65,025 0.2% 70,540

Note: Other Indigenous and mixed Indigenous groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Indigenous

Future projections
White/European Canadians from 2001 to 2016
Pan−ethnic Origin Projections (2031−2041)
2031[57][58] 2036[57][58] 2041[57][58]
Population % Population % Population %
European[nb 1]
 26,085,000 59.79% 25,749,000 56.25% 25,296,000 53.07%
South Asian
 4,283,000 9.82% 5,010,000 10.94% 5,658,000 11.87%
East Asian
 3,120,000 7.15% 3,445,000 7.53% 3,740,000 7.85%
Chinese
 2,591,000 5.94% 2,850,000 6.23% 3,082,000 6.47%
Korean
 381,000 0.87% 433,000 0.95% 484,000 1.02%
Japanese
 148,000 0.34% 162,000 0.35% 174,000 0.37%
African
 2,381,000 5.46% 2,762,000 6.03% 3,134,000 6.57%
Indigenous
 2,484,000 5.69% 2,673,000 5.84% 2,848,000 5.97%
First Nations
 1,430,000 3.28% 1,535,000 3.35% 1,633,000 3.43%
Metis
 911,000 2.09% 986,000 2.15% 1,054,000 2.21%
Inuit
 84,000 0.19% 90,000 0.2% 96,000 0.2%
Other
Indigenous
 59,000 0.14% 62,000 0.14% 65,000 0.14%
Southeast Asian
 2,009,000 4.6% 2,324,000 5.08% 2,640,000 5.54%
Filipino
 1,524,000 3.49% 1,789,000 3.91% 2,059,000 4.32%
Other
Southeast Asian
 485,000 1.11% 535,000 1.17% 581,000 1.22%
Middle Eastern
 1,801,000 4.13% 2,141,000 4.68% 2,475,000 5.19%
Arab
 1,182,000 2.71% 1,403,000 3.06% 1,625,000 3.41%
West Asian
 619,000 1.42% 738,000 1.61% 850,000 1.78%
Latin American
 821,000 1.88% 931,000 2.03% 1,036,000 2.17%
Other
 644,000 1.48% 742,000 1.62% 841,000 1.76%
Projected
Canadian
Population
 43,629,000 100% 45,776,000 100% 47,668,000 100%

Languages
Main article: Languages of Canada
Languages in Canada (Mother Tongue)
2016 Census
Language Percent
English
 
 55.97%
French
 
 20.61%
Non-official
 
 21.06%
English and French
 
 0.48%

Mother tongue
Languages of Canada
First language 2016 2011 2006
Population % of total population Population % of total population Population % of total population Notes
Single language responses33,947,61097.64%32,481,63598.07%30,848,27098.74%
Official languages26,627,54576.59%25,913,95578.24%24,700,42579.06%
English19,460,85555.97%18,858,98056.94%17,882,77557.24%
French7,166,70020.61%7,054,97521.3%6,817,65021.82%
Non-official languages7,321,07021.06%6,567,68019.83%6,147,84019.68%
Combined Chinese Responses1,227,6803.53%n/an/an/an/aCombined responses of Mandarin, Cantonese, Chinese n.o.s. and Min Nan
Mandarin (Standard Chinese)592,0351.7%248,7050.75%170,9500.55%
Cantonese565,2751.63%372,4601.12%361,4501.16%
Punjabi501,6801.44%430,7051.3%367,5051.18%
Spanish458,8501.32%410,6701.24%345,3451.11%
Tagalog (Filipino)431,3851.24%327,4450.99%235,6150.75%
Arabic419,8951.21%327,8700.99%261,6400.84%
German384,0401.1%409,2001.24%450,5701.44%
Italian375,6451.08%407,4851.23%455,0401.46%
Hindustani321,4650.92%263,3450.8%224,0450.72%Combined responses of Hindi and Urdu
Portuguese221,5350.64%211,3350.64%219,2750.7%
Persian (Farsi)214,2000.62%170,0450.51%134,0800.43%
Urdu210,8200.61%172,8000.52%145,8050.47%
Dravidian languages189,4050.54%n/an/an/an/aCombined responses of Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada.
Russian188,2550.54%164,3300.5%133,5800.43%
Polish181,7050.52%191,6450.58%211,1750.68%
Vietnamese156,4300.45%144,8800.44%141,6250.45%
Korean153,4250.44%137,9250.42%125,5700.4%
Tamil140,7200.4%131,2650.4%115,8800.37%Most of the Canadian Tamils live in Toronto.
Hindi110,6450.32%90,5450.27%78,2400.25%
Gujarati108,7750.31%91,4500.28%81,4650.26%
Greek106,5200.31%108,9250.33%117,2850.38%
Ukrainian102,4850.29%111,5400.34%134,5000.43%
Dutch99,0150.28%110,4900.33%128,9000.41%
Romanian96,6600.28%90,3000.27%78,4950.25%
Bengali73,1250.21%59,3700.18%45,6850.15%
Creoles72,1300.21%61,7250.19%53,5150.17%
Cree, n.o.s.[nb 2]64,0450.18%77,9000.24%78,8550.25%In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'.
Hungarian61,2350.18%67,9200.21%73,3350.23%The majority of Hungarian speakers in Canada live in Ontario. A community of Hungarian speakers is found within a part of Windsor, Ontario.
Berber languages (Kabyle)n/an/a57,8550.17%25,5780.08%
Serbian57,3450.16%56,4200.17%51,6650.17%
Croatian48,2000.14%49,7300.15%55,3300.18%
Japanese43,6400.13%39,9850.12%40,2000.13%
Chinese, n.o.s.[nb 2]38,5750.11%425,2101.28%456,7051.46%
Somali36,7600.11%31,3800.09%27,3200.09%
Inuktitut35,2150.1%33,5000.1%32,0150.1%In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.[nb 3]
Armenian33,4550.1%29,7950.09%30,1300.1%
Turkish32,8150.09%29,6400.09%24,7450.08%
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)31,7950.09%n/an/an/an/a
Malayalam28,5700.08%16,0800.05%11,9250.04%
Albanian26,8950.08%23,8200.07%n/an/a
Ilocano26,3450.08%17,9150.05%13,4500.04%
Amharic22,4650.06%18,0200.05%14,5550.05%
Czech22,2950.06%23,5850.07%24,4500.08%
Khmer (Cambodian)20,1300.06%19,4400.06%19,1050.06%
Bulgarian20,0200.06%19,0500.06%16,7900.05%
Hebrew19,5300.06%18,4500.06%17,6350.06%
Niger–Congo languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]19,1400.06%14,0750.04%n/an/a
Nepali18,2750.05%8,4800.03%n/an/a
Ojibway17,8850.05%17,6250.05%24,1900.08%
Slovak17,5850.05%17,5800.05%18,8200.06%
Pashto16,9100.05%12,4650.04%9,0250.03%
Macedonian16,7700.05%17,2450.05%18,4350.06%
Tigrigna16,6500.05%10,2200.03%7,1050.02%
Sinhala16,3350.05%14,1850.04%10,1800.03%
Bisayan languagesn/an/a16,2400.05%11,2400.04%
Telugu15,6550.05%9,3150.03%6,6250.02%
Finnish15,2950.04%17,4150.05%21,0300.07%
Yiddish13,5550.04%15,2050.05%16,2950.05%
Akan (Twi)13,4600.04%12,6800.04%12,7800.04%
Swahili13,3750.04%10,0900.03%7,9350.03%
Wu (Shanghainese)12,9200.04%n/an/an/an/a
Oji-Cree12,8550.04%9,8350.03%11,6900.04%
Lao12,6700.04%12,9700.04%13,9400.04%
Danish12,6300.04%14,1450.04%18,7350.06%
Malay12,2750.04%10,9100.03%9,4900.03%
Bosnian12,2100.04%11,6850.04%12,7900.04%
Sindhi11,8600.03%11,3300.03%10,3550.03%
Kurdish11,7050.03%9,8050.03%7,6600.02%
Hakka10,9100.03%5,1150.02%n/an/a
Dene10,7000.03%11,2150.03%9,7450.03%
Afrikaans10,2600.03%8,7700.03%n/an/a
Montagnais (Innu)10,2300.03%10,7850.03%10,9750.04%In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi'.
Slovenian9,7850.03%10,7750.03%13,1350.04%
Taiwanesen/an/a9,6350.03%9,6200.03%
Serbo-Croatian9,5550.03%10,1550.03%12,5100.04%
African languages, n.i.e.[nb 3]n/an/a9,1250.03%n/an/a
Thai9,2550.03%7,9350.02%n/an/a
Marathi8,2950.02%5,8300.02%n/an/a
Bantu languages, n.i.e.[nb 3]n/an/a7,1500.02%n/an/a
Lithuanian7,0750.02%7,2450.02%8,3350.03%
Swedish6,8400.02%7,3500.02%8,2200.03%
Mi'kmaq6,6900.02%7,6350.02%7,3650.02%
Tibetan6,1650.02%n/an/an/an/a
Atikamekw6,1500.02%5,8200.02%5,2500.02%
Canadian Gaelicn/an/a6,0150.02%6,0150.02%
Fukien (Fuzhou dialect)n/an/a5,9250.02%n/an/a
Rundi (Kirundi)5,8450.02%3,9750.01%n/an/a
Maltese5,5650.02%6,2200.02%6,4050.02%
Estonian5,4450.02%6,3850.02%8,2400.03%
Latvian5,4550.02%6,2000.02%7,0000.02%
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)5,2500.02%3,8950.01%n/an/a
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.[nb 3]5,1800.01%5,2550.02%n/an/a
Oromo4,9600.01%11,1400.03%n/an/a
Norwegian4,6150.01%5,8000.02%7,2250.02%
Tibetan languagesn/an/a4,6400.01%n/an/a
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.[nb 3]n/an/a4,3600.01%n/an/a
Sign languages, n.i.e.[nb 3]4,1250.01%3,8150.01%n/an/a
Vlaams (Flemish)3,8950.01%4,6900.01%5,6600.02%
Lingala3,8100.01%3,0850.01%n/an/a
Burmese3,5850.01%2,9850.01%n/an/a
Stoney3,0250.01%3,0500.01%n/an/a
Shanghainesen/an/a2,9200.01%n/an/a
Blackfoot2,815<0.01%n/an/a3,0850.01%
Slavic languages, n.i.e.[nb 3]2,4200.01%3,6300.01%n/an/a
Semitic languages, n.i.e.[nb 3]2,1550.01%16,9700.05%n/an/a
Frisian2,095<0.01%n/an/a2,8900.01%
Dogrib (Tlicho)1,645<0.01%n/an/a2,0200.01%
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.[nb 3]1,405<0.01%n/an/an/an/a
Siouan languages (Dakota/Sioux)1,265<0.01%n/an/a5,5850.02%
Algonquin1,260<0.01%n/an/a1,9200.01%
Scottish Gaelic1,095<0.01%n/an/an/an/a
Welsh1,075<0.01%n/an/an/an/a
Carrier1,030<0.01%n/an/a1,560<0.01%
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)1,020<0.01%n/an/a365<0.01%
Mohawk985<0.01%n/an/a290<0.01%
South Slavey950<0.01%n/an/a1,6050.01%
Gitxsan (Gitksan)880<0.01%n/an/a1,180<0.01%
North Slave (Hare)765<0.01%n/an/a1,065<0.01%
Chilcotin655<0.01%n/an/a1,070<0.01%
Celtic languages, n.i.e.[nb 3]530<0.01%n/an/an/an/a
Chipewyann/an/an/an/a525<0.01%
Michif465<0.01%n/an/an/an/a
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)445<0.01%n/an/a935<0.01%
Nisga'a400<0.01%n/an/a680<0.01%
Malecite300<0.01%n/an/a535<0.01%
Kutchin-Gwich’in (Loucheux)260<0.01%n/an/a360<0.01%
Tlingit95<0.01%n/an/a80<0.01%
Other languagesn/an/a77,8900.2%172,6500.55%
Multiple language responses818,6402.35%639,5401.9%392,7601.26%
English and French165,3350.48%144,6850.4%98,6300.32%
English and a non-official language533,2601.53%396,3301.2%240,0050.77%
French and a non-official language86,1450.25%74,4300.2%43,3350.14%
English, French, and a non-official language33,9000.1%24,0950.07%10,7900.03%
Total[59][60][61]34,767,250100%33,121,175100%31,241,030100%
  1. Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an aboriginal identity.
  2. n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
  3. n.i.e. – not included elsewhere

Knowledge of language
Top ten spoken languages in Canada
2021 census[lower-alpha 4]
Language Percent
English
 
 87.06%
French
 
 29.08%
Chinese[lower-alpha 5]
 
 4.21%
Hindustani[lower-alpha 6]
 
 3.24%
Spanish
 
 3.22%
Punjabi
 
 2.59%
Arabic
 
 2.31%
Tagalog
 
 2.03%
Italian
 
 1.51%
German
 
 1.15%

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses, and first appeared on the 1991 Canadian census.[lower-alpha 7] The following figures are from the 1991 Canadian census, 2001 Canadian census, 2011 Canadian census, and the 2021 Canadian census.

Knowledge of Languages in Canada
Language Population
(2021)[63]		 %
(2021)		 Population
(2011)[64]		 %
(2011)		 Population
(2001)[62][65]		 %
(2001)		 Population
(1991)[66]		 %
(1991)
English 31,628,570 87.06% 28,360,235[67] 85.63% 25,246,220[68] 85.18% 22,505,415 83.37%
French 10,563,235 29.08% 9,960,585[67] 30.07% 9,178,100[68] 30.97% 8,508,960 31.52%
Chinese[lower-alpha 5] 1,528,860 4.21% 1,297,505 3.92% 1,028,445 3.47% 557,305 2.06%
Hindustani[lower-alpha 6] 1,176,295 3.24% 576,165 1.74% 366,740 1.24% 163,930 0.61%
Spanish 1,171,450 3.22% 873,395 2.64% 610,580 2.06% 402,430 1.49%
Punjabi 942,170 2.59% 545,730 1.65% 338,720 1.14% 167,925 0.62%
Arabic 838,045 2.31% 470,965 1.42% 290,280 0.98% 164,380 0.61%
Tagalog 737,565 2.03% 491,075 1.48% 244,690 0.83% 136,975 0.51%
Italian 547,655 1.51% 595,600 1.8% 680,970 2.3% 701,910 2.6%
German 419,195 1.15% 525,480 1.59% 635,520 2.14% 684,955 2.54%
Portuguese 336,865 0.93% 266,950 0.81% 264,990 0.89% 254,465 0.94%
Persian[lower-alpha 8] 330,725 0.91% 196,110 0.59% 111,700 0.38% 49,380 0.18%
Russian 309,235 0.85% 230,755 0.7% 157,455 0.53% 84,050 0.31%
Tamil 237,890 0.65% 179,465 0.54% 111,580 0.38% 37,330 0.14%
Vietnamese 232,800 0.64% 192,070 0.58% 165,645 0.56% 113,115 0.42%
Gujarati 209,410 0.58% 118,950 0.36% 80,835 0.27% 54,210 0.2%
Polish 204,460 0.56% 217,735 0.66% 249,695 0.84% 239,575 0.89%
Korean 203,885 0.56% 149,035 0.45% 91,610 0.31% 40,230 0.15%
Serbo-Croatian[lower-alpha 9] 155,775 0.43% 154,700 0.47% 153,085 0.52% 100,541 0.37%
Greek 145,060 0.4% 150,620 0.45% 158,800 0.54% 161,320 0.6%
Haitian Creole 134,895 0.37% 128,555 0.39% 76,140 0.26% 49,970 0.19%
Ukrainian 131,655 0.36% 144,260 0.44% 200,520 0.68% 249,535 0.92%
Bengali 120,605 0.33% 69,490 0.21% 34,650 0.12% N/A <0.1%
Romanian 116,520 0.32% 97,180 0.29% 60,520 0.2% 30,520 0.11%
Dutch 107,985 0.3% 135,085 0.41% 157,875 0.53% 173,290 0.64%
Cree[lower-alpha 10] 105,850 0.29% 96,690 0.29% 97,200 0.33% 93,825 0.35%
Japanese 98,070 0.27% 74,690 0.23% 65,030 0.22% 45,370 0.17%
Hebrew 83,205 0.23% 70,695 0.21% 63,675 0.21% 52,450 0.19%
Turkish 78,500 0.22% 44,080 0.13% 32,520 0.11% N/A <0.1%
Malayalam 77,910 0.21% 22,125 0.07% 9,185 0.03% N/A <0.1%
Hungarian 64,625 0.18% 73,695 0.22% 89,230 0.3% 97,410 0.36%
Ilocano 61,680 0.17% 21,880 0.07% N/A <0.03% N/A <0.1%
Somali 59,005 0.16% 37,115 0.11% N/A <0.03% N/A <0.1%
Swahili 57,295 0.16% 31,690 0.1% 25,300 0.09% N/A <0.1%
Telugu 54,685 0.15% 12,645 0.04% N/A <0.03% N/A <0.1%
  1. n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
  2. n.i.e. – not included elsewhere

Work
Language used most often at work
Language % of total population (2016)[69] % of total population (2006)[70]
English 76.49% 76.36%
French 19.17% 20.22%
Non-official 1.38% 1.49%
English and French 2.07% 1.37%
English and non-official 0.77% 0.47%
Other[lower-alpha 11] 0.12% 0.09%

Home
Language used most often at home
Language % of total population (2016)[71] % of total population (2006)[72]
English 63.75% 65.89%
French 19.97% 21.15%
Non-official 11.5% 11.11%
English and non-official 3.7% 1.3%
English and French 0.46% 0.3%
Other[lower-alpha 12] 0.63% 0.24%

Religion
See also: Religion in Canada

Statistics Canada (StatCan) grouped responses to the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) question on religion into nine core religious categories – Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality, other religions and no religious affiliation.[73] Among these, 67% of Canadians were self-identified as Christians in 2011.[74] The second, third, and fourth-largest categories were of Canadians with no religious affiliation at 24%, Canadian Muslims at 3%, and Canadian Hindus at 2%.[74]

Within the 2011 NHS results, StatCan further subcategorized Christianity in nine groups of its own – Anglican, Baptist, Catholic, Christian Orthodox, Lutheran, Pentecostal, Presbyterian, United Church and Other Christian.[73] Among these, 39% of Canadians were self-identified as Catholic in 2011.[74] The second and third-largest ungrouped subcategories of Christian Canadians were United at 6% and Anglican at 5%, while 9% of Christians were grouped into the Other Christian subcategory comprising numerous denominations.[74]

Of the 3,036,785 or 5% of Canadians identified as Other Christians:[74]

Religion status of the Canadian Population in 2011[74]
Religion Total Percent
Buddhist366,8301%
Christian22,102,74567%
   Baptist635,8402%
   Roman Catholic12,810,70539%
   Christian Orthodox550,6902%
   Anglican1,631,8455%
   United Church2,007,6106%
   Pentecostal478,7051%
   Presbyterian472,3851%
   Lutheran478,1851%
   Other Christian3,036,7859%
Hindu497,9602%
Jewish329,5001%
Muslim1,053,9453%
Sikh454,9651%
Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality64,9400.2%
Other religions130,8350.4%
No religious affiliation7,850,60524%

See also
  • Demographics of North America
  • 1666 census of New France
  • Canada 2016 Census
  • List of Canadian census areas demographic extremes
  • Interprovincial migration in Canada
  • Cahiers québécois de démographie academic journal
  • Canadian Studies in Population academic journal

Notes
    1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
    2. All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), but no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage.
      Source 1: Jack Jedwab (April 2008). "Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'" (PDF). Association for Canadian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
      Source 2: Don Kerr (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.
    3. The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins were from a Canadian First Nation, or another non-Canadian North American aboriginal group (excluding Inuit and Métis).
      Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples". Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
    4. The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census.
    5. 2021 census: Combined responses of the Chinese languages, including Mandarin (987,300), Cantonese (724,925), Min Nan, Hakka, Wu (Shanghainese), Min Dong, Chinese, n.o.s.,[nb 1] and Chinese languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]
    6. 2021 census: Combined responses of Hindi (761,425) and Urdu (414,870) as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Hindustani language.
    7. The 1991 Census was the first to ask Canadians whether they could conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French[62]: 50 
    8. 2021 census: Combined responses of Iranian Persian (222,160), Dari, and Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.,[nb 1] as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Persian language, and as they were all categorized under "Persian" in previous censuses.
    9. Including Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, and Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.[nb 2]
    10. 2021 census: Total number of speakers of the Cree-Innu languages, previously categorized under "Cree" in past censuses.
    11. French and non-official language OR
      English, French and non-official language
    12. French and non-official language OR
      English, French and non-official language

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