Khabarovsk Krai

Khabarovsk Krai shares its borders with Magadan Oblast in the north, with the Sakha Republic and Amur Oblast in the west, with the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, China (Heilongjiang), and Primorsky Krai in the south, and is limited by the Sea of Okhotsk in the east. In terms of area, it is the fourth-largest federal subject within Russia. Major islands include Shantar Islands.

Taiga and tundra in the north, swampy forest in the central depression, and deciduous forest in the south are the natural vegetation in the area. The main rivers are the Amur, Amgun, Uda and Tugur, among others. There are also lakes such as Bokon, Bolon, Chukchagir, Evoron, Kizi, Khummi, Orel and Udyl, among others.[10]

Khabarovsk Krai has a severely continental climate with its northern areas being subarctic with stronger maritime summer moderation in the north. In its southerly areas, especially inland, annual swings are extremely strong, with Khabarovsk itself having hot, wet and humid summers which rapidly transforms into severely cold and long winters, where temperatures hardly ever go above freezing. This is because of the influence of the East Asian monsoon in summer and the bitterly cold Siberian High in winter. The second-largest city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur has even more violent temperature swings than Khabarovsk with winter average lows below −30 °C (−22 °F) but in spite of this avoiding being subarctic because of the significant heat in summer.

The main mountain ranges in the region are the Bureya Range, the Badzhal Range (highest point 2,221 metres (7,287 ft) high Gora Ulun), the Yam-Alin, the Dusse-Alin, the Sikhote-Alin, the Dzhugdzhur Mountains, the Kondyor Massif, as well as a small section of the Suntar-Khayata Range, the Yudoma-Maya Highlands and the Sette-Daban in the western border regions. The highest point is 2,933 metres (9,623 ft) high Berill Mountain.[11][12]

There are a number of peninsulas along the krai's extensive coast, the main ones being (north to south) the Lisyansky Peninsula, Nurki Peninsula, Tugurskiy Peninsula and the Tokhareu Peninsula.

The main islands of Khabarovsk Krai (north to south) are Malminskiye Island, the Shantar Islands, Menshikov Island, Reyneke Island (Sea of Okhotsk), Chkalov Island, Baydukov Island and the Chastye Islands. The island of Sakhalin (Russia's largest) is administered separately as Sakhalin Oblast, along with the Kuril Islands.

According to various Chinese and Korean records, the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai was originally occupied by one of the five semi-nomadic Shiwei, the Bo Shiwei tribes and the Black Water Mohe tribes living respectively on the west and the east of the Bureya and the Lesser Khingan ranges.

In 1643, Vassili Poyarkov's boats descended the Amur, returning to Yakutsk by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Aldan River, and in 1649–1650 Yerofey Khabarov occupied the banks of the Amur. The resistance of the Chinese, however, obliged the Cossacks to quit their forts, and by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), Russia abandoned its advance into the basin of the river.

Although the Russians were thus deprived of the right to navigate the Amur River, the territorial claim over the lower courses of the river was not settled in the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689. The area between Uda River and Greater Khingan mountain range (i.e. most of Lower Amuria) was left undemarcated and the Sino-Russian border was allowed to fluctuate.[13][14]

Later in the nineteenth century, Nikolay Muravyov conducted an aggressive policy with China by claiming that the lower reaches of the Amur River belonged to Russia. In 1852, a Russian military expedition under Muravyov explored the Amur, and by 1857 a chain of Russian Cossacks and peasants had been settled along the whole course of the river. In 1858, in the Treaty of Aigun, China recognized the Amur River downstream as far as the Ussuri River as the boundary between Russia and the Qing Empire, and granted Russia free access to the Pacific Ocean.[15] The Sino-Russian border was later further delineated in the Treaty of Peking of 1860 when the Ussuri Territory (the Maritime Territory), which was previously a joint possession, became Russian.[16]

Khabarovsk Krai was established on 20 October 1938, when the Far Eastern Krai was split into the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krais.[17] Kamchatka Oblast, which was originally subordinated to the Far Eastern Krai, fell under the Jurisdiction of Khabarovsk Krai, along with its two National Okrugs, Chukotka and Koryak. In 1947, the northern part of Sakhalin was removed from the Krai to join the southern part and form Sakhalin oblast. In 1948, parts of its southwestern territories were removed from the Krai to form Amur Oblast. In 1953, Magadan Oblast was established from the northern parts of the Krai and was given jurisdiction over Chukotka National Okrug which was originally under jurisdiction of Kamchatka oblast. The Krai took its modern form in 1956 when Kamchatka oblast became its own region and took Koryak National Okrug with it. On 24 April 1996 Khabarovsk signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[18] This agreement would be abolished on 12 August 2002.[19]

Khabarovsk Krai Administration building

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Khabarovsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Khabarovsk Krai is the fundamental law of the krai. The Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai is the regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Duma exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Krai Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Krai Administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

On 9 July 2020, the governor of the region, Sergei Furgal, was arrested and flown to Moscow. The 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests began on 11 July 2020 in support of Furgal.[20]

Bridge over the Amur River in Khabarovsk

Khabarovsk Krai is the most industrialized territory of the Far East of Russia, producing 30% of the total industrial products in the Far Eastern Economic Region.

Khabarovsk city ponds on Ussuriysky Boulevard

Population: 1,343,869 (2010 Census);[5] 1,436,570 (2002 Census);[22] 1,824,506 (1989 Census).[23]

According to the 2010 Census,[5] 91.8% of the population are Russians, 2.1% Ukrainians, 0.8% Nanais, 0.6% Tatars, 0.6% Koreans, and 0.4% Belarusians. 55,038 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24]

In addition to the Nanai, other indigenous groups include the Evenks and Evens in the northern part of the province, and Ulchs in the lower Amur river (Ulchsky District). Some Nivkhs (Gilyak), an indigenous fishing people speaking an isolate language, live around the Amur river delta as well. Smaller groups indigenous to the area are Negidals (567), Orochs (686), and Udege (1,657) and Taz people (3) according to the 2002 census.

• Births (2009): 17,573 (12.5 per 1000)
• Deaths (2009): 19,115 (13.6 per 1000)[25]
• Urban Births (2009): 13,612 (12.1 per 1000)
• Rural Births (2009): 3,961 (14.5 per 1000)
• Urban Deaths (2009): 15,472 (13.7 per 1000)
• Rural Deaths (2009): 3,643 (13.3 per 1000)[26]

The birth rate for 2008 is 5.2% higher than that in 2007, and the death rate is 1.4% lower. Birth rate was recorded at 11.6 for 2007 (11.1 for Urban areas and 13.8 for Rural areas) per 1000 people. The death rate was 14.2 in 2007 (14.3 for Urban areas and 14.0 for Rural areas). Rural locations of Khabarovsk Krai had a positive natural growth of population in 2008 (for the first time in the last 16 years).[26]

Settlements

Largest cities or towns in Khabarovsk Krai 2010 Russian Census
	Rank		Administrative Division	Pop.
Komsomolsk-on-Amur	1	Khabarovsk	Khabarovsky District	577,441	Amursk Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
	2	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	Komsomolsky District	263,906
	3	Amursk	Amursky District	42,970
	4	Nikolayevsk-on-Amur	Nikolayevsky District	22,752
	5	Sovetskaya Gavan	Sovetsko-Gavansky District	27,712
	6	Bikin	Bikinsky District	17,154
	7	Vanino	Vaninsky District	17,001
	8	Vyazemsky	Vyazemsky District	14,555
	9	Solnechny	Solnechny District	13,306
	10	Chegdomyn	Verkhnebureinsky District	13,048

Vital statistics for 2012

• Births: 18 324 (13.6 per 1000)
• Deaths: 18 169 (13.5 per 1000) [27]

Total fertility rate:[28]
2009 – 1.59 | 2010 – 1.56 | 2011 – 1.57 | 2012 – 1.70 | 2013 – 1.74 | 2014 – 1.79 | 2015 – 1.85 | 2016 – 1.79(e)

Platinum Arena.

• Amur Khabarovsk, a professional hockey club of the international Kontinental Hockey League and plays its home games at the Platinum Arena.
• FC SKA-Energiya Khabarovsk is a professional association football team playing in the Russian Football National League, the second tier of Russian association football.
• SKA-Neftyanik is a professional bandy club which plays in the top-tier Russian Bandy Super League at its own indoor venue Arena Yerofey. In the 2016–17 season the club became Russian champion for the first time.[33]

The city was a host to the 1981 Bandy World Championship as well as to the 2015 Bandy World Championship. For the 2015 games, twenty-one teams originally were expected, which would have been four more than the record-making seventeen from the 2014 tournament, but eventually only sixteen teams came. The A Division of 2018 Bandy World Championship will again be played in Khabarovsk.[34]

• South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea[35]
• Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan[36]

• List of Chairmen of the Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai
• Tourism in Khabarovsk Krai
• Blagodatnoye

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Khabarovsk Krai.

Media related to Khabarovsk Krai at Wikimedia Commons

• (in Russian)—Official website of Khabarovsk Krai
• Information concerning the Shiwei tribes and their relationship with the Khitans
• (in Russian)—Brief history of Khabaovsk Krai