Middle High German

Middle High German (MHG; German: Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High German and into Early New High German. High German is defined as those varieties of German which were affected by the Second Sound Shift; the Middle Low German and Middle Dutch languages spoken to the North and North West, which did not participate in this sound change, are not part of MHG.

Middle High German
diutsch, tiutsch
RegionCentral and southern Germany, Austria and parts of Switzerland
EraHigh Middle Ages
Early form
Language codes
ISO 639-2gmh (c. 1050–1500)
ISO 639-3gmh (c. 1050–1500)
ISO 639-6mdgr
Glottologmidd1343

While there is no standard MHG, the prestige of the Hohenstaufen court gave rise in the late 12th century to a supra-regional literary language (mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache) based on Swabian, an Alemannic dialect. This historical interpretation is complicated by the tendency of modern editions of MHG texts to use normalised spellings based on this variety (usually called "Classical MHG"), which make the written language appear more consistent than it actually is in the manuscripts. Scholars are uncertain as to whether the literary language reflected a supra-regional spoken language of the courts.

An important development in this period was the Ostsiedlung, the eastward expansion of German settlement beyond the Elbe-Saale line which marked the limit of Old High German. This process started in the 11th century, and all the East Central German dialects are a result of this expansion.

"Judeo-German", the precursor of the Yiddish language, is attested in the 12th–13th centuries, as a variety of Middle High German written in Hebrew characters.

Periodisation
German territorial expansion in the Middle High German period (adapted from Walter Kuhn)
  Germanic peoples before AD 700
  Ostsiedlung, 8th–11th centuries
  Expansion in the 12th century
  Expansion in the 13th century
  Expansion in the 14th century
  Expansion in the 14th century
German territorial expansion before 1400 from F. W. Putzger

The Middle High German period is generally dated from 1050 to 1350.[1][2][3][4] An older view puts the boundary with (Early) New High German around 1500.[4] [5]

There are several phonological criteria which separate MHG from the preceding Old High German period:[6]

  • the weakening of unstressed vowels to ⟨e⟩: OHG taga, MHG tage ("days")[7]
  • the full development of Umlaut and its use to mark a number of morphological categories[7]
  • the devoicing of final stops: OHG tag > MHG tac ("day")[8][9]

Culturally, the two periods are distinguished by the transition from a predominantly clerical written culture, in which the dominant language was Latin, to one centred on the courts of the great nobles, with German gradually expanding its range of use.[2][10] The rise of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in Swabia makes the South West the dominant region in both political and cultural terms.[11]

Demographically, the MHG period is characterised by a massive rise in population,[12] terminated by the demographic catastrophe of the Black Death (1348).[13] Along with the rise in population comes a territorial expansion eastwards (Ostsiedlung), which saw German-speaking settlers colonise land previously under Slavic control.[14][15]

Linguistically, the transition to Early New High German is marked by four vowel changes which together produce the phonemic system of modern German, though not all dialects participated equally in these changes:[16]

  • Diphthongisation of the long high vowels /iː yː uː/ > /aɪ̯ ɔʏ̯ aʊ̯/: MHG hût > NHG Haut ("skin")
  • Monophthongisation of the high centering diphthongs /iə yə uə/ > /iː yː uː/: MHG huot > NHG Hut ("hat")
  • lengthening of stressed short vowels in open syllables: MHG sagen /zaɡən/ > NHG sagen /zaːɡən/ ("say")
  • The loss of unstressed vowels in many circumstances: MHG vrouwe > NHG Frau ("lady")

The centres of culture in the ENHG period are no longer the courts but the towns.[17]

Dialects
Middle High German dialect boundaries

The dialect map of Germany by the end of the Middle High German period was much the same as that at the start of the 20th century, though the boundary with Low German was further south than it now is:[18][19]

Central German (Mitteldeutsch)[20]

  • West Central German (Westmitteldeutsch)
    • Central Franconian (Mittelfränkisch)
      • Ripuarian (Ripuarisch)
      • Moselle Franconian (Moselfränkisch)
    • Rhine Franconian (Rheinfränkisch)
    • Hessian (Hessisch)
  • East Central German (Ostmitteldeutsch)
    • Thuringian (Thüringisch)
    • Upper Saxon (Obersächsisch)
    • Silesian (Schlesisch)
    • High Prussian (Hochpreußisch)

Upper German (Oberdeutsch)[21]

  • East Franconian (Ostfränkisch)
  • South Rhine Franconian (Süd(rhein)fränkisch)
  • Alemannic (Alemannisch)
    • North Alemannic (Nordalemannisch)
      • Swabian (Schwäbisch)
      • Low Alemannic (Niederalemannisch/Oberrheinisch)
    • High Alemannic/South Alemannic (Hochalemannisch/Südalemannisch) )
  • Bavarian (Bairisch)
    • Northern Bavarian (Nordbairisch)
    • Central Bavarian (Mittelbairisch)
    • Southern Bavarian (Südbairisch)

With the exception of Thuringian, the East Central German dialects are new dialects resulting from the Ostsiedlung and arise towards the end of the period.[18][22]

Writing system

Middle High German texts are written in the Latin alphabet. There was no standardised spelling, but modern editions generally standardise according to a set of conventions established by Karl Lachmann in the 19th century.[23] There are several important features in this standardised orthography which are not characteristics of the original manuscripts:

  • the marking of vowel length is almost entirely absent from MHG manuscripts.[24]
  • the marking of umlauted vowels is often absent or inconsistent in the manuscripts.[25]
  • a curly-tailed z (⟨ȥ⟩ or ⟨ʒ⟩) is used in modern handbooks and grammars to indicate the /s/ or /s/-like sound which arose from Germanic /t/ in the High German consonant shift. This character has no counterpart in the original manuscripts, which typically use ⟨s⟩ or ⟨z⟩ to indicate this sound.[26]
  • the original texts often use ⟨i⟩ and ⟨uu⟩ for the semi-vowels /j/ and /w/.[27]

A particular problem is that many manuscripts are of much later date than the works they contain; as a result, they bear the signs of later scribes having modified the spellings, with greater or lesser consistency, in accord with conventions of their time.[28] In addition, there is considerable regional variation in the spellings that appear in the original texts, which modern editions largely conceal.[29]

Vowels

The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses the following vowel spellings:[24]

  • Short vowels: ⟨a e i o u⟩ and the umlauted vowels ⟨ä ö ü⟩
  • Long vowels: ⟨â ê î ô û⟩ and the umlauted vowels ⟨æ œ iu⟩
  • Diphthongs: ⟨ei ou ie uo⟩; and the umlauted diphthongs ⟨öu eu oi üe⟩

Grammars (as opposed to textual editions) often distinguish between ⟨ë⟩ and ⟨e⟩, the former indicating the mid-open /ɛ/ which derived from Germanic /e/, the latter (often with a dot beneath it) indicating the mid-close /e/ which results from primary umlaut of short /a/. No such orthographic distinction is made in MHG manuscripts.[24]

Consonants

The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses the following consonant spellings:[26]

  • Stops: ⟨p t k/c/q b d g⟩
  • Affricates: ⟨pf/ph tz/z⟩
  • Fricatives: ⟨v f s ȥ sch ch h⟩
  • Nasals: ⟨m n⟩
  • Liquids: ⟨l r⟩
  • Semivowels: ⟨w j⟩

Phonology

The charts show the vowel and consonant systems of classical MHG. The spellings indicated are the standard spellings used in modern editions – there is much more variation in the manuscripts.

Short and long Vowels
  front central back
unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long
close i iː y ⟨ü⟩ yː ⟨iu⟩   u uː
close-mid e        
mid ɛ ɛː ø ⟨ö⟩ øː ⟨œ⟩   o oː
open-mid æ ⟨ä⟩ æː ⟨æ⟩      
open   a aː  

Notes:

  1. Not all dialects distinguish the three unrounded mid front vowels.
  2. It is probable that the short high and mid vowels are lower than their long equivalents, as in Modern German, but this is impossible to establish from the written sources.
  3. The ⟨e⟩ found in unstressed syllables may indicate [ɛ] or schwa [ə].

Diphthongs

MHG diphthongs are indicated by the spellings: ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ie⟩, ⟨ou⟩, ⟨öu⟩ and ⟨eu⟩, ⟨üe⟩, ⟨uo⟩, having the approximate values of /ei/, /iə/, /ou/, /øy/, /eu/, /yə/, and /uə/, respectively.

Consonants
  Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p  b   t  d     k ⟨k, c⟩  ɡ  
Affricates p͡f   t͡s ⟨z⟩        
Nasal m   n     ŋ ⟨ng⟩  
Fricative   f v ⟨f, v⟩ s  z ⟨ȥ⟩ ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sch⟩   x ⟨ch, h⟩ h
Approximant w       j    
Liquid     r  l        
  1. Precise information about the articulation of consonants is impossible to establish, and will have varied between dialects.
  2. In the plosive and fricative series, where there are two consonants in a cell, the first is fortis the second lenis. The voicing of lenis consonants varied between dialects.
  3. MHG has long consonants, and the following double consonant spellings indicate not vowel length as in Modern German orthography, but rather genuine double consonants: pp, bb, tt, dd, ck (for /kk/), gg, ff, ss, zz, mm, nn, ll, rr.
  4. It is reasonable to assume that /x/ had an allophone [χ] after back vowels, as in Modern German.

Grammar

Pronouns

Middle High German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker; those of the second person refer to an addressed person; and those of the third person refer to person or thing of which one speaks. The pronouns of the third person may be used to replace nominal phrases. These have the same genders, numbers and cases as the original nominal phrase.

Personal pronouns
Personal Pronouns
1st sg 2nd sg 3rd sg 1st pl 2nd pl 3rd pl
Nominative ich du ërsieëz wir ir sie
Accusative mich dich insieëz uns iuch sie
Dative mir dir imirim uns iu in
Genitive mîn dîn sînirsîn unser iuwer ir

Possessive pronouns

The possessive pronouns mîn, dîn, sîn, ir, unser, iuwer are used like adjectives and hence take on adjective endings following the normal rules.

Articles

The inflected forms of the article depend on the number, the case and the gender of the corresponding noun. The definite article has the same plural forms for all three genders.

Definite article (strong)

Case Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural
Nominative dër daȥ diu die / diu
Accusative dën daȥ die die / diu
Dative dëm dër dën
Genitive dës dër dër
Instrumental diu

The instrumental case, only existing in the neuter singular, is used only with prepositions: von diu, ze diu, etc. In all the other genders and in the plural it is substituted with the dative: von dëm, von dër, von dën.

Nouns

Middle High German nouns were declined according to four cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative), two numbers (singular and plural) and three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), much like Modern High German, though there are several important differences.

Strong nouns
dër tac
day m.		 diu zît
time f.		 daȥ wort
word n.
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative dër tacdie tage diu zîtdie zîte daȥ wortdiu wort
Genitive dës tagesdër tage dër zîtdër zîte dës wortesdër worte
Dative dëm tagedën tagen dër zîtdën zîten dëm wortedën worten
Accusative dën tacdie tage die zîtdie zîte daȥ wortdiu wort

Weak nouns
dër veter
(male) cousin m.		 diu zunge
tongue f.		 daȥ herze
heart n.
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative dër veterdie veteren diu zungedie zungen daȥ herzediu herzen
Genitive dës veterendër veteren dër zungendër zungen dës herzendër herzen
Dative dëm veterendën veteren dër zungendën zungen dëm herzendën herzen
Accusative dën veterendie veteren die zungendie zungen daȥ herzediu herzen

Verbs

Verbs were conjugated according to three moods (indicative, subjunctive (conjunctive) and imperative), three persons, two numbers (singular and plural) and two tenses (present tense and preterite) There was a present participle, a past participle and a verbal noun that somewhat resembles the Latin gerund, but that only existed in the genitive and dative cases.

An important distinction is made between strong verbs (that exhibited ablaut) and weak verbs (that didn't).

Furthermore, there were also some irregular verbs.

Strong verbs

The present tense conjugation went as follows:

nëmen
to take
Indicative Subjunctive
1. sg. ich nimeich nëme
2. sg. du nim(e)stdu nëmest
3. sg. ër nim(e)ter nëme
1. pl. wir nëmenwir nëmen
2. pl. ir nëm(e)tir nëmet
3. pl. sie nëmentsie nëmen
  • Imperative: 2.sg.: nim, 2.pl.: nëmet
  • Present participle: nëmende
  • Infinitive: nëmen
  • Verbal noun: genitive: nëmen(n)es, dative: ze nëmen(n)e

The bold vowels demonstrate umlaut; the vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech.

The preterite conjugation went as follows:

genomen haben
to have taken
Indicative Subjunctive
1. sg. ich namich næme
2. sg. du næmedu næmest
3. sg. ër namer næme
1. pl. wir nâmenwir næmen
2. pl. ir nâmetir næmet
3. pl. sie nâmensie næmen
  • Past participle: genomen

Weak verbs

The present tense conjugation went as follows:

suochen
to seek
Indicative Subjunctive
1. sg. ich suocheich suoche
2. sg. du suoch(e)stdu suochest
3. sg. ër suoch(e)ter suoche
1. pl. wir suochenwir suochen
2. pl. ir suoch(e)tir suochet
3. pl. sie suochentsie suochen
  • Imperative: 2.sg: suoche, 2.pl: suochet
  • Present participle: suochende
  • Infinitive: suochen
  • Verbal noun: genitive: suochennes, dative: ze suochenne

The vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech.

The preterite conjugation went as follows:

gesuocht haben
to have sought
Indicative Subjunctive
1. sg. ich suocheteich suochete
2. sg. du suochetestdu suochetest
3. sg. ër suocheteer suochete
1. pl. wir suochetenwir suocheten
2. pl. ir suochetetir suochetet
3. pl. sie suochetentsie suocheten
  • Past participle: gesuochet

Vocabulary

Sample texts

Iwein
Manuscript B of Hartmann von Aue's Iwein (Gießen, UB, Hs. 97), folio 1r

The text is the opening of Hartmann von Aue's Iwein (c. 1200)

Middle High German[30]English translation

Swer an rehte güete
wendet sîn gemüete,
dem volget sælde und êre.
des gît gewisse lêre
künec Artûs der guote,
der mit rîters muote
nâch lobe kunde strîten.
er hât bî sînen zîten
gelebet alsô schône
daz er der êren krône
dô truoc und noch sîn name treit.
des habent die wârheit
sîne lantliute:
sî jehent er lebe noch hiute:
er hât den lop erworben,
ist im der lîp erstorben,
sô lebet doch iemer sîn name.
er ist lasterlîcher schame
iemer vil gar erwert,
der noch nâch sînem site vert.

[1]



[5]




[10]




[15]




[20]

Whoever to true goodness
Turns his mind
He will meet with fortune and honour.
We are taught this by the example of
Good King Arthur
who with knightly spirit
knew how to strive for praise.
In his day
He lived so well
That he wore the crown of honour
And his name still does so.
The truth of this is known
To his countrymen:
They affirm that he still lives today:
He won such fame that
Although his body died
His name lives on.
Of sinful shame
He will forever be free
Who follows his example.

Commentary: This text shows many typical features of Middle High German poetic language. Most Middle High German words survive into modern German in some form or other: this passage contains only one word (jehen 'say' 14) which has since disappeared from the language. But many words have changed their meaning substantially. Muot (6) means 'state of mind' (cognates with mood), where modern German Mut means courage. Êre (3) can be translated with 'honour', but is quite a different concept of honour from modern German Ehre; the medieval term focuses on reputation and the respect accorded to status in society.[31]

Nibelungenlied
Manuscript C of the Nibelungenlied, fol.1r

The text is the opening strophe of the Nibelungenlied (c. 1204).

Middle High German[32]

Uns ist in alten mæren    wunders vil geseit
von helden lobebæren,    von grôzer arebeit,
von freuden, hôchgezîten,    von weinen und von klagen,
von küener recken strîten    muget ir nu wunder hœren sagen.

Modern German translation[33]

In alten Erzählungen wird uns viel Wunderbares berichtet
von ruhmreichen Helden, von hartem Streit,
von glücklichen Tagen und Festen, von Schmerz und Klage:
vom Kampf tapferer Recken: Davon könnt auch Ihr nun Wunderbares berichten hören.

English translation[34]

In ancient tales many marvels are told us
of renowned heroes, of great hardship
of joys, festivities, of weeping and lamenting
of bold warriors' battles — now you may hear such marvels told!

Commentary: All the MHG words are recognizable from Modern German, though mære ("tale") and recke ("warrior") are archaic and lobebære ("praiseworthy") has given way to lobenswert. Words which have changed in meaning include arebeit, which means "strife" or "hardship" in MHG, but now means "work", and hôchgezît ("festivity") which now, as Hochzeit, has the narrower meaning of "wedding".[31]

Erec

The text is from the opening of Hartmann von Aue's Erec (c. 1180–1190). The manuscript (the Ambraser Heldenbuch) dates from 1516, over three centuries after the composition of the poem.

Original manuscript[35]Edited text[36]English translation[37]

5




10




15




20

nu riten ſÿ vnlange friſt
nebeneinander baide
Ee daz ſy über die haÿde
verre jn allen gahen
zureÿten ſahen
ein Ritter ſelb dritten
Vor ein Gezwerg da einmitten
ein Jŭnckfrawen gemaÿt
ſchon vnd wolgeklait
vnd wundert die kunigin
wer der Ritter moachte ſein
Er was ze harnaſch wol
als ein guot knecht ſol
Eregk der iunge man
ſein frawen fragen began
ob ers erfarn ſolte

nû riten si unlange vrist
neben einander beide,
ê daz si über die heide
verre in allen gâhen
zuo rîten sâhen
einen ritter selbedritten,
vor ein getwerc, dâ enmitten
eine juncvorouwen gemeit,
schœne unde wol gekleit.
nû wunderte die künegîn
wer der ritter möhte sîn.
er was ze harnasche wol,
als ein guot kneht sol.
Êrec der junge man
sîn vrouwen vrâgen began
ob erz ervarn solde.

Now they had not been riding together
with one another very long
when they saw, riding across the heath
from afar, in all haste,
towards them,
a knight and two others with him —
in front of him a dwarf, and between the two there
a comely damsel,
fair and well clad,
and the Queen wondered
who this knight might be.
He was well armed,
as a good knight ought to be.
Young Erec
asked his lady
if he should find out the knight's identity.

Literature

The following are some of the main authors and works of MHG literature:

  • Lyric poetry
  • Epic
  • Chivalric romance
    • Hartmann von Aue's Erec and Iwein
    • Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival
    • Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan
    • Ulrich von Türheim's Rennewart and Willehalm
    • Rudolf von Ems's works
    • Konrad von Würzburg's works
    • Eilhart von Oberge's Tristrant
  • Spielmannsdichtung
    • King Rother
    • Herzog Ernst
  • Chronicles
    • Annolied
    • Jans der Enikel's Weltchronik and Fürstenbuch
    • Kaiserchronik
  • Law
    • Sachsenspiegel

See also

Notes
  1. Keller 1978, p. 236.
  2. Lindgren 1980, p. 580.
  3. Waterman 1976, p. 83.
  4. Rautenberg 1985, p. 1120.
  5. Roelcke 1998, pp. 804–811: tabulates the various periodisations.
  6. Roelcke 1998, p. 812.
  7. Waterman 1976, p. 85.
  8. Keller 1978, p. 276.
  9. Brockhaus 1995, p. 6.
  10. Waterman 1976, pp. 87f..
  11. Keller 1978, p. 337.
  12. Keller 1978, pp. 237: "the population appears to have increased about fivefold."
  13. Keller 1978, pp. 336.
  14. Keller 1978, pp. 238–239.
  15. Rautenberg 1985, p. 1121.
  16. Waterman 1976, p. 103.
  17. Eggers1985, p. 1300: "Zu Beginn der frnhd. Periode ist die Stadt längst zum Kultur-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialfaktor geworden."
  18. Schmidt 2013, p. 278.
  19. Keller 1978, p. 257.
  20. Paul 2007, pp. 8–9.
  21. Paul 2007, pp. 6–7.
  22. Paul 2007, p. 9.
  23. Paul 2007, pp. 23ff.
  24. Paul 2007, p. 27.
  25. Paul 2007, p. 72–73.
  26. Paul 2007, p. 28.
  27. Paul 2007, p. 142–144.
  28. Paul 2007, p. 25.
  29. Paul 2007, p. 17.
  30. Edwards 2007, p. 2.
  31. Lexer 1999.
  32. Bartsch & De Boor 1998.
  33. Brackert 1970.
  34. Edwards 2010.
  35. Edrich. The text from the Ambraser Heldenbuch, 1516
  36. Leitzmann 1939. Standardised classical MHG.
  37. Edwards 2014, p. 5.

References
  • Brockhaus, Wiebke (1995). Final Devoicing in the Phonology of German. Tübingen: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783484303362.
  • Keller, R.E. (1978). The German Language. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-11159-9.
  • Lexer, Matthias (1999). Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenwörterbuch (38 ed.). Stuttgart: S. Hirzel Verlag. ISBN 978-3777604930. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  • Lindgren KB (1980). "Mittelhochdeutsch". In Althaus HP, Henne H, Wiegand HE (eds.). Lexikon der Germanistischen Linguistik. Vol. III (2 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. pp. 580–584. ISBN 3-484-10391-4.
  • Paul, Hermann (1989). Wiehl, Peter; Grosse, Sigfried (eds.). Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik (23rd ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 3484102330.
  • Paul, Hermann (2007). Thomas Klein; Hans-Joachim Solms; Klaus-Peter Wegera (eds.). Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik (25th ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3484640344.
  • Rautenberg U (1985). "Soziokulturelle Voraussetzung und Sprachraum des Mittelhochdeutschen". In Besch W, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.). Sprachgeschichte. Vol. 2. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 1120–29. ISBN 3-11-009590-4.
  • Roelcke T (1998). "Die Periodisierung der deutschen Sprachgeschichte". In Besch W, Betten A, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.). Sprachgeschichte. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 798–815. ISBN 3-11-011257-4.
  • Schmidt, Wilhelm (2013). Geschichte Der Deutschen Sprache : Ein Lehrbuch Fur Das Germanistische Studium. Stuttgart: Hirzel. ISBN 9783777622729.
  • Waterman, John T. (1976). A History of the German Language (Revised ed.). University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-73807-3.
  • Wells, C. J. (1987). German: A Linguistic History to 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815809-2.

Sources
  • Bartsch, Karl; De Boor, Helmut, eds. (1988). Das Nibelungenlied (22 ed.). Mannheim: F.A. Brockhaus. ISBN 3-7653-0373-9.
  • Brackert, Helmut, ed. (1970). Das Nibelungenlied. Mittelhochdeutscher Text und Übertragung. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer. ISBN 3436013137.
  • Edrich, Brigitte, ed. (2014). "Hartmann von Aue: Erec, Handschrift A" (PDF). Hartmann von Aue Portal. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  • Edwards, Cyril, ed. (2014). Hartmann von Aue. Erec. Arthurian Archives. German Romance. Vol. V. Cambridge: D.S.Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-378-8.
  • Edwards, Cyril, ed. (2007). Hartmann von Aue. Iwein or the Knight with the Lion. Arthurian Romances. Vol. III. Cambridge: D.S.Brewer. ISBN 978-0-19-923854-5.
  • Edwards, Cyril, ed. (2010). The Nibelungenlied. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-84384-084-8.
  • Leitzmann, Albert, ed. (1985). Erec. Altdeutsche Textbibliothek. Vol. 19 (6th ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 3-484-20139-8.

Further reading
  • Jones, Howard; Jones, Martin H. (2019). The Oxford Guide to Middle High German, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199654611.
  • Walshe, M.O'C. (1974). A Middle High German Reader: With Grammar, Notes and Glossary, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198720823.
  • Wright, Joseph & Walshe, M.O'C. (1955). Middle High German Primer, 5th edn., Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. The foregoing link is to a TIFF and PNG format. See also the Germanic Lexicon Project's edition, which is in HTML as well as the preceding formats.
For a list of words relating to Middle High German, see the Middle High German language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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